The Effect Of Processing On Afzelia Africana (Akpalata) And Brachystegia Spp Flour As Soup Thickner
Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone for more materials and others
COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA
ORDER NOW
GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631
We also accept : ATM transfer , online money transfer
OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.
form>
Call Help Desk Line : 08074466939,08063386834.
After Payment Send Your Payment Details To
08074466939 Or 08063386834, The Project Title You Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.
WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.
MONEY BACK GUARANTEE
You may also need: web design company in Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The effect of different processing methods on the functional properties of Akpalata (Afzelia Africana) and Achi (Brachystegia spp) flours were investigated. Parameters studied included the proximate composition, functional properties and sensory evaluation. Results of the proximate showed that (1% moisture 13, fat 13.83%, Ash 5.3%, crude protein 17.76% crude fibre 2.8%, carbohydrate 47.78%)while functional properties results showed that (Emulsification Capacity 2.7%, Water absorption 428% Oil absorption 14%, Gelatinization temperature 67oc) and organoleptic properties showed that boiling acid (Sample D) gave the best qualities required. The results of orgnoleptic properties showed that colour 6.58. texture 6.86, taste 6.83, general acceptability 6.82. toasting or roasting was found to be a good processing method for Akpalata (Afzelia africana). Sample D and B had good gelling property attributed to good soup Thickening. They also have good oil absorption capacity, which improves mouth feel which were generally acceptable
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aims and Objective of the Work
1.2 Objective of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Akpalata (Afzelia africana)
2.3 Processing and Utilization of Afzelia africana (Akpalata)
2.4 Achi (Brachystegia spp)
2.5.0 Processing and Utilization of Achi (Brachystegia spp)
2.5.1 Rheological Properties
2.5.2 Types of Fluid Flow
2.5.3 Newtonian Flow
2.6.0 Pseudoplastic and Dilatant Fluid Flow
2.6.1 Bingham Flow
2.6.2 Flow Characteristics of Fluid Foods
2.6.3 Functional Properties Evaluation
2.6.4 Gelation
2.6.5 Emulsification
2.6.6 Water Absorption
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Experimental Method and Materials
3.1 Raw Material and Instruments Used
3.2.0 Sample Preparation
3.2.1 Processing of (Afezlia africana) flour
3.2.2 Processing of Achi (Brachystegia spp) flour
3.3 Proximate Analysis
3.3.1 Determination of Moisture Content
3.3.2 Crude Fat Content Determination
3.3.3 Crude Fibre Determination
3.3.4 Carbohydrate Content
3.3.5 Functional Properties Determination
3.3.6 Oil Absorption
3.4 Water Absorption
3.4.1 Gelation Temperature
3.4.2 Emulsification Capacity
3.4.3 Organoleptic / Sensory Evaluation
3.4.4 Soup preparation
3.5 Sensory Evaluation
3.5.1 Statistical Analysis
3.5.2 Sensory Evaluation
3.5.3 Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussions
4.1 Functional Properties
4.1.2 Water Absorption
4.1.3 Oil Absorption
4.1.4 Emulsification Capacity
4.1.5 Gelatinization Temperature
4.2 Sensory Evaluation
4.2.1 Colour / Appearance
4.2.2 Texture
4.2.3 Taste
4.2.4 General Acceptability
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Appendixes
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES
1. Flow Characteristics Of Fluid Foods
2. Proximate Composition of Akpalata (Afzelia Africana) Flour and Achi (Brachystegia spp) Flour
3. Functinal Properties
4. Effect of Processing on the Set Back Values
5. Summary of Sensory Evaluation Results
6. Emulsification Capacity
7. Anova Emulsification Capacity of Samples
8. Anova Gelatinization Temperature for Samples
9. Anova Set Back Value
10. Anova of General Acceptability
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is presently passing through a developmental stage in which there is showing emphasis on local sourcing of raw materials and so there is a growing commercial interest in processing Nigerian foods.
