ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF COURSE OF STUDY ON STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
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ABSTRACT.
The study is an empirical work that attempted to investigate the background of analysis of impact of students disposition in business attitudes within the context of their educational endeavour and personal behaviours are explored within the individual concept of interest. The study analyzed and compared the differences in entrepreneurial potential and perception about entrepreneurship by graduating students of Kaduna Polytechnic. Scholars were consulted to determine their contributions to the body of knowledge within the confines of research study. The total research population was 3804 with a sample size of 370 as the respondents using stratified research design to achieve the objectives of the study and primary data collected by means of closed-ended questionnaire as instrument. The statement of hypothesis to be tested: H1: An individual student’s course of study has significant positive impact on students’ tendency to be an entrepreneur; H0: An individual course of study has no significant impact on a students’ choice of being an entrepreneur. Frequency distribution tables were used for the analysis of data collected while the hypothesis was tested using the Chi-square (X2) and the effect of each variable on the sample subjects. The study revealed that entrepreneurship practice is never restricted to one particular descriptive but applies to all aspects of human endeavour and also contributes to human and economic development of a nation. Recommendations as to the roles of individual and stakeholders were put forward particularly that the governments at all levels need to cerate a favourable business climate to boost entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 1-2
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – 2-5
1.2 Statement of the problem – – – – – 5-6
1.3 Objectives of the study – – – – – 7
1.4 Significance of the study – – – – – 7-8
1.5 Research questions – – – – – – 8-9
1.6 Statement of hypothesis – – – – – 9
1.7 Delimitation / scope of the study- – – – 9-10
1.8 Definition of terms – – – – – – 10-12
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 13
2.1 Historical perspective of research area – – – 13-15
2.2 Conceptual definition of entrepreneurship – – 15-18
2.3 Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneur – 18-20
2.4 The process of entrepreneurship – – – – 20-22
2.5 Concept of development – – – – – 23-24
2.6 Meaning of entrepreneurship development- – 24
2.7 Factors influencing entrepreneurship development in the 21st century- – – – – – – 25-30
2.8 Characteristics and skills of an entrepreneur – 31
2.8.1Entrepreneurial characteristics – – – – 31-34
2.8.2Entrepreneurial skills – – – – – – 34-35
2.8.3What is entrepreneurial spirit – – – – 35-36
2.9 Dynamics of the brain as the seat of entrepreneurial empowerment – – – – – – – 36-37
2.10 Functions of entrepreneurship – – – – 37-39
2.11 Benefits of entrepreneurship – – – – 40-42
2.12 Factors determining the extent of entrepreneurship 42-43
2.13 Factors influencing the development of the individual entrepreneur – – – – – – – 44-46
2.14 The role of marketing in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria – – – – – – – – 46-48
2.15 Challenges of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria 46-48
2.16 The role of entrepreneurship in the development of enterprises – – – – – – – 50-51
2.17 The role of government towards entrepreneurship development in Nigeria – – – – – 51-56
2.18 The role of entrepreneurship in economic development 56-59
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 60
3.1 Area of study – – – – – – – 60
3.2 Research design – – – – – – – 60
3.3 Justification for its adoption – – – – 60
3.4 Population of the study – – – – – 61
3.5 Sample size and sampling techniques- – – 61
3.6 Justification for sampling section – – – – 61-62
3.7 Methods of data collection – – – – – 62
3.8 Instruments used in data collection – – – 62
3.9 Method used in presentation and analysis of data collected (Data analysis techniques) – – – – – 63
3.10 Limitations – – – – – – – 63
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 64
4.1 Respondents characteristics and classification – 64
4.2 Presentation and analysis of data – – – 65-72
4.3 Answer to research questions and or test hypothesis 72-76
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 77
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 77-78
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 79-80
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – 80-82
Bibliography
Appendixes
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The rate of unemployment among school graduates is quite alarming in Nigeria. As part of measures to ameliorate the growing ugly situation, government at all levels (federal, state and local) are putting in place measures to encourage self-reliance, creativity and innovation drive through entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.
