A COMPARATIVE COVERAGE OF URBAN RURAL NEWS BY NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS (CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THIS DAY AND THE DAILY CHAMPION NEWSPAPERS)
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM 6
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 8
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 8
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION 10
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND NULL HYPOTHESIS 10
1.6.1 HYPOTHESIS 10
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS 11
1.7.1 CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS 12
1.7.2 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 12
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY 14
1.9 ASSUMPTION 15
1.10 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY 15
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 18
2.1 SOURCE ES OF REVIEW 18
2.2 SUMMARY OF REVIEW 19
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 34
3.1 RESEARCH METHOD 34
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 35
3.3 TARGET POPULATION 35
3.4 SAMPLE SIZE 36
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE 36
3.6 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 37
3.7 THE CODE SHEET SAMPLE 37
3.8 DATA ANALYSIS 39
3.9 EXPECTED RESULT 39
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS RESULT 40
4.1 CONTENT ANALYSIS 40
4.2 TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 77
4.3 DISCUSSIONS / RESULTS 89
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION 92
5.1 SUMMARY 92
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 93
5.3 CONCLUSION 94
BIBLIOGRAPHY 95-98
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE PAGE
4.1 DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY OF NEWS VARIABLES 78
4.2 PLACEMENT OF URBAN AND RURAL NEWS STORIES 80
4.3 DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY OF LOCALE 81
4.4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL NEWS
EVENTS ORIGINATOR 83
4.5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NEW VARIABLES 85
- FREQUENCY OF PLACEMENT OF URBAN AND
RURAL NEWS STORIES 86
4.7 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NEWS LOCALE 87
- FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL NEWS
EVENTS ORIGINATORS 88
CHAPTER ONE
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The imbalance of new flow is a complex and varied phenomenon which can occur in different forms and exist in all media; the newspaper, magazine, radio, film and television e.t.c.
Communication is a part of the general process that provides the needed link between planners and their goals. No nation can service without workable information to the various parts of the nation and he effectiveness of information lies in its getting to the recipients in proper from.
Knowing it there is the existence of any information imbalance between our rural and urban population is of great importance for on it, depends the trend of our study.
Communication facilities are often inadequate within developing countries due to lack of finance and other resources and the few that are readily available concentrates more on the urban areas at the expense or detriment of the rural dwellers. The distribution of facilities does not provide the information of the people in Nigeria, as well as most third world countries and few developed countries.
The imbalance of information flow between the urban areas and rural areas seen, like an information flow between the rural majority and urban minority in the sense that news, flow from the developed urban areas to the undeveloped rural areas.
According to Professor Humphery Nwosu (1990) “People living in urban areas have more dependable infrastructural facilities than their counterparts in the rural areas until recently, the circulation of newspapers was an obligation carried out only in the township”.
Nevertheless, rural poverty regrettably frustrates what should otherwise have been a most laudable achievement of modern technology.
Illiteracy completed the vicious cycle started by poverty and lack of infrastructural development and facilities as a large proportion of our rural population are prevented from information flow by the above factors. This has reduced the rural people to a state of passive receivers of information which incidentally is packaged by a few people.
As we pointed out earlier, the imbalance of news flow exists at all levels in our countries. At the international level, news flow from the industrialized countries to the third world news to impose western attitude on the developing countries.
Opubor and Nwundi (1985) quoted the managing director of Daily Times newspaper as complaining that;
“While he has detailed knowledge of foreign places and people such as ministers, other personalities and even crooks through flowing information gotten from international news agencies, he knew little about his own neighbors and neighborhood in Africa and all other world countries”.
Apart from one-way flow of information, the little news on the third world is often distorted and centered on crisis. The third world countries always complain that the bulk of information they receive do not serve their actual information are either irrelevant or destructive to their culture, besides, news on famine, wars, crisis, ridicules them as being primitive. In other words, it only the add events from the third world countries that qualify as news events to the western media.
A foreign correspondent said it all or asked it; Why the hell should anyone be interested other than a specialist in Congo, when there is no crisis there.
The developing countries are not happy with this imbalance. The accumulated anger and frustration, surfaced during the oil boom of the 1970’s when they found a strong economic bargaining power in oil and they advocated for a balance in the flow of information based on population distribution and national aspiration of cultural independence.
This call, debates, conferences and symposia under the auspices of UNESCO and the setting up of the international commission for the study of communication problem in 1977 under the chairmanship of Sean macbrite. This commission after their deliberations recommended for a new world information and communication order (NWICO) which should replace the old order characterized by imbalance distortion and one- sided.
From the forgoing, it is clear that there is the existence of imbalance flow of information in the world. This problem is also reflected in our country Nigeria today just like there is imbalance in news flow between the developed countries and third world countries, there is also imbalance flow of information between the urban and rural areas in Nigeria.
It is against this background, that there is a need for a comparative study of coverage of urban and rural news by Nigerian newspapers. For the purpose of this study, t6wo Nigerian newspapers; this day and the champion newspapers were chosen.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Wilbur schranrm (1964) said that even in the highly developed countries, information is more readily in the great cities because of the concentration of information materials in such cities. But this not what it should be especially now that a new information order has been called for, one that would have a the potential to remove imbalance in news coverage at all levels.
The 1990 constitution of the federal Republic of Nigeria in section 39 guarantees freedom of expression, information and expression of opinion. It is therefore expected that the pattern of information flow in Nigeria will reflect an equitable coverage of all parts of the country.
In Nigeria, the communication between the rural and his urban counterpart is still at it’s lowest ebbs. The research problem for this study focus adequately on lives and activities of the population. Instead when such events are reported, they are either given small space or no space at all. Sometimes, these news reported are “halt truth”.
