Microbial Examination Of Bacteria In Beef Sold In Artisan Market Enugu Metropolis
Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone for more materials and others
COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA
Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.
ORDER NOW
GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631
Note: We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer. We will respond to you anytime of the day.
Or
Pay Online Using Your Atm Card. It Is Secured And Reliable.
form>
Call Help Desk On : 08074466939,08063386834.
After Payment Send Your Payment Details To
08074466939 Or 08063386834, The Project Title You Selected From Our Website, Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Ur Email Address,Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.
WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE
Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone for more materials and others
You May Also Need: Web Design Company in Nigeria.
You May Also Need: Bulk sms Company in Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Beef is the fleshy part of the cattle that is fit for consumption. It can be cooked or modified in several ways for consumption and it contributes to the nourishment of the body.
This work demonstrated the microbial examination of bacteria on beef sold in Artisan market in Enugu Metropolis. In this work, 3 sets of beef samples were used and they comprise of beef bought in the morning, afternoon and evening from different beef sellers in the same market. The beef samples used for the examination were first homogenized, centrifuged and the supernatants were collected and were used to prepare ten fold serial dilutions. After that the fifth and sixth samples were used to inoculate on nutrient agar and Macconkey agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours. The bacterial coloures were counted and identified and the following organisms were isolated; Shigella species Salmonella species, Escherichia Coli, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species and Proteins species. These were found to be present due to some factors which include long term exposure to air, unhygienic handling of he beef, dirty water used in washing the beef, dirty utensils used like knives and even environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 background information 1
1.2 Aims and Objective of the Study 3
1.3 Statement of Problem 4
1.4 Justification of the Study 5
1.5 Limitation Of The Study 6
CHAPTER TWO
Literature of review 7
2.1 types of beef 7
2.2 Uses And Importance Of Beef 8
2.3 Source Of Bacterial Contamination 9
2.4 bacteria associated with beef 12
2.5 Stages Of Bacterial Growth 13
2.6 Stages Of Bacterial Growth 14
2.7 Factors Affecting Bacteria Activity In Beef 16
2.8 Pathogen City Of Bacteria 19
2.9 Beef Hygiene Practice/Preventive Measures 20
2.10 Storage And Preservation Of Beef 22
2.11 Assessment Of Bacterial Number,
Growth And Activity In Beef 24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 25
3.1 Materials 25
3.2 Culturing Technique 28
3.3 Biochemical Tests For Identification Of Bacteria 31
CHAPTER FOUR
Result and discussion 35
4.1 result 35
4.2 Discussion 42
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and recommendation 47
5.1 Conclusion 47
5.2. Recommendations 48
References 52
Appendix 56
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Beef is defined as the flesh of cattle which are suitable for consumption. It can also be defined as meat from full grown cattle about 2 years old. Beef is one of the most nutrious food used for human consumption (Horace and Gracey, 1974). It is an excellent source of high protein (20%). It also comprises of large a mount of minerals, fats (5%). Vitamins water (59%) and carbohydrate (2.3%) which sewes as a source of energy to man (Ihekoronye and Ngoddy 1975, Lawrie 1974 and Terrel 1971).
However, a small amount of beef can greatly improve a meal as the protein supplement the vegetable protein (Ikeme 1990). The beef is also used today for the production of many edible products to satisfy the apepetite of man. This is done by modifying them with such procedures as grinding, chopping, addition of seasoning and heat treatment to produce some products like gala, meat-pie, sausage, cored beef, hot dog suya etc. Also beef support growth and help in the repair and replacement of worn out tissues in the body (Terrel 1971).
Some countries of the world like the European Union, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and United States of America export beef to improve their economy (Simpson and Farris, 1982). It has been discovered by researchers that beef play pathogenic roles in man due to its contamination with bacteria and other microorganisms (Forest et al, 1975). Some sources of contamination of beef include the knife that is used for slaughtering of the beef, water used for washing the carasses, manure, feed, soil, equipments used for the processing of beef, transportation equipment etc. Improper hygiene by handlers can also be a source of contamination. Also through the source named above introduced from the skin while the main blood vessels are being severed. Bleeding itself lead to bacteriamia and to infection of the livestock tissue (Forrest et al 1975).
Considering the internal sources of contamination, this is a situation where the bacteria found in different parts of he livestocks as normal flora and pathogenic agents (disease agents) can cause contamination of the beef during processing (Frazier and Westerhoff, 1978). The growth of bacteria in the beef after contamination has different stages which include the lag, exponential, stationary and death phases. Also some of the factors that influence the growth of these bacteria or bacterial activities in the beef include the following: Moisture content, PH, Oxidation reduction potential, nutritive value relative humidity, presence or absence of oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic), temperature, personnel’s and physical forms of beef (forest et al 1975) these facilitate contamination of beef, beef spoilage and intoxication occurs thereby causing diseases to man which include gastrointestinal upsets, vomiting, nausea, headache etc (Lawrie 1974, Ihekoronye and Ngoddy 1986). Some of the bacterial genera in beef include Psendomous Clastridium species, Escherichia coli, Proteins Micrococcus, Alkaligens, Flavobacterium, Sareina, Staphylococcus aureus Shigella species, Kelbsiela species etc (Frazier and Westerhoff 1978, Lawrie 1974 and Hobbs 1968)
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This work is aimed at the microbial examination of bacteria found in beef sold in Artisan market, Enugu Metropolis.
