A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DEATH RATE IN ABIA STATE FROM 1993 – 2002 (A CASE STUDY OF ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABA)
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ABSTRACT
The research was conducted to determine the death rate in Abia State. The study covered a period of ten (10) years from 1993 – 2002. The Abia State University Teaching Hospital was selected as a case study. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The ANOVA were calculated to determine if there is any significant difference in the mean of death according to age groups and there causes.
Furthermore, a time series was conducted to know the trend of death according to sex which shows a positive trend.
Among other findings in this project was that age group between 26 – 65 has the highest number of death.
The government hospital management should help to the total eradication of deadly disease especially among the working group between 26 – 65 of age.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ii
Approval page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Table of contents vii
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction 1
- The need for the study 3
- The scope of the study 4
- Aims and objectives 4
- Hypothesis 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 6
CHAPTER THREE
- Method of data collection 17
- Problems encountered 17
- Definition of terms 18
- Data presentation 19
CHAPTER FOUR
- Analysis of data 21
- Analysis of variance 22
- Analysis using time series 26
- Interpretation of the parameter 30
and projection of the trend line
- Finding the trend of the death on male 30
CHAPTER FIVE
- Discussion 37
- Conclusion 38
- Recommendation 39
- Bibliography 40
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CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF DEATH
According to Oxford English Dictionary, death is defined as the dieing, end of life. Death is often defined as the absence of life and has always been viewed with superstition, mystery and fascination by man. Death is generally the state of being dead.
In the early days, it was known that death of all parts of a multiallular organism did not occur simultaneously. The heart was considered to be the central organ, its cessation of function was use to mark the beginning of death for other vital organs.
Historically, clinical death has been based on the absence of the heart beat (and therefore the peripheral pulse and the absence of breathing with resultant bluing of the extremities, mouth and lips). Lack of certain relaxes of the eye is also noted when death is further advanced with absolute signs such as allegro mortise which represents the fall of body temperature to that of the rigidity of skeletal muscles. Finally liver mortise is the purple-red discoloration on the parts of the body as a result of the settling of blood.
There are different causes of death such as accidents, diseases, premature death of the infant, the maternal death which may be caused by the obstructed labour or disease etc. The death rate or mortality rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 population per year. We have different types of death rate. They are;
(a) Age Specific Death Rate: The age specific rate indicates the number of death in an age group per 1,000 people in the population of the same age group. The death rate for young children is sub-divided in different ways to give a particular information and these required more detailed definition.
(b) The Infant Mortality Rate (IMT): This is the number of infants (children under one year of age) who die during a year per 1,000 live birth in the same year.
(c) The neonatal mortality rate is the number of new born infants who died during neonatal period for about 28 days after birth per 1,000 live birth.
Abia State University Teaching Hospital is one of the welfare homes established in 1994. It was formally a General Hospital established in 1954. In 1994 there was a request from philanthropists for a University Teaching Hospital and this led to the establishment of the Abia State University Teaching Hospital by an edict which was signed in May 1994. But it was finally accredited in June 1996.
It is a hospital of a standard, met primarily for teaching curative and research work, it promotes qualified medical service to all the inhabitants of Abia State and it s environs. It takes care of all categories of patients both old and young, and under-take the diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of ailment. The hospital comprising of 165 doctors about The 400 nurses and it has 15 wards and intensive units, baby care unit and casualty units.
1.2 THE NEED FOR STUDY
The study will help to highlight the number of patients that died of various kind of diseases from 1993 – 2002, which will help the government to fight against the effect of diseases in the coming year.
The research will equally indicate the total number of death that occur from 1993 – 2002, which will help the hospital management to forecast and prevent such incidence.
The number of death according to age group, and according to the causes of death in the hospital will be known. This will help the ministry of health to know the particular age group that die most, the type of disease, the causes and how to prevent it.
The study will equally indicate the rate at which pregnant women die in this hospital, t he causes and the how to tackle the disease.
The research will also look into the total number of male and female that died within the year of study. This will help to project the number that may die in the next two years or more and will help the hospital administrators to fight such death and causes.
1.3 THE SCOPE OF STUDY
The study covers a period of ten years from 1993 to 2002 and is limited to only one hospital which is the Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba. The study covers the entire hospital.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and objectives of the study includes
- To determine the death rate for the various years of study (1993 – 2002). And the number of death occurring within the years of study.
- To determine which of the age group that is mostly affected by death.
- It will also determine the number of women that died during pregnancy period and causes that are related to this, which will help the government to fight against such in the future.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
(1) Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the means of the death, according to age groups.
Alternative: There is significant difference in the means of death, according to age group
(2) Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the means death according to the causes of the death.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in the means of death according to the causes of the death.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
FUNK and WAGNALLS (1876) reviewed that ideas about what constitutes death vary with different cultures and in different epochs. In western societies death has traditionally been seen as the departure of the soul from the body. In this tradition, the essence of being human is independent of physical properties, because the soul has no corporal manifestation, its departure cannot be seen or otherwise objectively determined. Hence in this tradition the cessation of breathing has been taken as the sign of death.
Boniface Ago (Sunday Times, 1996) wrote that it should be noted that what constitutes food for one person may be poison for another. In this content poison is any substance which causes death or harm when eaten or drunk by man. Man has been eaten food right from birth and when he was aware of it s importance to his survival. But then man had eaten food as if it were a ritual. It was not until much later that the science of food became known as diseases purely due to nutritional deficiencies identified in them. If food is any substance which we eat or drink that makes us live and grow with all the associated attributes of a good health. Then what constitutes food varies from place to place depending on the knowledge and experience of the people. The food substances have crucial roles in keeping man healthy. However, it is also noted that certain food substances are harmful to some people. This is because these people lack certain ingredients in their fibre composition necessary for the break-down, adsorption of this substance in the body. When t he levels of these substances remain high for too long, certain changes occur which are abnormal and finally resulted to diseases. This is how certain food substances have been linked with diseases, eg. Cancer. As an example though excessive salt intake had been noted to thicken blood vessel walls and hence increase the enhance of developing high blood pressure (hypertension) this is not the case in all people.
