ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RENAL DIMENSIONS OF PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN IN DELTA STATE
Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone for more materials and others
COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA
ORDER NOW
GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631
We also accept : ATM transfer , online money transfer
OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.
form>
Call Help Desk Line : 08074466939,08063386834.
After Payment Send Your Payment Details To
08074466939 Or 08063386834, The Project Title You Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.
WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE
You may also need: web design company in Nigeria
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The gross structure of the kidney has been known to be related to its function. Hence significance deviations would be expected to affect the Sexcretions of metabolic waste and production of erythropetin, prostaglandins, and rSenin necessary for homeostasis. The aim of this research was to determine the normal kidney size and volumeof pregnant and non- pregnant women in Delta State.
METHOD:
Ultrasonographic kidney measurement were performedon 142subjects ( pregnant and non- pregnant women), without known renal lesions, with the age ranging from 18- 57 years. Measurementsincludinglength, width, thickness, and estimation of the renal size was obtained by multiplying the first three variables, and renal volume was obtained by multiplying the first three variables and by dividing by two. The effect of age, body mass index(BMI) to renal variables, size and volume was statistically analysed.
RESULTS :
On the right, the mean renal(length, width, thickness, size, and volume), are 9.48 + 0.86cm, 6.42 + 0.72cm, 3.99 + 0.55cm, 245.42 + 61.55cm3 and 122.71 + 30.77cm 3 . On the left, the mean renal( length, width, thickness, size, and volume), are 9.72 + 0.87cm, 6.64 +0.97cm, 4.54 + 0.87cm, 299.26 + 90.43cm3, and 149.63 +45.21cm3, for non- pregnant women. For pregnant women , on the right mean renal(length, width, thickness, size, and renal volume) are 9.75 + 0.99cm, 6.68 +0.63cm, 4.22 + 0.50cm, 279.49 +73.95cm3 and 139.97 + 36.94cm3. On the left,T he mean renal( length, width, thickness, size, volume), are9.93 + 1.76cm, 6.63 +0.82cm, 4.82 +0.62cm, 324.52+ 109. 59cm3, and162.26 +54.79cm3.
Left renal length, width, thickness, size and volume) was greater than right (length, width, thickness, size and volume) for pregnant and non- pregnant women.
CONCLUSION: The mean renal size and volume for pregnant women were greater than non-pregnant women also there was a slight correlation to renal size and volume to age and body mass index (BMI).
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The gross structure of the kidney is known to be related to its functions. Hence, significant deviations could be expected to affect the excretion of metabolic wastes and production of erythropoietin, prostaglandins, and renin necessary for homeostasis of the internal milieu (Meyer and Bellucci, 2009). Kidney sizes and function can be affected by age (Meyer and Bellucci, 2009).
Also, the kidney sizes of patient are valuable diagnostic parameters in urological and nephrology practice. Most adult kidney sizes have been described by most authors as 11cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick, and weigh 150g (Moore et al, 2010). Further review of literature have showed that renal size varies with age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and pregnancy. (Shcherbak et al, 2009).
Renal infections, DiabetesMiletus, hypertension, obesity, and other nephrology disorder are important condition affecting renal size (Wianaf et al, 2010). It had also been noted that Renal size and function reflect the health status of the kidneys( Baxet al, 2010),therefore, a change in renal dimensions is an important sign of renal disease (Wanget al, 2010), kidney sizes are significantly influenced by congenital anomalies, urinary tract disease, systemic disease, micro and macro vascular disease, and neoplasia (Weisenbechiet al, 2009).
Also during pregnancy, sonographic measurement of renal size, volume and length is important for the evaluation and follow-up of renal pathologies. Most Authors are of the opinion that during pregnancy, there is a change in the sodium and electrolyte regulation and hormonal effect of relaxin which is produced in the kidney during pregnancy (Khatiet al, 2009). The change in renal system is important for the outcome of an index pregnancy (Platt et al, 2008).
