THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN GIRL-CHILD EDUCATION AND SOCIALIZATION AMONG THE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU SOUTH L.G.A)
ABSTRACT
This research study is based on the Role of Mass Media in Girl-child education and socialization among the secondary school students , with the Enugu South as the case study. The researcher adopted the survey research method in carrying out this study. Questionnaire was structured and administered to the sample of the study, which was drawn from the population using the Taro Yamane formular. A total of three hundred and ninety (390) questionnaire was administered and used for the analysis. In all, four hypotheses were tested using the chi-square formula, for statistical support. From the analysis, it is discovered that the mass media play a vital rule in Girl-child education and socialization among secondary school students, and that though contain factors interfered with their activities ranging from media ownership and other professional violation issues, the media still lay a great role in socialization of a girl-child education. Mass media adopt various means which include TV programmes, Radio and Internet in socializing Girl-child education. Part of the recommendations of this study is that the government should properly equip the media with state of the art facilities to enable them carryout their watch-dog properly. On the part of media practitioners, they should adhere strictly to laid down professional and ethical standards as to avoid adulteration and prejudice reports. For further recommendation of further study, there is need to give this research work to another student who is in another state, in order to find out the strength and weakness of the mass media.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
- Background of the Study 1
- Statement of the Research Problem 4
- Objectives of the Study 4
- Significance of the Study 6
- Research Questions 8
- Research Hypothesis 9
- Theoretical Framework 10
- Scope of the Study 12
- Limitation of the Study 13
- Definition of Terms 13
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 Sources of Literature 16
2.2 Review of Relevant Literature 16
2.3 Summary of Literature 27
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29
3.1 Research Design 29
3.2 Area of Study 29
3.3 Research Population 30
3.4 Research Sample 30
3.5 Sampling Technique 31
3.6 Instrument of Data Collection 32
3.7 Method of Data Collection 32
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 33
3.9 Expected Results 34
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
OF FINDINGS 36
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions/Hypothesis 43
4.3 Discussion of Results 48
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51
5.1 Summary 51
5.2 Conclusion 52
5.3 Recommendations 53
5.4 Further Recommendation for Further Studies 66
Bibliography 54
Appendix 57
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Sex distribution of respondents 36
Table 2: Age distribution of respondent 37
Table 3: Name of schools 38
Table 4: Classes of respondents 38
Table 5: Do you watch television 39
Table 6: Do you read newspaper 40
Table 7: When do you listen to radio 40
Table 8: Television form the major medium of
information dissemination for girl-child 41
Table 9: Girl-child refer to the medium as
sources of acquiring social norms 42
Table 10: Girl-child use the media for reinforcement
of social norms 43
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Media developments have dramatically influenced the behavior of Girl-child through the years. The first important media is the newspaper and up till today it is still the domain of most all, both locally and internationally. The radio is also another exciting medium that has proved very versatile for Girl-child. It is unique because of the supportive role it lays in re-enforcing the real tradition that is especially in Girl-child. It is also the most widespread in terms of coverage. However, the television is also another medium that has witnessed tremendous growth in recent time. Its audio-visual qualities has endeared it to the hearts of advertises. It is quite common today to watch TV programmes that are sponsored and indentified with specific advertisers.
Another medium that is growing is the magazine. The magazine explosion is perhaps due to the possibility of producing one without necessary incurring high over heads in terms of socialization.
Other media include billboards and the transit medium. The media pay commissions ranging between 10 – 15% to recognized agencies. The broadcast and the print media collectively called the mass media had offered a new kind of shared experience in which million can laugh.
Mass media operations are possible only where the produces symbols are meaningful. In a world of standardized goods, it is to be expected that entertainment should be dispensed through impersonal commercial and lay that prevail in more simple communities. With no other form of communication has sharing of experience been possible on universal scale and to be so intense of degree as with the mass media concern about the possible effect or influence of mass communication upon the opinion ad attitude of men have been prevalent for several decades and has existed in less intensive way.
The statement that the mass media is an important tool in helping us to understand what is going on around the world as well as closer to school. The mass media have particular important in human history.
They are the greatest multipliers of information just as the machines of the industrial revolution were able to multiply human power with other kind of energy. The significance of the development of printing in the 15th century was that it did not only sent the balance form long centuries of spoken first hand communication towards the sharing of information on a grad scale but more importantly, it extended learning beyond privileged.