The mechanism by which culinary products are thickened to varying degrees can be sub – divided into three separate processing such as starch thickening, protein coagulation and emulsification.
The role of the skilled cook when preparing starch achieve an overall product quality in terms of texture, consistency, appearance, flavour and yield.
The techniques used are many and varied which many include adequate dispersal of raw starch flour in the soup.
The processes ensure that each starch granules is free to take part in the thickening gelatinization process, hence, using correct recipe balance method and thorough stirring or agitation at all stages of preparation of cooking to prevent starch clumpiness and lumpiness.
Richard Maryland, Derek Welsby (1979)
The seeds of Afzelia Africana (Akpalata) and (Brachystegia spp) (Achi) undergo various mechanical devices like cracking the seed before boiling in water followed by dehyulling and grinding into flour in large quantities before it can be preserved for future consumption.
If this is achieved it helps to reduce the seasonal glut of the product and scarcity of the local thickening agents experienced each year.
Functional properties are influenced by the method of processing. Those processing methods are influenced by the functional, rhological and cooking qualities of the soup (Anazonwu, 1976).
Information are required to guide the food processor to choose the processing method that will give the most acceptable product.
Commercial production of tradition thickening agent will help the food engineer in the design choice of appropriate handling equipment and food processing system to be adopted.
The constraint encountered in the use of many thickening agents in soup-making is generally there composition of some anti-nutritional factors which nay induced flatulence and other digestive disorder arising from their consumption.
1.1 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
People have been dealing on these edible indigenous woody plants (Akpalata and Achi) without knowing the food values, how to process, grow and preserve them.
Meanwhile, the general causes of all these negligent
1. Are due to dealing much on imported thickening agent and as a result over – look the locally made ones.
2. Lack of encouragement and lack of skills on how to prepare them.
3. Non-availability of these traditional thickening agents all the year round.
4. People having little or no knowledge of some of soup thickeners.
Therefore, in order to solve the above
This article highlights various college of education, polytechnics, universities website in Nigeria.
Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo,
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri,
Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri,
Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta,
Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu,
Federal College of Education, Kano,
Federal College of Education, Katsina,
Federal college of Education, Kontagora,
Federal College of Education, Obudu,
Federal College of Education, Okene,
Federal College of Education, Okene,
Federal College of Education, Pankshin,
Federal College of Education, Yola,
Federal College of Education, Zaria,
Federal College of Education (Technical), Akoka,
Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba,
Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi,
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe,
Federal College of Education (Technical), Gusau,
Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku,
Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo,
State college of education
Akwa-Ibom State College of Education, Afaha-Nsit,
College of Education, Akwanga, ., form and admissions list
College of Education, Akwanga,
Cross River State College of Education, Akamkpa,
Adamu Augie College of Education, Argungu,
Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoama,
Emmanuel Alyande College of Education, Oyo,
Enugu State College of Education (Tech.) Enugu,
College of Education, Ekiadolor,
Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua,
College of Education, Gindiri,
Michael Otedola College of Primary Education, Moforiji,
College of Education, Port Harcourt,
Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Otto,
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode,
Tai Solarin College of Education, Ijebu-Ode,
Ebonyi State College of Education, Ikwo,
College of Education, Ikere,
College of Education, Ilesha, .
College of Education, Jalingo,
Kano State College of Education, Kumbotso,
Kebbi State College of Education, Argungu,
Nwafor Orizu College of Education, Nsugbe,
Oyo State College of Education, Oyo,
FCT College of Education, Zuba,
Private college of education in Nigeria
Angel Crown College of Education, Gidan-Daya, .
Elder Oyama Memorial College of Education, Ofat-Adun,
Assanusiyah College of Education, Odeomu,
African Thinkers Community of inquiry College of Education,
Best Legacy College of Education, Ikirun,
Bauchi Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies, .
Calvin Foundation College of Education, Naka,
Harvard Wilson College of Education, Aba,
Hill College of Education, Akwanga,
Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu,
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro,
College of Education, Foreign Links Campus Moro,
Diamond College of education aba
Muhyideen College of Education, Ilorin,
ONIT College of Education, Abagana, .
