GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN Monodora myristica(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA
Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone for more materials and others
COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA
ORDER NOW
GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631
We also accept : ATM transfer , online money transfer
OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.
form>
Call Help Desk Line : 08074466939,08063386834.
After Payment Send Your Payment Details To
08074466939 Or 08063386834, The Project Title You Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.
WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE
You may also need: web design company in Nigeria
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Monodoramyristica (Gaertn.)Dunal.,also known as African nutmeg or calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae (Custard-apple family). Its seeds are widely used as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute becauseof the similarity between the two in odour and taste. Nowadays, however, it is less common outside its region of production(Celtnet recipes, 2011)
The genus Monodora contains approximately 15 to 20 species includingMonodora borealis, Monodoraclaessensii andMonodoragrandiflora.Monodoramyristica is easily recognizable by its very long and pendulous pedicels, an undulate upper bract, a large globose fruit with a black and smooth but finely ribbed surface (Burkill, 1985).
The Calabash nutmeg tree is native to tropical West Africa, where it grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon. It is also native to Angola,Uganda and West Kenya (Weiss, 2002). Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and became known as Jamaican nutmeg (Barwick 2004). In 1897, it was introduced to Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesia, where the trees flowered on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected (Weiss, 2002).
1.2 GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PLANTS
Genetic diversity refers to any variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes of organisms. At its most elementary level, it is represented by differences in the sequences of nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) that form the DNA within the cells of the organism. Nucleotide variation is measured for discrete sections of the chromosomes, called genes. Thus, each gene comprises a hereditary section of DNA that occupies a specific place of the chromosome, and controls a particular characteristic of an organism (Harrison et al, 2004).
Diversity enhances the chances of populations’ adaptation to changing environments. With more variation, it is more likely that some individuals in a population will possess variations of alleles that are suited for the environment. Such individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele. The population can thus continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals (NBII, 2011).
Most organisms are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, and therefore two copies (called alleles) of each gene. However, some organisms can be haploid, triploid, tetraploid or more (having one, three, four or more sets of chromosomes respectively) (Harrison, et al, 2004). Within any single organism, there may be variation between the two (or more) alleles for each gene.
This variation or polymorphism is introduced either through mutation of one of the alleles, or as a result of reproduction processes,especially if there has been migration or hybridization of organisms, so that the parents may come from different populations and gene pools. Harmless mutations and sexual recombination may allow the evolution of new characteristics which increases diversity(Andayani,et al.,2001).
Each allele codes for the production of amino acids that string together to form proteins. Thus differences in the nucleotide sequences of alleles result in the production of slightly different strings of amino acids or variant forms of the proteins.These proteins code for the development of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism, which are also responsible for determining aspects of the behavior of the organism (Harrison, et al, 2004).
Plant diversity is part of the biological diversity and contributes towards achieving food security, poverty alleviation, environmental protection and sustainable development(Frankel 1984).
It is being eroded rapidly in important spice plants and other crops mainly because of replacement of traditional landraces by modern, high yielding cultivars, natural catastrophes (droughts, floods, fire hazards, etc.), as well as large scale destruction and modification of natural habitats harboring wild species(Frankel 1984, Bramel-cox and Chritnick, 1998).M. myristica population is threatened by urbanization which damages its natural habitat, and leads to the cutting of most of the trees without replanting.
Additionally, the plant is listed under Kew’s difficult seeds due to its inability to easily grow outside its natural habitat(Burkill, 1985). Genetic variation in traditional landraces and wild species is essential to combat pests and diseases and to produce cultivars better adapted to constantly changing environments(FAO, 1994).