While undergoing a research work on the study of coverage of urban and rural news by Nigeria newspapers, the following problems will be tackled.
- That Nigeria newspaper are deprecating in important new content.
- That the news content of Nigeria newspapers reflect a bias for some region to the detriment of other regions.
- That there is inadequacy in the news coverage of rural areas by Nigerian newspapers.
1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.
This study centers on how Nigeria newspaper ration out their news content and it understands these objectives will help.
- To find out it there is news flow imbalance in Nigeria as it is the case of international news flow.
- To find out it the urban areas receive coverage than the rural areas.
- To find out it the bulk of news-events reported about rural areas are relevant to them or it they are negative news.
- To know it the Nigeria pres and other third world countries are quilt of news flow imbalance of which the western media are accused of.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Contemporary, empirical research tradition in the centered on three main headings. Firstly, there is a research on the effectiveness of persuasive power of mass media secondly, the research is concerned with general effects the media and lastly is research concerned with general social effects of the media and lastly, research is concerned with the contents of the mass media (publications).
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Do Nigeria newspapers contain little space about areas?
- Do Nigeria newspaper tend to give rural news front page coverage?
- Do Nigeria newspaper report new event from urban areas more than they report new events from rural areas?
- Are the news report from rural areas generated by high government officials?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS AND NULL HYPOTHESIS
1.6.1 HYPOTHESIS.
H1 Little space only are mapped out by Nigerian newspaper for rural areas.
H0 Little space only are not mapped out by Nigeria newspaper for rural areas.
H2 Nigerian newspaper gives rural news front page coverage.
H0 Nigeria newspapers do not give rural news front page coverage.
H3 Nigeria newspapers report news event from urban areas more then they report news events from the rural areas.
H4 News reports from rural areas are generated by high government officials.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERM
It is necessary to give an appropriate definition of all terms used in this research work as to remove doubt and misunderstanding of all elements contained.
1.7.1 CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION AND OPERATIONAL CONCEPTUAL
DIRECTION: The quality of news
FRONT PAGE COVERAGE: Placement of news story on the first
page of newspaper.
HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL: The printed publication in Nigeria that report information on events usually on daily basis.
RURAL AREAS: The comtryside or the grassroots of a
nation.
RURAL RESIDENT: Person who live in rural / non urban
areas.
URBAN AREAS: The developed part of a nation.
1.7.2 OPERATION
DIRECTION; This pertains to the favorability,
Unfavourbility or neutrality of a news
Story.
FRONT PAGE COVERAGE; This refers to the news events that are Considered important enough to be Published on the first page of the
Newspapers.
HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICILS; person like ministers, commissioners
who take part in decision making and administration of a state and who represent the head of state.
NEGATIVE EVENTS; Reports on crisis, diseases crimes etc
which indict the people involved
rather than boosting their morals.
NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS; The two newspapers being analyzed
this day and the Daily champion
newspapers.
RURAL AREAS; The less developed communities were
farming is usually the major
occupation, where more of the
countries population live the major
occupation, which more of the
country’s population live and where
a large numbers of illiterates are
usually found.
RURAL RESIDENTS; These people who live permanently
In the village and are usually farmers
and fisherman.
URBAN AREAS; The developed towns where
Government ministries and
Establishment are concentrated and
Where the professional are usually
Found.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Apart from the time and financial constraints, other limitations are based upon social, political and economical changes that have taken place during the period of the study.
- ASSUMPTION
Due to time constraint, it will be difficult to carry out a detailed study of all the newspapers in Nigeria. Due to this, following assumption was made.
- This Day and time Daily champion represents all the newspapers in Nigeria.
- That the content of the tow newspapers represents the coverage of rural and urban news by all Nigeria newspapers.
- That both this day and the daily champion are the most widely read newspapers in Nigeria.
1.10 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is limited to the coverage of urban and rural news in Nigeria. It is also limited to the contents of two newspapers; this day and the champion newspapers that contents were analyzed and the items also analyzed on specific report of events.
REFERENCES:
- Sean Macbride et. al: Many voices, one world Nigeria, Ibadan, university press 1981 P.36.
- Humphrey Nwosu “Birding the urban-rural information imbalance for even development: A government perspective” in E. Nwosu ed, mass communication and National Development, Aba, Nigeria, frontier publishers 1990 P. 106.
- Aifres Opubor Onuorah Nwameli: ed mass communication in Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria fourth Dimension publisher 1985, P. 47.
- William A Hatchen; muttled Drums; the news made in African, Annes, lowa and the lowa state university press 1971 P. 83.5
- Wilbur Schranmn, mass media and National Development Stanford University press. 1964 P. 69-70
- The constitution of federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 section 39.
ABSTRACT
This project was intended to give a comparative e study of coverage of Urban and rural news by Nigerian newspaper.
This study has become necessary because of the call for a balance in communication flow. There has been an age long accusation by the third world countries against and quantity of news that they report about them. It is ironical that the same offence which the developed countries were accused of is being practiced in the developing countries.
This media are being accused of under reporting events from the rural areas. They emphasize that there were an imbalance in the quantity and quantity of news from the rural areas when compared with news from the urban areas.
This accusation is what necessitated, this study in order to find out whether this accusation is true or met. Two newspapers. This Day and the Daily champion were selected for a comparison on the report of urban and rural news by both newspapers. The content analysis was for a period of six years.
The project was divided into five chapters. Chapter one is made up of the introduction.
Chapter two is the literature review which is based on what other authors have research on related topics, while chapter three is the methodology.
The data analysis and the result were discussed in chapter four whereas chapter five was made up the summary, recommendation and the conclusion.
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