To understand entrepreneurship and development is to discover why Nigeria is described as a developing economy. Developing economy explains the extent by which men and women should contribute to develop workable ways or strategies in order to achieve economic growth and development. It revitalizes the dominant potentialities of every youth in providing job employment for others rather than seeking out for employment. It also assists to underscore the responsibilities of the government in fostering an environment of growth for entrepreneurial initiatives. It further opens avenues for the government to develop the right strategies especially in addressing poverty in the country (Erlinda D, 2011).
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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It is envisaged that government at all levels will have to put in place all necessary infrastructures to promote the growth and development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME) in the country to enable Nigeria attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target set by the United Nations by the year 2012 and Nigeria vision 20-20-20. A vibrant SMSE sector is critical in the realization of MDGs objective.
Experts have observed that Nigeria may not likely meet the MDGs target by reducing poverty by 50% by the year 2015 considering the present status of SMSE operations in Nigeria.
It is universally accepted that Micro (Small) and Medium Scale Enterprises are the engine of development of any nation. A nation’s rate of development is determined by the number of SMEs in the country.
Statistical studies have shown that 40 – 50% SMEs in most advanced countries of the world are owned by graduates or those who passed through Colleges. Given this facts in Nigeria, the opposite seems to be the case (Business Day Newspaper 9th Jan., 2007, pg. 13).
Scholars have divergent views on who is an entrepreneur and who is not. While the first school of through is of the opinion the entrepreneurs can be made (taught through formal classes) the other group however are of the opinion that entrepreneurs are born (an inheritance). They argued further that entrepreneurs possess special qualities and must have the right attitude and disposition towards entrepreneurship.
This development is likely to inculcate in students the right aptitude and attitudes to starting their won business and by implicating making them a better entrepreneur. Considering the fact that the key factors that give rise to enterprise are personal, sociological and environmental factors. For quite some time now by statistical analysis, over 3 millions Nigerians in a given year become qualified to form the labour market largely from both Universities and Polytechnics but, regrettably, not more than 10% of this population are likely to gain employment to join the formal sector. The International Labour Organization collaborated this very poor level graduates, employment yearly (Bugaje, Hamalai & Indabawa, 2002).
Indeed, it is obvious that with the level of development and attendant threats in Nigeria, the possibility of government having the capability of leveraging poverty and meeting the United Nation target on MDGs 2012 is remote.
Inspite of the Federal Government of Nigeria’s effort towards setting up institutions such as National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Small and Medium Scale Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDAN), National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) and other relevant programmes with other world bodies and NGOs, the piece of entrepreneurship development is still low when compared with other developing countries with developed nation taking the lead.
Thus, this research work is an attempt to investigate the individual characteristics of graduating students with a view to understand whether some students are more likely to take to entrepreneurship than others irrespective of their course of study. Attempt will be therefore be made to understand the possible influence of a students course of study in their desire to start a business of their own.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
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Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo,
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri,
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, .
Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta, .
Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, .
Federal College of Education, Kano, .
Federal College of Education, Katsina, .
Federal college of Education, Kontagora, .
Federal College of Education, Obudu, .
Federal College of Education, Okene, .
Federal College of Education, Okene, .
Federal College of Education, Pankshin, .
Federal College of Education, Yola, .
Federal College of Education, Zaria, .
Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka, .
Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, .
Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi, .
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, .
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau, .
Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, .
Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, .
State college of education
College of Education, Agbor, .
Akwa-Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, .
College of Education, Akwanga, .
College of Education, Akwanga, .
Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa, .
Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu, .
College of Education, Azare, .
Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoama, .
Emmanuel Alyande College of Education, Oyo, .
Enugu State College of Education (Tech.) Enugu, .
College of Education, Ekiadolor, .
Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua, .
College of Education, Gindiri, .
Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Moforiji, .
College of Education, Port Harcourt, .
Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto, .
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, .
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, .
Ebonyi State College of Education, Ikwo, .
College of Education, Ikere, .
College of Education, Ilesha, .
College of Education, Ilesha, .
College of Education, Ilorin, .
College of Education, Jalingo, .
Kano State College of Education, Kumbotso, .
College of Education, Benue, .
Kebbi State College of Education, Argungu, .
College of Education, Minna, .
Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe, .
Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, .
College of Education, Warri, .
College of Education, Warri, .
FCT College of Education, Zuba, .
Private college of education
Angel Crown College of Education, Gidan-Daya, .
Elder Oyama Memorial College of Education, Ofat-Adun, .
Assanusiyah College of Education, Odeomu, .