Molecular tools such as have been found to be more useful and accurate in the study of inter-species and intra-species genetic diversity in several plants. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been successfully employed for determination of intraspecies genetic diversity in several plants. These include Phaseolus vulgaris (Razviet al., 2013),Ocimumspp (Sairkaret al., 2012), Chrysanthemum (Martin et al., 2002), Annonacrassiflora( Cotaet al.,2011), Prosopis ( Goswami and Ranade, 1999), date palm (Corniquel and Mercier, 1994), papaya (Stiles et al., 1993), poplars (Bradshaw, et al., 1994) and amaranths (Ranade, et al. 1997). No such attempt has so far been reported for Monodoramyristica
1.3 RATIONALE
M. myristica is largely harvested from the wild and greatly affected by wild fires, urbanization, reckless and uncontrolled felling of trees for timber and firewood without replanting. There is need, therefore, to initiate breeding programs for this orphan crop by first documenting available genetic and phenotypic variations in this crop. The present report was done with this in mind, and should provide the much needed baseline for further studies.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The general aim of the project was to characterize accessions of African nutmeg inSouth eastern Nigeria and estimate the range and distribution of genetic diversity.
The major objectives of this work were:
v To determine the level of genetic diversity among 21 accessions of Monodoramyristica using RAPD technique
v To compare morphological and yield related traits among the accessions using analysis of variance tests
v To confirm the efficiency of RAPD technique in genetic diversity studies of this important plant.
v To identify traits contributing significantly to variation in this species.
This article highlights various college of education website in Nigeria. We provide free school Past Questions and answer, jamb exams, jamb registration Form and Admissions List to various students to gain admission into Federal, State and Private College Of Education In Nigeria. This article will also help students to check admission status of various institutions in Nigeria at a go.
Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal college of Education, Kontagora, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Obudu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Pankshin, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
State college of education Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List
College of Education, Agbor, past questions, form and admissions list
Akwa-Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Azare, past questions, form and admissions list
Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoama, past questions, form and admissions list
Emmanuel Alyande College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
Enugu State College of Education (Tech.) Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ekiadolor, past questions, form and admissions list
Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Gindiri, past questions, form and admissions list
Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Moforiji, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Port Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list
Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Ebonyi State College of Education, Ikwo, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ikere, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list
Kano State College of Education, Kumbotso, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Benue, past questions, form and admissions list
Kebbi State College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list
Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oju, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list
Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list
FCT College of Education, Zuba, past questions, form and admissions list
Private college of education in Nigeria Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List
Angel Crown College of Education, Gidan-Daya, past questions, form and admissions list
Elder Oyama Memorial College of Education, Ofat-Adun, past questions, form and admissions list
Assanusiyah College of Education, Odeomu, past questions, form and admissions list
African Thinkers Community of inquiry College of Education, past questions, form and admissions list
Best Legacy College of Education, Ikirun, past questions, form and admissions list
Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies, past questions, form and admissions list
Calvin Foundation College of Education, Naka, past questions, form and admissions list
Harvard Wilson College of Education, Aba, past questions, form and admissions list
Hill College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list
Diamond College of education aba . past questions,jamb news, admission form and list
Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
ONIT College of Education, Abagana, past questions, form and admissions list
The African Church College of Education, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
St. Augustine College of Education, Yaba, past questions, form and admissions list
Yewa Central College of Education, Ogun, past questions, form and admissions list
List of Federal Universities in Nigeria
Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University, past questions, form and admissions list
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list
Bayero University, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Tech, Akure, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Technology, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of technology, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University Dutse, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Otuoke, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Michael Okpara Univeristy of Agric, Umudike, past questions, form and admissions list
Modibbo Adama University of Tech, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
National Open University of Nigeria, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Police Academy Wudil, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria defense Academy, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Agriculture Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Agriculture Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Benin, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Maiduguri, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Nigeria Nsukka, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Port-Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Uyo, past questions, form and admissions list
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, past questions, form and admissions list
List of State Universities in Nigeria admission list
Abia State University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State University, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, past questions, form and admissions list
Amrose Alli University, Ikot Akpaden, past questions, form and admissions list
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list
Bauchi State Unibversity, Gadau, past questions, form and admissions list
Benue State University Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list
Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Cross River State University of Sc. & Tech, Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State University Abraka, past questions, form and admissions list
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, past questions, form and admissions list
Ekiti State University, past questions, form and admissions list