In contemporary times man’s life and existence have come to depend largely on the media to tell him what is happening in his society and in the large world, to educate and entertain him.
Therefore there is an inexorable march to words a world entirely predicental on mass media communication. The mass media have become the most powerful communication force created by man. The introduction of satellite has further change the world to global village.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The media as the watch-dog of the society is vested with the responsibilities of ensuring that the government is accountable and responsive as well as responsible. In doing this, the media track the activities of this function, however, is barraged with a number of obstacles and hindrances.
Consequently, the problem of the study is to find out the extent at which the media has been able to socialized Girl-child education among secondary school students and also to analyzed and evaluate the role of mass media in girl-child education, to discover whether the mass media can contributed positively or negatively to the socialization of Girl-child education among secondary school student.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This study has been motivated because of the important rule played by the mass media in the socialization process of a girl-child education. The mass media contribute to the socialization process of the girl-child education by the information they make available to them. The value they express and illustrate to them. The experience the child draw from the media, the thrills and horns they offer them.
The mass media also reinforce the effort of the other agent of socialization such as the pear group, the family, the church and the school. Since the mass media are message multipliers which increase the number and speed of massage sent and the size of the audience in very little time. It’s a reasoned that give the tremendous power of mass media they should transcend all the other agents in the socialization process, especially in situation where the mass media have been adopted as an integral part of the learning process. Third reason behind this study is that during girl-child education which is a period of information seeking when the child central concern inevitable occurs influence the future behavior of the individual throughout life.
Fourthly, the socialization or the acquisition of the culture of one’s society is vital not only for the normal behavior of the individual, but also because of it impact on how one relates to other members of the society. And the culture of every society must be preserved and perpetual, and the contents must be continuously transmitted or communicate from one generation to another.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The mass media especially the visual medium television and film are widely believed to be uniquely effective simple for their visual advantages over the others. They have been found to command more complete attention from their audience and are times completely pre-occupying especially for girl-child education. But it is the view of this research that girl-child have been exposed to only a narrow use of the mass media especially the electronic medium in this country. Millions of them have limited access to the mass media. All we find in most programmes designed for girl-child education in some in mass media are songs, dances, story telling and plays. The trend now is to screen secondary school girl in traditional dancing to one traditional music or the other. In short they are brought as entertainers to television viewers. The researcher feel that if new strategies are not adopted where girl-child would be exposed to a more expanded use of media.
They might grow into tradition to directing, dance to oriented and talk less adults.
If we intend to make these efforts of a fruitful permanent one then the massive re-ordering currently talking lace in a country must give particular attention to new strategies aimed at inculcating in Nigeria girls, those sparkling quantities of ethnic tolerance and co-existence discipline and patriotism.
This is because most of the country’s problems stem from ethnicity the problem of settling monopoly fear ethnic rivaling and suspicion. These problem have been accentuated by the serotype and dogmas which over the yeas have been usually described particularly life style of some ethnic group in Nigeria.
Any strategy must therefore involve the complete re-orientation if not re-socialization of acquired attitude and serotype for which the generally of Nigeria accept the kinder queen are replete with. This study therefore is timely the find and result which mist give some due to new strategies aimed at improving the communication behavior of girl-child as a way of using the mass media in mobilizing the girl-child in general to build a nation where tribes and tongues may differ in brotherhood. The researcher said this because the girl-child make up more than 40 million of Nigeria publication.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions will guide the issue to be treated in this study.
- Does media usage among the girl-child vary with family socio-economic background or study?
- Does girl-child prefer information disseminated trough television than other medium?
- Does girl-child use media for reinforcement of social norms of the society?
- What is the level of importance that girl-child attach to mass media in relation to traditional agent of socialization like the family, teacher, friends, or peer group during girl-child education socialization? In other words, is mass media relatively more important to girl-child or not?
- Does girl-child refer to mass media as sources of acquiring the normative pattern of their societies?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following hypothesis will be tested.
Hi: The higher the socio-economic status of the family the more the girl-child attend to media.
Ho: The higher the socio-economic status of the family the less the girl-child attend to media.
H2: Television form the major medium of information disseminated to girl-child.