African Thinkers Community of inquiry College of Education, .
Best Legacy College of Education, Ikirun, .
Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies, .
Calvin Foundation College of Education, Naka, .
Harvard Wilson College of Education, Aba, .
Hill College of Education, Akwanga, .
Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu, .
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, .
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, .
Diamond College of education aba . past questions,jamb news, admission form and list
Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin, .
ONIT College of Education, Abagana, .
The African Church College of Education, Lagos, .
St. Augustine College of Education, Yaba, .
Yewa Central College of Education, Ogun, .
List of Federal Universities in Nigeria
Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University, .
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, .
Federal University of Tech, Akure, .
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, .
Federal University of Technology, Minna, .
Federal University of technology, Owerri, .
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, .
Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, .
Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, .
Michael Okpara Univeristy of Agric, Umudike, .
Modibbo Adama University of Tech, Yola, .
National Open University of Nigeria, .
Nigeria Police Academy Wudil, .
Nigeria defense Academy, Kaduna, .
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, .
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, .
University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, .
University of Agriculture Abeokuta, .
University of Agriculture Markurdi, .
University of Nigeria Nsukka, .
University of Port-Harcourt, .
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, .
List of State Universities
Abia State University, Uturu, .
Adamawa State University, Mubi, .
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, .
Amrose Alli University, Ikot Akpaden, .
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, .
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, .
Bauchi State Unibversity, Gadau, .
Benue State University Markurdi, .
Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu, .
Cross River State University of Sc. & Tech, Calabar, .
Delta State University Abraka, .
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, .
Enugu State University of Sc. & Tech. Enugu, .
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, .
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, .
Imo state University,Owerri, .
Kaduna State University, Kaduna .
Kano University of Sc. & Tech, Wudil
Kebbi State University, Kebbi, .
Kogi State University, Anyigba, .
Kwara State University, Ilorin, .
Ladoke Akintola university of Tech, .
Nasarawa State University, Keffi, .
Niger Delta University, Yenagoe, .
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, .
Ondo State University of Sc. & Tech, Okitipupa, .
Osun State University, Oshogbo, .
Plateau State University, Bokkos, .
Rivers State University of Sc. & Tech, .
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, .
Taraba State University, Jalingo, .
Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University, .
Private Universities
Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, .
African University of Sc. & Tech, Abuja, .
Al-hikmah University, Ilorin, .
Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan, .
Al-Qalam University, Katsina, .
American University of Nigeria, Yola, .
Babcock University, Ilishan, .
Bells University of Technology, Otta, .
Benson Idahosa University, Benin, .
Bingham University, New Karu, .
CETEP City University, Lagos, .
Crawford University, Igbesa, .
Elizade University, Ilara-mokin, .
Fountain University, Oshogbo, .
Joseph Ayo Babalola University,Ikeji, .
Kwararafa University, Wukari, .
Lead City University, Ibadan, .
Nigerian-Turkish Nile University, Abuja, .
Obong University, Obong Ntak, .
Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, .
Pan-African University, Lagos, .
Redeemer’s University, Mowe, .
Renaissance University, Enugu, .
Wesley University of Sc. & Tech, Ondo, .
Western Delta University, Oghara
List of all the Federal Polytechnics
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, .
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, .
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, .
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, .
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti .
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti .
Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, .
Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, .
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, .
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, .
Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, .
Federal Polytechnic, Namoda, .
Federal Polytechnic, Nassarawa, .
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, .
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, .
Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, .
Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, .
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, .
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, .
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi, .
List of State Polytechnics in Nigeria
Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo, .
Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot-Osurua, .
Gateway Polytechnic, Igbesa, .
Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, .
Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, .
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, .
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, .
Osun State College of Tech, Esa-Oke, .
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, .
Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, .
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, .
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, .
Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, .
Edo State Inst. of Tech and Mgt, Usen, .
Niger State Poly, Zungeru, Niger State, .
List of Private Polytechnics in Nigeria
Allover Central Polytechnic, .
Dorben Polytechnic, Bwari-Garam Road, .
The Polytechnic, Ile-Ife, NITEL Road, .
Lagos City Poly, Ikeja, Lagos State, .
Light House Polytechnic, Eubuobanosa, .
Shaka Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Benin city, .
The Polytechnic Imesi-Ile, Osun, .