The specific objectives of the study include the following.
1. To identify the possible bacteria found in beef sold in Artisan market in Enugu Metropolis
2. To isolate the pathogenic bacteria in the beef sold in the same market
3. To identify possible sources of contamination of the beef sample in question.
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Bacteria are found everywhere in nature (ie they are ubiquitous). Some multiply freely in nature, some are aerobic while some are anaerobic. In our different markets today fresh beef after slaughtering are left for several hours exposed to the air or even days before being sold to the consumers. This time interval make it possible for the growth of disease, causing bacteria (pathogenic) which eventually cause food poisoning, food infection in man and spoilage of beef. Also processed beef like dried meat sold in restaurants stay in the showcase for some days before they are sold to people. These cause gastrointestinal (stomach) upset when consumed by people. The problem lies on the unhygienic way of handling the beef.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The importance of the study work to the society.
1. This research work will help the society and the academic world to be conscious of he dangers of he improper handling of beef.
This article highlights various college of education website in Nigeria. We provide free school Past Questions and answer, jamb exams, jamb registration Form and Admissions List to various students to gain admission into Federal, State and Private College Of Education In Nigeria. This article will also help students to check admission status of various institutions in Nigeria at a go.
Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal college of Education, Kontagora, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Obudu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Okene, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Pankshin, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
State college of education Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List
College of Education, Agbor, past questions, form and admissions list
Akwa-Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Azare, past questions, form and admissions list
Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoama, past questions, form and admissions list
Emmanuel Alyande College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
Enugu State College of Education (Tech.) Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ekiadolor, past questions, form and admissions list
Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Gindiri, past questions, form and admissions list
Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Moforiji, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Port Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list
Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Ebonyi State College of Education, Ikwo, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ikere, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilesha, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list
Kano State College of Education, Kumbotso, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Benue, past questions, form and admissions list
Kebbi State College of Education, Argungu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list
Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oju, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Oro, past questions, form and admissions list
Oyo State College of Education, Oyo, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Warri, past questions, form and admissions list
FCT College of Education, Zuba, past questions, form and admissions list
Private college of education in Nigeria Past Questions, jamb exam, jamb registration Form And Admissions List
Angel Crown College of Education, Gidan-Daya, past questions, form and admissions list
Elder Oyama Memorial College of Education, Ofat-Adun, past questions, form and admissions list
Assanusiyah College of Education, Odeomu, past questions, form and admissions list
African Thinkers Community of inquiry College of Education, past questions, form and admissions list
Best Legacy College of Education, Ikirun, past questions, form and admissions list
Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies, past questions, form and admissions list
Calvin Foundation College of Education, Naka, past questions, form and admissions list
Harvard Wilson College of Education, Aba, past questions, form and admissions list
Hill College of Education, Akwanga, past questions, form and admissions list
Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro, past questions, form and admissions list
Diamond College of education aba . past questions,jamb news, admission form and list
Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
ONIT College of Education, Abagana, past questions, form and admissions list
The African Church College of Education, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
St. Augustine College of Education, Yaba, past questions, form and admissions list
Yewa Central College of Education, Ogun, past questions, form and admissions list
List of Federal Universities in Nigeria
Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University, past questions, form and admissions list
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, past questions, form and admissions list
Bayero University, Kano, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Gashua, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Tech, Akure, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of Technology, Minna, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University of technology, Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University Dutse, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Otuoke, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Michael Okpara Univeristy of Agric, Umudike, past questions, form and admissions list
Modibbo Adama University of Tech, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
National Open University of Nigeria, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Police Academy Wudil, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria defense Academy, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Agriculture Abeokuta, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Agriculture Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Benin, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Maiduguri, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Nigeria Nsukka, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Port-Harcourt, past questions, form and admissions list
University of Uyo, past questions, form and admissions list
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, past questions, form and admissions list
List of State Universities in Nigeria admission list
Abia State University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State University, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, past questions, form and admissions list
Amrose Alli University, Ikot Akpaden, past questions, form and admissions list
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli, past questions, form and admissions list
Bauchi State Unibversity, Gadau, past questions, form and admissions list
Benue State University Markurdi, past questions, form and admissions list
Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Cross River State University of Sc. & Tech, Calabar, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State University Abraka, past questions, form and admissions list
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, past questions, form and admissions list
Ekiti State University, past questions, form and admissions list
Enugu State University of Sc. & Tech. Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, past questions, form and admissions list
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, past questions, form and admissions list
Imo state University,Owerri, past questions, form and admissions list
Jigawa State University, past questions, form and admissions list
Kaduna State University, Kaduna past questions, form and admissions list
Kano University of Sc. & Tech, Wudil
