RADIO AS A TOOL FOR POLITICAL EDUCATION IN THE RURAL AREAS. (A CASE STUDY OF IKEDURU L.G.A)
ABSTRACT
Political education in rural areas has to be disseminated through an effective medium which will overcome language difficult and illiteracy which serve as barriers to communication literacy.
So this study went into in-depth research and emergence with dependable result which proved radio is a very table tool for political education. This is because radio is the media that can break language barrier and also the medium capable of being used in rural areas where basic amenities like electricity has not stepped its foot.
For economics purpose, radio is also justified because almost all the rural dwellers can afford a radio set which would enlighten them in election principle and mobilizes them towards franchise exercise.
The commonness and familiarity of radio makes it possible for rural dwellers to understand messages aired through radio than other media like television and newspaper.
These facts are sub satiated with enough information, views and finding of many scholars and authorized.
Chapter one
Introduction 1
- Background of the study 1
- Statement of problem 4
- Objective of the study 5
- Significance of the study 6
- Research questions 8
- Limitation of the study 13
Chapter two
2.1 Sources literature
2.2 literature review 15
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
3.1 Research method 30
3.2 Research design 30
3.3 Research sampling 32
3.4 Measuring instrument 33
3.5 Data collection 35
3.6 Method of data analysis 35
3.7 Expected result 36
CHAPTER FOUR
Data analysis and result
4.1 Data analysis 37
4.2 result of the study 41
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary and recommendation
5.1 summaries 46
5.2 recommendations 46
5.3 references 49
5.3 bibliographies 50
5.4 questionnaires
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Man, since inspection has been adveaturous inquisitive, innovation and inventive, searching for greater heights and development. These extended to the sphere of communication. He has attempted to transmit information over long distances so as to rise above his primitive methods, which only covered short distances.
These efforts has been today resulted in instant communication through radio, television etc.
It is commonly known that radio plays immeasurable roles in matters of public interest and political education which started as far back as 1888 when Hertz Heinrich produce the first radio wave. This was followed by other inventions including an Italian, Guliemo Marconi (Marconi 1892:16).
Csuliemo Marconi made a success of Heinrich Hertz’s theory of electro magnetic waves by making a compass needle turn at the time a spark jump between two waves on the other side of the room. Constructing a more elaborate transmitter, Marconi suet signals across the hill. With his mother’s help, he traveled to England and successfully demonstrated the device and received support from the British post office department. He patented the new “wireless telegraph” on June 2nd, 1896. This was the last contribution to the invention of radio, which is now a tool of political education in rural areas.
At the rinitrail stage, the device radio was bulky with an enormous antnna. However, Aborse Fleming (Fleming, 1904:163) patented a special receiving tube called Fleming valve is to amplify the incoming radio signals. It was improved again by another initiated lee, deforest who added a third element (forest 1929:164). His tube, “the Audio” was the main component of radio. The tube improved the reception capabilities aid popularity of the medium. This was how item radio came into being.
Most of the political education received in the rural areas which subsequently effects their voting patterns and decisions are received through radio. Many emirate scholars accepted this view among them is Edwin Emery, who said: “radio is every where, as a result of this, it serves as the available channel through which political leaders express their views and seek totally public backing for their polices (Emeriy 1973:61)
Politicians also recognize the role radio plays in the information of the public opinion. They are also aware of the changes assiocialised with misinjourining the masses especially in the society where the publics believe whatever they hear from the radio.
Radio is the most available and accessible tool for political education for the rural dwellers. This is because it serves both the elite and non-elite again it serves as a liquidity barrier breaker because of its ability to communicate in many languages. That is to say that radio is the most exploited tool for political education in the rural areas.
Since the revolutionary study of voting behavior by Paul LazerFeld and his associate “Lazerfeld elat 1984:151”, political research has focused mostly on predicting voting outcome with little attention given the sources of political education. It is therefore pertinent to delicate the important of radio as a tool for political education in the rural area. In the resent review of mass media and political campaigns, Atkins Charles noted that: “the most mass communication researchers studying political campaigns recognized that media messages significantly influence voters (Akins (1981:201)
A Nigerian scholar, Duyile in 1979 while appreciating the constraints of the rural dwellers, emphasized that. “The mass media: especially the radio provides the rural dwellers with appreciable political education in which they depend in making political decision in time of elections”.
- STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The modern political campaign is a major media event deliberately planned not only to attract attention of voters but also to get their ballots. This study is going to give reasons why radio is qualified to be the best among other in giving political education and getting many ballots for politicians.
For the fact that modern mass media are ubiquitous in urban areas and a wide coverage. Based on this the most available medium would overcome the unsuccessful political campaign records. This study will go indebt research to find the most available medium and its effectiveness.
Furthermore, this research work aims at determining why radio is the most frequent used medium in the rural area communities of Ikeduru L.G.A. Imo State.
Again it is designed to delicates the effectiveness of radio as a tool for political education in the rural areas especially in Ikeduru L.G.A Imo state.
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Specially, this study will investigate radio as a tool for political education in the rural area using Ikeduru Local government area of Imo state as a case study. The study will also determine how believable the massages gotten from radio are influencing the people and the attitudinal impact such believability holds on the respondents political behavior.