Ho: Television does not form the major medium of information dissemination to girl-child.
H3: Girl-child refer to mass media as sources of acquiring societal norms
Ho: Girl-child did not refer to mass media as sources of acquiring societal norms.
H4: The mass media are relatively more important than the traditional agent of socialization in the process of girl-child socialization.
Ho: The media are not relatively more important than the traditional agent of socialization in the process of girl-child socialization.
H5: Girl-child use the media for reinforcement of social norms.
Ho: Girl-child do not use the media for reinforcement of social norms.
1.7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study will be discussed with magic bullet or hypodermic needle theory and social learning theory.
“The magic bullet” theory graphically assumes that the media’s message is a bullet fired from the media gun into the viewer “head” Berger (1995). Similarly, the “Hypodermic needle model” uses the same idea of the “shooting” paradigm. It suggest that the media injects its message straight into the passive audience. This passive audience is immediately affected by these messages. The public essentially cannot escape from the media’s influence, and is therefore considered a “sitting duck”.
“Hypodermic needle theory” implied that mass media has direct, immediate and powerful effect on it audiences. The mass media in the 1940s and 1950s were perceived as a powerful influence on behaviour change.
This theory suggest that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly and uniformly by “shooting” or injecting them with appropriate message designed to trigger a desired response.
Bullet and a needle suggest a powerful and direct flow of information from the sender to the receiver.
This theory says that every message pass y the sender to the audience goes in the way and manner the sender wan it to be.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Social learning theory states that behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. Children observe the people around them. In society children are surrounded with many influential models, such as the mass media and other agent of socialization.
They pay attention to mass media and encode their behaviour. People were able to learn from the media through observation, and with the media they have been expose.
This means that mass media messages gives audience member an opportunity to identify with attractive behaviour. Social learning theory holds the media can have direct effects on people and their influence does not have effects on people, and their influence does not have to be mediated by personal influence.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study does not include all the agent of socialization, it is focus on the area of mass media. It does not involve all the agent of socialization like school, family, peer groups and other indeed it does not include all the agent of socialization.
It is limited to the Enugu South Local Government Area.
In summary, only girl-child education among secondary school student in Enugu south, no other people is included.
1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Like all human endeavours, this research work was not without some factors that tended to jeopardize the smooth completion of the study. For one the period of time allowed for this work was short than the researcher did not have enough time to do a thoroughly research.
In the course of data collection it was not easy, I had to put in extra effort to interpret their interview schedule of the respondents, some who fall within the incomprehensible age limit.
Above all, there were financial and transit constraints. Though, the project is an expensive task has been a rewarding experience.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS (Conceptual and Operational)
There is the need to define operation and ideas used in this research work because they are use contextually.
- Mass media: We refer to television, radio, newspaper and magazines.
- Girl-child: A female who is not married, who fall within the age range of 10 – 18 years.
- Education: The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at school or university and it is also the theory and practice of teaching.
- Media use: The habit of listening to radio, watching television and reading newspapers.
- Societies: Societies refer to various environment the girl-child found themselves.
- Normative pattern: These refer to value of the society which define what are felt to be proper legitimate or expected mode of behaviour of social relationship.
- Value: Value refer to broad preferences concerning appropriate course of action or outcomes.
- Socialization: It is the learning process by which the girl-child acquires the culture of her society thereby becoming an accepted member of her group.
- Agent of socialization: It refers to mass media, the family, peer group, school and the church.
- Mediated information: This refers to that information received through the media of communication.
REFERENCES
Bogart, L. (1988). The Growth of Television in the Age of Television, America: Mideentury America.
Bowman L. (1974). Political Socialization in Political Behaviour, New York: Free Press.
Chinoy E. (1962). Society and Culture in Society, London: Prentice Hall.
Eze M.A. (2008). Dynamics of Communication Research, Enugu: Cheston Agency.
Eze, M.A., (2011). Fundamentals of Communication Theories, Enugu: Cheston Ltd.
Roberts, D.T. (1984). The Effect of Mass Communication, New York: McGraw Hill.
Ukozor B.A. (2005). Research Method, Enugu: Division of Benalice.
Wibur, S. (1949). What the Mass Media can do, Chicago: Rinehart, and Winston.
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