THE UTILITY POTENTIALS OF SOME DIOSCOREA SPECIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO D. ROTORIDATA AND D. DUMATORUM

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CHAPTER ONE; INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 SPACIES
1.3 COMPOSITION
1.4 USE OF YAM IN WEST AFRICA
1.5 ANTI NUTRIENTS AND OTHER FACTORS
CHAPTER TWO: ULITIZATION & PROCESSING OF YAM (REFERENCE TO DROTONDATA AND D. DUMETORUM

2.1 BOILED YAM
2.2 FRIED, ROASTED AND BAKED YAM
2.3 FRIED YAM BALLS
2.4 POUNDED YAM
2.5.1 YAM FLOOR
2.5.2 INDUSTRIAL INSTANT YAM FLOOR
2.5.3 YAM FLOOR IN COMPOSITOR FLOOR FOR BAKERY
2.6 INSTANT YAM FLAKE
2.6.1 PROCESSING FLAKE FOR FUFU
2.6.2 PROCESSING FLAKE FOR NON STICKY PRODUCT
2.7 UTILIZATION OF YAM AS ANIMAL FEED
2.8 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH UTILITY OF YAM AS FOOD
2.9 NON FOOD USES OF YAM
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Yams are any of the economically useful plants belonging to the genues Diocorea; yams are also the tubers or rhizomes of these plants (Coursey 1967).
The yam tuber is economically the most important part of the plant. The structures of the tuber is variable, depending on the species, most yam tubers are cylindrical in shape; weight of individual tubers ranges from 200g – 50kg (Asiedu 1992).
Dioscorea are grown extensively only in three parts of the world; West Africa, carriban Islands and Southeast Asia. The world production of yam was estimated at 28.1 million tones in 1993, out of these production, 96% came from West Africa. The major yam producers is Nigeria with 78% of world production (Asiedu 1992) other country of significant important in the production of yam outside West Africa are: west Indies, Brazil, Venezuela, Papua, New Guinea, China and Philippines.

1.2 SPECIES
All the species of Dioscorea are lianes, that is their stems are long and twine around other plants. About ten (10) species of Dioscorea are considered domesticated. In the tropics 2 – 4 of these are crops of major importance.
In Nigeria the edible yams are classified according t o shape, colour and quality of the tuber. Some are suitable for pounding or mashing after cooking while others a re not; however all belongs to the genus of Dioscorea.

The two economically important species of reference in this research are D. rotundata and D. dumetorum.
i. Dioscorea rotundata (White yam): originated in Africa and is the most widely grown and preferred yam species. The tuber is more or less cylinderic in shape. The skin is smooth and brown, while the flesh is usually white and firm. Starch grains in the tubers of D. rotondata are large and ovoid (Asiedu 1998). A large number of D. rotundata cultivars exist with differences in their productions and post harvest characteristics.
ii. Dioscorea dumetorum (Bitter yam/trifoliate yam): The yam originates in Africa where wild cultivars also exist. The tuber of D. dumetroum is large and coarse, each plant may produce one tuber or a cluster. The tubers are biter and many wild cultivars are poisonous due to the relative high content of the ‘Alkaloid dioscorine’ and its derivatives. The toxic substance are made harmless by soaking the tuber in water or salt water before process. Another undesired quality is that the flesh hardness if not cooked soon after harvest. (food – info-not).
Other economically important species mentioned in these research are:
D. Cayenesis (yellow yam), which is similar to D. rotundata. Derives its name from the colour of its flesh due to the presence of carotenoid.
D. alta (water yam): is the most widely distributed species of yam. The tuber flesh is white purplish and watery in texture. In Africa, it is second only to D.rotundata. Other species of yam are D. esculanta, D. trifida, D. opposita and D. bulbifera.

1.3 COMPOSITION
The main economically utilized part of the yam is the tuber. The chemical composition of tuber varies with species and cultivars; even within the same cultivars, it varies according to the climatic and edaphic features of the environment under which it was grown, its maturity at harvest and the length of storage time.
By far, the largest component of the fresh tuber is water, which account for 2/3 of the fresh yam. The dry matter of the tuber is only 1/3 of its weight. However, the tail-end of the yam tuber has a high moisture content than the head. (Coursey and Walker 1960).
There is a gradient of increasing percentage of moisture from tail to head and vise varsar (Onweeme 1978)
The table 1 below shows the proximate analysis of some dioscorea species of economical importance.

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