EFFECT OF SCHOOL LOCATION AND SEX DIFFERENTIALS ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN ECONOMICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS ( A CASE STUDY OF UGHELLI-NORTH DELTA STATE)

 IN SELECTED  NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   1

1.1   Background of the study          –       –       –               –   1

1.2   Statement of the problem –       –       –       –       –       –   5

1.3   Purpose of study      –       –       –       –       –       –       –   8

1.4   Research Question   –       –       –       –       –       –       –   9

1.5   Hypothesis       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  10

1.6   Significance of study        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  11

1.7   Scope/Delimitation of the study      –       –       –       –  12

1.8   Limitation of the study     –       –       –       –       –       –  13

1.9   Definition of terms   –       –       –       –       –       –       –  13

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE       –       –       –       –  15

2.1   Performance of male and female students       –       –       –  22

2.2   School location and Environmental factors

and their effects on the performance of students    –

in economics   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  25

2.3   Summary of the review of related literature     –       –  30

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   Research Design and Methodology  –       –       –       –  32

3.2   Research Design      –       –       –       –       –       –       –  33

3.3   Population of the study    –       –       –       –       –       –  33

3.4   Sample and sampling technique      –       –       –       –  33

3.5   Research instrument       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  34

3.6   Validity of the instrument        –       –       –       –       –       –  34

3.7   Reliability of the instrument    –       –       –       –       –  35

3.8   Method of Data Collection       –       –       –       –       –  35

3.9   Method of Data Analysis –       –       –       –       –       –  36

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF        FINDINGS        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  37

4.1   Introduction     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  37

4.2   Analysis of Research Questionnaire –       –       –       –  40

4.3   Discussion       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  46

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  47

5.1   Summary of findings       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  48

5.2   Conclusion      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  49

5.3   Recommendation     –       –       –       –       –       –       –  51

5.4   Recommendation for further studies       –       –       –  52

References       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  53

Appendix         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  55

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to find out the effects of school location and sex differentials on students’ achievement in economics in secondary school. It was aimed at finding out the factors responsible for the disparity if any in the performance male and female students in economics, to also find out how the education institution at different location attended by the students influence their performance in economics and to provide solutions. Research questions were formulated. To collect the data for the study, questionnaires were administered to 100 students selected from different secondary school in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State. The simple percentage was used to analyze data collected. The results were showed and recommendations were made. The following recommendation were made, the approval for establishment of new secondary schools should take into consideration, the maximum distance of one (1) kilometer between school and residence of majority of students. More schools should be established in areas where students’ population is above the minimum. Moreover, Government should come to the aid of schools mostly in rural areas with necessary teaching materials to facilitate the teaching and learning activities.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

Economics is the corner stone or the breath of social science and technological development.

It is regarded as the bedrock of all social sciences subjects that could cut across the school curriculum and it is necessary in the study of social science whether theoretical or empirical. The desire of many countries particularly Nigeria to develop her human and material resource s in this direction has made it possible for the study and teaching of economics very imperative.

Economic as well as most other sciences its frontiers are constantly changing commonly used as the study of the use of limited resources for the achievement of alternative ends. Theories employ abstract deductive reasoning whereby conclusions are drawn and purely empirical studies are inductive in nature. It is of records that the proper teaching and learning of economics is one of the most complex problems facing the Nigeria (Nig) educational system today.

The location of nay school most time or case does follow some laid down guidelines. This is so because school should not be located close to any railway roads, factory and risky areas. Like river bank and high tension lines to mention a few. The  distance  to school in educational planning is seen  as  a rough indication to the schools densities consequently when schools are densely populated, the solution is either  running the  shifty system or  establishing another  school within the  locality. Distance travelled to schools by students also has some relationship to school attendance punctuality to school and absenteeism. When the distance travelled to school is too far from residence of majority of the students, there is the reluctance for students to attend class or school. This is so because majority of the students in Delta state and indeed all over the country walk to and fro from school. It was this reason that make the definite government of Delta state in its free education programme stipulated that schools should not be established more than one kilometer (k/m)  from the residence of  majority of the  students. Attendance in schools is a crucial factor in the case in which some students travel more than five kilometer (k/m) to get to their various schools. Some students are over populated because of their location while some others are spatially polluted. No doubt that several problems are associated in the location of schools without taking into consideration some of the parameters for location enumerated above.

The patterns of gender role development vary with gender achievement is a relatively stable characteristics in children. Boys and girls who possess the attributes associated with achievement. Some experiment being carried out shows middle childhood and adolescence. Some experiment being carried out shows that the motivational base for achievement may differ between the two genders. Girls frequently appear to engage in achievement behaviour as a means of gaining approval from adults and peers while bys are more often motivated by the intrinsic challenge of the task. In many research studies carried out, boys appears to manifest higher level of achievement behaviour when the difference actually involves factors of achievement motivation. The elements of parental behaviour are mostly closely related to early achievement include encouragement of independency.

Hence the term achievement refers to the child’s attempts to attain some standard and to acquire the skills necessary for dealing effecting with his environment. It is so because of the problems associated with that we see to investigate the distance travelled to schools by the students in secondary schools. The study also looked into the effect of gender differential on students’ achievement.

1.2   Statement of Problem

        Since the general assumption is that school location and gender differentials have  effects on students achievement, the  problems of this study is to ascertain what effect a school location has on students achievement in economics. What effect does a gender differential have on student’s achievement in economics?