These changes in renal system are anatomical and physiological, which affect the renal blood flow, the kidney calyces, ureter, bladder and the urethra. Some of the physiological changes which are seen are increase in the renal plasma fluid and the glomerular filtration rate with the corresponding anatomical changes which are seen in the renal volume (Morrafiet al, 2008). Renal volume which is one of the parameters affected by pregnancy is important in assessing the health status of the kidney (Christensinet al, 2010), as it is believed to be an exact measurement of the renal size(Emamianet al, 2006).
Ultrasonography is one of the most important methods used in the estimation of kidney dimensions such as length, width or breadth, thickness and renal volume (Gauelaet al, 2009). Ultrasonography is simple, reliable, non-invasive and reproducible (Brandthet al, 2009). It is safe and has advantage over other radiological imaging modalities such as Conventional radiography and Computed axial tomography (Jerbulamet al, 2007).Because it does not utilize ionizing radiations which is harmful to the developing foetus and other radiosensitive organs in the body (Radermacheret al, 2008).
Ultrasonography offers excellent anatomical details, requiresno special preparations, is readily available, cheap, and does not expose patients to radiation or contrast agent. Renal ultrasound is used to determine the site or size of the kidney and to detect any focal lesion (Methond T, 2008). It also helps to evaluate pertinent anatomy and pathology especially during pregnancy (Widjajaet al, 2009).
Renal size can be determined by measuring the length, volume, and cortical thickness of the kidneys (Kang et al, 2010). Renal size and volume measurement are used frequently as the basis for making clinical decisions.
This article highlights various college of education website in Nigeria. We provide free school Past Questions and answer, jamb exams, jamb registration Form and Admissions List to various students to gain admission into Federal, State and Private College Of Education In Nigeria. This article will also help students to check admission status of various institutions in Nigeria at a go.
Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal college of Education, Kontagora, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Obudu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Pankshin, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
State college of education Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List
College of Education, Agbor, past questions, form and admissions list
Akwa-Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Azare, past questions, form and admissions list
Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoama, past questions, form and admissions list
Emmanuel Alyande College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
Enugu State College of Education (Tech.) Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ekiadolor, past questions, form and admissions list
Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Gindiri, past questions, form and admissions list
Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Moforiji, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Port Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list
Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Ebonyi State College of Education, Ikwo, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ikere, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list
Kano State College of Education, Kumbotso, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Benue, past questions, form and admissions list
Kebbi State College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list
Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oju, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list
Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list
FCT College of Education, Zuba, past questions, form and admissions list
Private college of education in Nigeria Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List
Angel Crown College of Education, Gidan-Daya, past questions, form and admissions list
Elder Oyama Memorial College of Education, Ofat-Adun, past questions, form and admissions list
Assanusiyah College of Education, Odeomu, past questions, form and admissions list
African Thinkers Community of inquiry College of Education, past questions, form and admissions list
Best Legacy College of Education, Ikirun, past questions, form and admissions list
Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies, past questions, form and admissions list
Calvin Foundation College of Education, Naka, past questions, form and admissions list
Harvard Wilson College of Education, Aba, past questions, form and admissions list
Hill College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list
Diamond College of education aba . past questions,jamb news, admission form and list
Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
ONIT College of Education, Abagana, past questions, form and admissions list
The African Church College of Education, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
St. Augustine College of Education, Yaba, past questions, form and admissions list
Yewa Central College of Education, Ogun, past questions, form and admissions list
List of Federal Universities in Nigeria
Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University, past questions, form and admissions list
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list
Bayero University, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Tech, Akure, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Technology, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of technology, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University Dutse, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Otuoke, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Michael Okpara Univeristy of Agric, Umudike, past questions, form and admissions list
Modibbo Adama University of Tech, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
National Open University of Nigeria, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Police Academy Wudil, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria defense Academy, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Agriculture Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Agriculture Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Benin, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Maiduguri, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Nigeria Nsukka, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Port-Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Uyo, past questions, form and admissions list
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, past questions, form and admissions list
List of State Universities in Nigeria admission list
Abia State University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State University, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, past questions, form and admissions list
Amrose Alli University, Ikot Akpaden, past questions, form and admissions list
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list
Bauchi State Unibversity, Gadau, past questions, form and admissions list
Benue State University Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list
Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Cross River State University of Sc. & Tech, Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State University Abraka, past questions, form and admissions list
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, past questions, form and admissions list
Ekiti State University, past questions, form and admissions list