- Orintunsin (Sunday Champion 1995) reviewed that everyday 144 women die during pregnancy or child delivery according to Prof Adetokunse Lucas a professor of tropical medicine. He equally said that women are also at of dieing during child delivery which is the commonest cause of death among women of child bearing age.
According to him, Nigeria contributes 10% to the total number of maternal death all over the world and 150,000 women die in child birth in Africa yearly. Another astonishing disclosure made by Prof. Lucas is that within six weeks the maternal in Nigeria exceeds that recorded in the whole of Europe and Japan in one year.
He identified the way to death as poor socio-economic development, excessive fertility, high risk pregnancy and life threatening complications adding that of the status, family status and even community status all contributes to maternal mortality. Some of the complication associated with death of pregnancy women includes hemorrhage, abortion, hypertension, obstructed labour and infection. Prof. Lucas also explained that unfavourable economic condition makes it difficult for some people who don’t have access to health services.
All these factors contributes to the death of pregnant women. They keep on going until they get to mortality point. At this point they do not have access to emergency service and before they can secure a solution to this they are already dead, “the professor lamented”.
To help the nation against this untimely death, recommendation where made by the Nigerian women. These include:-
- Raising the status of women
- Encouraging family planning
- Providing community based maternity services
- Providing higher level emergency services.
- OYEFESO (Daily Time 1995) review that it is utterly some to note that inspite of Nigeria’s enormous endowments as many as 87.2 out of every 1,000 infants born alive die before their first birth day. National records also show that child mortality rate now stands at 56 per 1,000 live births. While maternal mortality rate is put 15 No of death in every 1,000 live birth. Nigerians live expectancy is 54 years.
Despite the unfortunate prevalent circumstances hopes are now being rekindled that parents above all the entire nation, will soon be spared much of the attendant agonies from the debilitating and often fatal on slights of the vaccine prevented diseases. Some of the infant diseases are diarrhea, chicken pox etc.
Miscopied Britannica (1993) defined disease as an impermanent of the normal state of an organism that interrupts or modifies its vital functions. Diseases may be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasitic worms or non-living but harmful substances such as toxins or ionizing radiation. Disease may also result from endogenous changes within the organism or a physiological malfunction. The physiological malfunctions and disturbances of normal growth can be induced by changes of diet or by invasion of micro-organisms or other agents.
Nearly all organisms have defensive mechanisms that fight against the most common diseases that affect them. Humans and other vertebrates have a system of specific immunity. They are resistance to some disease infections due to the development of strong antigens that fight against them.
The immunity explains why human beings rarely get more than one attack of a number of viral diseases which includes measles, mumps and chicken pox etc.
THE GUINNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA (1990) wrote environmental hazards such as radiation and pollutants account for types of disease. People normally encounter only small dose of radiation from diagnostic x-rays or perhaps as a treatment for cancer. People who experience such high exposure develop radiation sickness with loss of cells from their bone marrow and the lining of their intestine. Death may follow because of the damage to bowel and bone marrow resulting to loss resistance to such diseases.
Chemical hazards are often encountered at work than at home. Many industrial diseases result from inhaling some harmful substances. Asbestos for example results from inhaling fibres of asbestos. The lungs became fibrous and the affected person not only experiences increasing breathlessness with failure of the heart and lungs, but also has an increased risk of developing cancer of the lungs. Some processes by which infectious diseases are been transmitted are:-
(a) Air bone Diseases: This is transmitted through infected droplets in the air from the nose, lungs or from dust particles from falling.
(b) Contamination: Contaminated food or water can usually be infected by faces
(c) Direct Contact (Contagion): Disease is caught from close contact with an infected person.
(d) Sexual Transmission: This is transmission through sexual intercourse or oral sex. Use of condoms can reduce the risk of transmission.
(e) Blood Borne: Transmission by injection of contaminated blood or by improper sterilized instruments.
(f) Animal Carrier (Vector): Transmission through injection of contaminated salius as in malaria, fly bites.
OKONYE N. (Sunday Statesman 1994) wrote that one of the major factors that contribute to death rate is accident like road accident, fire, war, earthquake etc. Some of the causes of road accidents are recklessness and negligence on the part of our drivers constitute one of the major causes of road accident. May of our drivers have that bad habit of driving at high speed which sometime seems to be uncontrollable.
Wrong overtaking is another cause of road accident. Some drivers are illiterate that they can’t read or understand the rules of road signs, when and how to overtake.
Another cause of road accident is drinking while driving. Some drivers are under the influence of alcohol, Indian hemp, cocaine and other dangerous drugs.
Bad condition of our roads also contributes to the rising trend of road accident. Another possible cause of road accident is that some pedestrians do cross the road watching carefully.
The corruption on the part of some of our policemen who help to increase the rate of road accident by allowing some drivers without complete road certificates.
To remedy the situation the road safety commission should try and be strict in their work.
To check the recklessness of the drivers, wrong overtaking should stop and also carry out a seminar on how to be crossing the road by pedestrians. The government should equally try0 and rehabilitates roads and also maintains it.
UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO (1994) reviewed that the risk of death of young is increased by about 50% if the space between births is less than two years.
So, for the health of both mothers and their children, parents should wait until their youngest child is at least two years old before having another baby. Children born too close together do not usually develop as well physically or mentally as children born at least too years apart.
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