This study also determines why radio is the most frequently used medium by the rural communities.
- SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
This study will enable journalists, politicians, political parties and other from all works of life be acquainted with the means of political education in the rural areas.
Moreover, politicians will in no small means find its research work helpful in choosing the right channel for disseminating their political ideologies to grass root voters.
Conversely rural dwellers will find its useful in assessing and selecting the right candidate for the right post. In addition this research study possesses all the credential that could attract government attention towards in improving the facilities for the dissemination of rural political education communication as well as enlightening the rural folk. This would enable them to analyze political information at their disposal.
It would certainly be valuable asset to both politicians and electorates in Nigeria especially those that reside in rural areas. this does not mean that it is limited to the ruralities because the village remain the permanent homes of the urban dwellers. Therefore it is equally a valuable asset to politicians and electorate that reside in urban area.
The project plays an unquantificable role in identifying the shortcomings of rural political education communication.
Consequently, this will aid the rural dwellers to perform more political opinions. It will also help them to cast their votes rightly and thus bring effective governance to their doorstep for once.
Cases abound where influential politicians employ the political techniques of distributing the political techniques of distributing foodstuff like salt and rice in the villages so as to convince the people to vote for a particular party or person. This demands the need for a correct exchange of political problem that are still hidden.
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study will provide answer to the following questions
- Is radio the major tool for political education in rural areas?
- Is radio reliable tool for political education in rural area?
- Can the quality and quantity of political; education aired through radio influence the political life of the rural dwellers?
- RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
HI – Radio is the major tool for political education in the rural areas.
HO- Radio is not the major tool for political education in the rural areas.
In testing the above-mentioned hypothesis using the chi-square formula to get the calculated value.
X2 = E (0-E)2
E
Where x2-chi-square
O – observed frequency
E – expected frequency
The working purposes, we expand the formula using the responses in table 6 to get the calculated value.
| Responses | O | E | O-E | O-E2 | O-E2/E |
| Yes | 322 | 180 | 142 | 20,164 | 112.0 |
| No | 38 | 180 | -142 | 20,164 | 112.0 |
| TOTAL | 360 | 360 | 224 |
From the above calculations, we got 224 ads our calculated value (cv). So to get the table value (TV) to test the hypothesis, we have
DF (degree of freedom)-1
Error of variance =0.05
So, from the figure table, we got .05 under 1, which is 3.841 as our table value (TV). This value will be used intesting of three (3) hypotheses.
(HYPOTHESIS II)
H2 radio is a reliable tool for political education in rural areas.
HO radio is not the major tool for political education in rural areas.
Using the same chi-square formula and using the responses in table 7., we have the formula expanded so that we can get the calculated value.
| Responses | O | E | O-E | O-E2 | O-E2/E |
| Yes | 366 | 180 | 156 | 24,336 | 135.2 |
| No | 24 | 180 | -156 | 24,336 | 135.2 |
| TOTAL | 360 | 360 | 270 |
270 stand for calculated value and table remains 3.841 (as hypothesis).
HYPOTHESIS III
H3 the quantity and quality of political education aired through radio influences the political life of the rural dwellers.
With the same formula and using responses in the table 8 to get the calculated value we have the answer in tabular for like this:
| Responses | O | E | O-E | O-E2 | O-E2/E |
| Yes | 320 | 180 | 140 | 19600 | 108.89 |
| No | 40 | 180 | -140 | 19600 | 108.89 |
| TOTAL | 360 | 360 | 218 |
So we got 218 as the calculated, value the is 3.84.
CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
The key terms are radio, tool, political education and rural areas.
I RADIO
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
Radio is a means of communication that relies on the use of electromagnetic waves relies on the use of electromagnetic waves propagated through space at the speed of light.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Radio is that medium of communication that has maximum reach to heterogeneous air waves.
Ii TOOL
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, tool is defined as anything that helps one to do his or her job.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
For the purpose of this subject, tool can be defined as that instrument, person that helps to transmit political education to rural areas.
III POLITICAL EDUCATION
Political education in this study can be taken to mean communication content of since data, which the rural dwellers deemed necessary for making vote decisions.
IV RURAL AREAS
It is a non-urbanized or village community.
- ASSUMPTION
It is assume that the researcher to a great seriousness working harder to conduct some series of research which will enable her write this project work.
It is also assume that the information in this project5 work is based on indept research.
Furthermore the information her is assumed to be helpful to both the political and government.
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
CERTAINLY THERE some factor which bring some limitations to this study.
Firstly, it encounters the in-built weanes of all research work that depend on the questionnaire i.e., the failure to capture the factors that lie outside the parameters of the text instruments.
Secondly, the study is limited by all the problems associated with mass communication research in developing country like Nigeria. This includes inability to get the needed materials on time.
Financial factor is also a limitation this study. The desired finance could not be proffered at the normal time, which made it impossible to accomplish this project on time.
Time factor is another limitation of study. There is no ample time, which would enable the researcher to carry out the comprehensive and time-honoured project on this issue.
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