Enugu State University of Sc. & Tech. Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, past questions, form and admissions list
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, past questions, form and admissions list
Imo state University,Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Jigawa State University, past questions, form and admissions list
Kaduna State University, Kaduna past questions, form and admissions list
Kano University of Sc. & Tech, Wudil
Kebbi State University, Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Kogi State University, Anyigba, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwara State University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Ladoke Akintola university of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos State University Ojo, past questions, form and admissions list
Nasarawa State University, Keffi, past questions, form and admissions list
Niger Delta University, Yenagoe, past questions, form and admissions list
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, past questions, form and admissions list
Ondo State University of Sc. & Tech, Okitipupa, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Plateau State University, Bokkos, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State University of Sc. & Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Taraba State University, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list
Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University, past questions, form and admissions list
Private Universities
Achievers University, Owo, past questions, form and admissions list
Adeleke University, Ede, past questions, form and admissions list
Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, past questions, form and admissions list
African University of Sc. & Tech, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list
Al-hikmah University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Al-Qalam University, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list
American University of Nigeria, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
Babcock University, Ilishan, past questions, form and admissions list
Baze University, past questions, form and admissions list
Bells University of Technology, Otta, past questions, form and admissions list
Benson Idahosa University, Benin, past questions, form and admissions list
Bingham University, New Karu, past questions, form and admissions list
Bowen University, Iwo, past questions, form and admissions list
Caleb University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Caritas University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
CETEP City University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Covenant University, Ota, past questions, form and admissions list
Crawford University, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list
Crescent University, past questions, form and admissions list
Elizade University, Ilara-mokin, past questions, form and admissions list
Fountain University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Gregory University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Hallmark University, past questions, form and admissions list
Joseph Ayo Babalola University,Ikeji, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwararafa University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list
Lead City University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigerian-Turkish Nile University, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list
Novena University, Ogume, past questions, form and admissions list
Obong University, Obong Ntak, past questions, form and admissions list
Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, past questions, form and admissions list
Pan-African University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Paul University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list
Redeemer’s University, Mowe, past questions, form and admissions list
Renaissance University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
Salem University, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list
Tansian University, Umunya, past questions, form and admissions list
Veritas University, past questions, form and admissions list
Wellspring University, Edo, past questions, form and admissions list
Wesley University of Sc. & Tech, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list
Western Delta University, Oghara
List of all the Federal Polytechnics in Nigeria
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list
Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list
Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Namoda, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nassarawa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Oko, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, past questions, form and admissions list
Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list
Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, past questions, form and admissions list
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Yaba College of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
List of State Polytechnics in Nigeria
Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Abia State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot-Osurua, past questions, form and admissions list
Benue State Poly, Ugbokolo, past questions, form and admissions list
Gateway Polytechnic, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Institute of Mgt. and Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, past questions, form and admissions list
Kano State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos State Poly, Ikorodu, past questions, form and admissions list
Moshood Abiola Poly, past questions, form and admissions list
Nasarawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State College of Tech, Esa-Oke, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, past questions, form and admissions list
Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State Poly, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, past questions, form and admissions list
Edo State Inst. of Tech and Mgt, Usen, past questions, form and admissions list
Niger State Poly, Zungeru, Niger State, past questions, form and admissions list
List of Private Polytechnics in Nigeria
Allover Central Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Crown Polytechnics, past questions, form and admissions list
Covenant Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Dorben Polytechnic, Bwari-Garam Road, past questions, form and admissions list
Fidei Polytechnic, Gboko, past questions, form and admissions list
Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Igbajo Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic, Ile-Ife, NITEL Road, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos City Poly, Ikeja, Lagos State, past questions, form and admissions list
Light House Polytechnic, Eubuobanosa, past questions, form and admissions list
Interlink Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Kings Polytechnic, Ubiaja, past questions, form and admissions list
RONIK Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Shaka Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Benin city, past questions, form and admissions list
Temple-Gate Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Wolex Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Prime Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic Imesi-Ile, Osun, past questions, form and admissions list
Heritage Polytechnic, Ikot Udota, past questions, form and admissions list
Ibadan City Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list