THE EFFECT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON NEWS CREDIBILITY IN THE BROADCAST MEDIA (A CASE STUDY OF FRCN AND NTA ENUGU)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
  • Background of the study
  • Objective of the Study
  • Statement of Research Problem
  • Research questions
  • Research Hypothesis (including the Null hypothesis)
  • Definition of terms
  • Assumptions
  • Limitations of the Study

References

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1     Sources of Literature

References.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Reassurances Methodology

• Research method
• Research design
• Measuring instrument
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Data Analysis
• Expected Result

References.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data analysis and results

• data Analysis
• Hypotheses testing
• Interpretation and discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and recommendations

5.1     summary and conclusion

• Recommendations for further studies

Bibliography references.

Appendix   i

Appendix   ii

Appendix   iii

Questionnaires

PROPOSAL ON THE EFFECT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON NEWS CREDIBILITY IN THE BROADCAST MEDIA

This prefect work tends to assess the effect of news commercialization on news sedibility in the broadcast media , with particular reference to Federal Radio corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) National Station Enugu and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) channel 8 Enugu, using them as a case study.

The study intends to find out whether the commercialization of news affects its credibility and objectivity and equally to know if it encourages the “Brown envelope syndrome, accuracy, balance, fairness etc. whether those who cannot afford to pay the media the opportunity and chances to broadcast their events on air via Mass media of communication, such as the electronic or broadcast media.

This study, will also enable the researcher to known if the news managers, News editors and Reporters (journalists) persistently carryout their gate – keeping roles and at the same time still carryout their watchdog roles.

In other words, whether they still maintain the ethics and laws of the profession or not or they are being influenced by the news sponsors and their money.

The study will also endeavour to Findus if the audience / publics have it in mind that the news they listen and watch in these broadcast media are owned and are pared for by the sponsors since they are not normally mentioned during news broadcasting and information dissemination.

The work will be divided in to five   chapters. The first chapter starts with the introduction and background of the study, (the research problems and research questions, hypotheses and definition of terms, objectives, significance, limitations and assumptions of the study).

Chapter two will look into the literature review. This means that the researcher will consult the works of different authors in the course of this study. Whereas, the third chapter will focus on the research methodology making use of survey method and designs.

Chapter four will analyze data collection and interpretation, the findings and results finally, chapter five will deal on the summery of the study and recommendations for further studies.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUNDOF THE STUDY

          News according to the advanced learner’s dictionary means, a new or fresh information, reports of recent events. It has so many different definitions. From different authors and scholars.

According to edition Ude in his book introduction to Reporting and news writing 1998 defined news “ as the timely report of facts or opinions that hold interests or importance or both for a considerable number of people.” Also, Nkem FAB – Ukozor 2003 in her book: Fundamentals of interpretative and investigative Reporting, defined news “as something new and unusual. Stressing further, news according to Kamath (1980: 33) “is any event, ideas or opinions that is timely, interests, or affects a large number of people in a community and that is capable of being understood by them”.

The standardized coterie for judging news value as discussed by Nkem Fab – Ukozor encompassed the followings: consequences / impact, prominence, proscinrity, timeliness, Action, novelty, conflict, Human interest, and currency. – consequence is the most important cnterion in determining news value. It has to do with news events that affect the lives of the largest number of people. It should be considered at every level, both for good news and bad. It is the grater effects.

• prominence deals on the well known people (important personalities), institutions in the society etc. proximity bothers on the events that happened within the locality of the deadens /audience.
• Timeliness means that news should be reported to the public which it is fresh e as soon as it unfolds lest it become stale news.
• Novelty means the unusual or odd issues that happened in the society (oddity).
• Human interest has to do with stories that most often touch human feelings.

The technical committee on privatization and commercialization (TCPC) decree no 25 of 1988 grouped the FRCN and NTA as a partially commercialized enterprise, during the president Ibraluin Badamasi Babangida’s Military refine. The chairman of the then commercialization committee was Dr Hamza R. zayyad. He opined that these organization really will cherish some high level of autonomous mode of operation and in accordance with the decree establishing them, having the authority to operate on strict commercial basis and subject to regulate powers of the government be able to among others fix rates, prices and charges for goods and services.

The commercialization of news in the simplest form means that news reported or aired in these media is being paid for. It is referred to as “let them pay (LTP) in NTA and News commercialization in FRCN.

The issue of LTP in NTA according to the Assistant Director news, Mr Lay Ademokoya is the out come of the dwindling of the federal government. This is because, the subventions from the federal government are insufficient in assisting the activities and operations of its parasols where it concerns funding.

Initially, coverage of certain events like Animal general meetings of different companies were free of charge. But these companies in their journals cannot promote NTA or assist them financially for these humanitarian Siroccos.

The practice has greatly reduced the social and public services roles of the media organization. Nigerians do not know that news commercialization as FRCN and LTP as NTA would put it is not the same with advertising. Though these stations disguise adverts as news, in broadcast industry, the much effect adverting on its news bulletin has been during commercial break. But centrally not to disguise commercial items as part of the news aired for its social and news value.

The then assistant director of finance, FRCN Enugu Mr J.C Egbu posits that “commercialization was made possible due to the harsh economic circumstances and government inability to maintain the organizations any loryer.” Because of this, the government subvention insufficient to run these organizations, hence the Commercialization of news.

With this members of the public such as government ministries, communities, individuals, Public and Private organizations can only have the Services of the media when they can pay some stipulated fees. Although, these media are government owners, its agencies are amongst those who should pay, but this has limitations because they can still negotiate. The radio link network Phone- in -proframme in FRCN is a typical good instance. This proframme is an avenue through which Public office holders showcase their image.

One of the system employed by these media before an individual or organizations news can be aired, is that it will be included in either the network news bulletin as news analysis only if they are able to pay.

Network commercial news are in the three categories as A,B,C. category A encompassed quoted companies and parasols which attract quite some huge amount of money which is said to be half of what set a pays. Whereas the C category comprises of charity and no – profitable organizations of which the amount they pay is negotiable.

In the words of with Nnorom (1994) “News commercialization is a Phenomenon whereby electronic media reports news or news analysis, a commercial messages by an unidentified sponsor, by giving the audience the impression that news is fair, objective and socially responsible.” Viewers and listeners see this as a cheat on the audience and look on such practice as the same to the much condemned brown envelope journalism.

The payment for news stories is said to be the official brown envelopes which are paid to the media house, as forbids the one given to the reporter at the scene of his beat. This is contrary to the code of conduct of journalism which states that “ it is the duty of the journalists to refuse any reward for publishing or suppressing news or comment”.

The news commercialization negates the basic principles of the ethical precepts in journalism. This implies that it is unethical for different broadcast media to accept any payment from news sources before their items are aired or covered. Such news stories are aired with others which editors have selected for their pure news value and the unsuspecting audience internalize such information as pure news instead of as an advertisement.

Researchers have seen that new paid for affects the objectivity and thus credibility of such news as well as encouraging the brown envelope syndrome. This is because the editor will like to satisfy the client.

In the highs of the foregoing, this paid news are many attains unedited by the radiators which makes them to deviate from the gate-keeping roles. Making the mass media to loose their credibility as the watchdog of the society.

This study is therefore to show how news commercialization affects the professional ethics. And how it has as well affected the gate keeping functions of the news editors. Equally to know, if the publics are aware that FRCN and NTA news are commercialized.