Enugu State University of Sc. & Tech. Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, past questions, form and admissions list
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, past questions, form and admissions list
Imo state University,Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Jigawa State University, past questions, form and admissions list
Kaduna State University, Kaduna past questions, form and admissions list
Kano University of Sc. & Tech, Wudil
Kebbi State University, Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Kogi State University, Anyigba, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwara State University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Ladoke Akintola university of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos State University Ojo, past questions, form and admissions list
Nasarawa State University, Keffi, past questions, form and admissions list
Niger Delta University, Yenagoe, past questions, form and admissions list
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, past questions, form and admissions list
Ondo State University of Sc. & Tech, Okitipupa, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Plateau State University, Bokkos, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State University of Sc. & Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Taraba State University, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list
Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University, past questions, form and admissions list
Private Universities
Achievers University, Owo, past questions, form and admissions list
Adeleke University, Ede, past questions, form and admissions list
Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, past questions, form and admissions list
African University of Sc. & Tech, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list
Al-hikmah University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Al-Qalam University, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list
American University of Nigeria, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
Babcock University, Ilishan, past questions, form and admissions list
Baze University, past questions, form and admissions list
Bells University of Technology, Otta, past questions, form and admissions list
Benson Idahosa University, Benin, past questions, form and admissions list
Bingham University, New Karu, past questions, form and admissions list
Bowen University, Iwo, past questions, form and admissions list
Caleb University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Caritas University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
CETEP City University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Covenant University, Ota, past questions, form and admissions list
Crawford University, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list
Crescent University, past questions, form and admissions list
Elizade University, Ilara-mokin, past questions, form and admissions list
Fountain University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Gregory University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Hallmark University, past questions, form and admissions list
Joseph Ayo Babalola University,Ikeji, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwararafa University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list
Lead City University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigerian-Turkish Nile University, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list
Novena University, Ogume, past questions, form and admissions list
Obong University, Obong Ntak, past questions, form and admissions list
Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, past questions, form and admissions list
Pan-African University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Paul University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list
Redeemer’s University, Mowe, past questions, form and admissions list
Renaissance University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
Salem University, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list
Tansian University, Umunya, past questions, form and admissions list
Veritas University, past questions, form and admissions list
Wellspring University, Edo, past questions, form and admissions list
Wesley University of Sc. & Tech, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list
Western Delta University, Oghara
List of all the Federal Polytechnics in Nigeria
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list
Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list
Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Namoda, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nassarawa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Oko, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, past questions, form and admissions list
Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list
Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, past questions, form and admissions list
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Yaba College of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
List of State Polytechnics in Nigeria
Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Abia State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot-Osurua, past questions, form and admissions list
Benue State Poly, Ugbokolo, past questions, form and admissions list
Gateway Polytechnic, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Institute of Mgt. and Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, past questions, form and admissions list
Kano State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos State Poly, Ikorodu, past questions, form and admissions list
Moshood Abiola Poly, past questions, form and admissions list
Nasarawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State College of Tech, Esa-Oke, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, past questions, form and admissions list
Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State Poly, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, past questions, form and admissions list
Edo State Inst. of Tech and Mgt, Usen, past questions, form and admissions list
Niger State Poly, Zungeru, Niger State, past questions, form and admissions list
List of Private Polytechnics in Nigeria
Allover Central Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Crown Polytechnics, past questions, form and admissions list
Covenant Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Dorben Polytechnic, Bwari-Garam Road, past questions, form and admissions list
Fidei Polytechnic, Gboko, past questions, form and admissions list
Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Igbajo Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic, Ile-Ife, NITEL Road, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos City Poly, Ikeja, Lagos State, past questions, form and admissions list
Light House Polytechnic, Eubuobanosa, past questions, form and admissions list
Interlink Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Kings Polytechnic, Ubiaja, past questions, form and admissions list
RONIK Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Shaka Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Benin city, past questions, form and admissions list
Temple-Gate Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Wolex Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Prime Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic Imesi-Ile, Osun, past questions, form and admissions list
Heritage Polytechnic, Ikot Udota, past questions, form and admissions list
Ibadan City Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list