Kebbi State University, Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Kogi State University, Anyigba, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwara State University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Ladoke Akintola university of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos State University Ojo, past questions, form and admissions list
Nasarawa State University, Keffi, past questions, form and admissions list
Niger Delta University, Yenagoe, past questions, form and admissions list
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, past questions, form and admissions list
Ondo State University of Sc. & Tech, Okitipupa, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Plateau State University, Bokkos, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State University of Sc. & Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode, past questions, form and admissions list
Taraba State University, Jalingo, past questions, form and admissions list
Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University, past questions, form and admissions list
Private Universities
Achievers University, Owo, past questions, form and admissions list
Adeleke University, Ede, past questions, form and admissions list
Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti, past questions, form and admissions list
African University of Sc. & Tech, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list
Al-hikmah University, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Al-Qalam University, Katsina, past questions, form and admissions list
American University of Nigeria, Yola, past questions, form and admissions list
Babcock University, Ilishan, past questions, form and admissions list
Baze University, past questions, form and admissions list
Bells University of Technology, Otta, past questions, form and admissions list
Benson Idahosa University, Benin, past questions, form and admissions list
Bingham University, New Karu, past questions, form and admissions list
Bowen University, Iwo, past questions, form and admissions list
Caleb University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Caritas University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
CETEP City University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Covenant University, Ota, past questions, form and admissions list
Crawford University, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list
Crescent University, past questions, form and admissions list
Elizade University, Ilara-mokin, past questions, form and admissions list
Fountain University, Oshogbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Gregory University, Uturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Hallmark University, past questions, form and admissions list
Joseph Ayo Babalola University,Ikeji, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwararafa University, Wukari, past questions, form and admissions list
Lead City University, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigerian-Turkish Nile University, Abuja, past questions, form and admissions list
Novena University, Ogume, past questions, form and admissions list
Obong University, Obong Ntak, past questions, form and admissions list
Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, past questions, form and admissions list
Pan-African University, Lagos, past questions, form and admissions list
Paul University, Awka, past questions, form and admissions list
Redeemer’s University, Mowe, past questions, form and admissions list
Renaissance University, Enugu, past questions, form and admissions list
Salem University, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list
Tansian University, Umunya, past questions, form and admissions list
Veritas University, past questions, form and admissions list
Wellspring University, Edo, past questions, form and admissions list
Wesley University of Sc. & Tech, Ondo, past questions, form and admissions list
Western Delta University, Oghara
List of all the Federal Polytechnics in Nigeria
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force, past questions, form and admissions list
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list
Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list
Auchi Polytechnic past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Bida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ida, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Namoda, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nassarawa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Offa, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal Polytechnic, Oko, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy, past questions, form and admissions list
Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, past questions, form and admissions list
Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering, past questions, form and admissions list
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, past questions, form and admissions list
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi, past questions, form and admissions list
Yaba College of Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
List of State Polytechnics in Nigeria
Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo, past questions, form and admissions list
Abia State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot-Osurua, past questions, form and admissions list
Benue State Poly, Ugbokolo, past questions, form and admissions list
Gateway Polytechnic, Igbesa, past questions, form and admissions list
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic, Ibadan, past questions, form and admissions list
Institute of Mgt. and Tech, past questions, form and admissions list
Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo, past questions, form and admissions list
Kano State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja, past questions, form and admissions list
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos State Poly, Ikorodu, past questions, form and admissions list
Moshood Abiola Poly, past questions, form and admissions list
Nasarawa State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State Poly, Iree, past questions, form and admissions list
Osun State College of Tech, Esa-Oke, past questions, form and admissions list
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, past questions, form and admissions list
Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi, past questions, form and admissions list
Adamawa State Poly, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State College of Arts and Science, past questions, form and admissions list
Rivers State Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, past questions, form and admissions list
Edo State Inst. of Tech and Mgt, Usen, past questions, form and admissions list
Niger State Poly, Zungeru, Niger State, past questions, form and admissions list
List of Private Polytechnics in Nigeria
Allover Central Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Crown Polytechnics, past questions, form and admissions list
Covenant Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Dorben Polytechnic, Bwari-Garam Road, past questions, form and admissions list
Fidei Polytechnic, Gboko, past questions, form and admissions list
Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Grace Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Igbajo Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic, Ile-Ife, NITEL Road, past questions, form and admissions list
Lagos City Poly, Ikeja, Lagos State, past questions, form and admissions list
Light House Polytechnic, Eubuobanosa, past questions, form and admissions list
Interlink Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Kings Polytechnic, Ubiaja, past questions, form and admissions list
RONIK Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Shaka Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Benin city, past questions, form and admissions list
Temple-Gate Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Wolex Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
Prime Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list
The Polytechnic Imesi-Ile, Osun, past questions, form and admissions list
Heritage Polytechnic, Ikot Udota, past questions, form and admissions list
Ibadan City Polytechnic, past questions, form and admissions list