The African Church College of Education, Lagos,
St. Augustine College of Education, Yaba,
Yewa Central College of Education, Ogun,
List of Federal Universities in Nigeria
Abubakar Tafawa Belewa University,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
Bayero University, Kano,
Federal University of Tech, Akure,
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun,
Federal University of Technology, Minna,
Federal University of technology, Owerri,
Federal University, Ndufu-Alike,
Federal University, Birnin Kebbi,
Michael Okpara Univeristy of Agric, Umudike, .
Modibbo Adama University of Tech, Yola, .
National Open University of Nigeria,
Nigeria Police Academy Wudil, .
Nigeria defense Academy, Kaduna, .
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, .
University of Abuja, Gwagwalada, .
University of Agriculture Abeokuta,
University of Agriculture Markurdi,
University of Nigeria Nsukka,
List of State Universities in Nigeria admission list
Adamawa State University, Mubi,
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba,
Amrose Alli University, Ikot Akpaden,
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli,
Anambra State University of Sc. & Tech, Uli,
Bauchi State Unibversity, Gadau,
Benue State University Markurdi,
Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu,
Cross River State University of Sc. & Tech, Calabar, .
Delta State University Abraka,
Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki,
Enugu State University of Sc. & Tech. Enugu,
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University,
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education,
Kaduna State University, Kaduna
Kano University of Sc. & Tech, Wudil
Kebbi State University, Kebbi,
Kogi State University, Anyigba,.
Kwara State University, Ilorin, .
Ladoke Akintola university of Tech,
Nasarawa State University, Keffi,
Niger Delta University, Yenagoe,
Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye,
Ondo State University of Sc. & Tech, Okitipupa,
Osun State University, Oshogbo,
Plateau State University, Bokkos,
Rivers State University of Sc. & Tech,
Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-ode,
Taraba State University, Jalingo,
Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University,
Private Universities
Afe Babalola University, Ado- Ekiti,
African University of Sc. & Tech, Abuja,
Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan,
American University of Nigeria, Yola, .
Bells University of Technology, Otta,
Benson Idahosa University, Benin,
Elizade University, Ilara-mokin, .
Gregory University, Uturu,
Joseph Ayo Babalola University,Ikeji,
Nigerian-Turkish Nile University, Abuja,
Obong University, Obong Ntak, .
Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu,
Pan-African University, Lagos,
Renaissance University, Enugu,
The relevance of population census to economic development of rural areas in nigeria
Veritas University, .
Wesley University of Sc. & Tech, Ondo,
Western Delta University, Oghara
List of all the Federal Polytechnics in Nigeria
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force,
Air Force Institute of Technology Nigerian Air Force,
Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana,
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering,
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti
Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti .
Federal Polytechnic, Bauchi, .
Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu,
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State,
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, Osun State,
Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji, Ondo State,
Federal Polytechnic, Nassarawa,
Federal School of Dental Technology and Therapy,
Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic,
Nigeria Army School of Military Engineering,
Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi,
List of State Polytechnics in Nigeria
Abraham Adesanya Polytechnic, Ijebu-Igbo,
Akwa-Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot-Osurua,
Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo
Kogi State Polytechnic, Lokoja,
Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin,
Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku,
Osun State College of Tech, Esa-Oke,
Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro,
Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin-Ladi,
Rivers State College of Arts and Science,
Rivers State College of Arts and Science
Edo State Inst. of Tech and Mgt, Usen,
Niger State Poly, Zungeru, Niger State,
List of Private Polytechnics in Nigeria
Dorben Polytechnic, Bwari-Garam Road,
The Polytechnic, Ile-Ife, NITEL Road
Lagos City Poly, Ikeja, Lagos State,
Light House Polytechnic, Eubuobanosa,
Shaka Polytechnic, Polytechnic, Benin city,
The Polytechnic Imesi-Ile, Osun
Heritage Polytechnic, Ikot Udota