A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

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ABSTRACT

In recent years, numerous deaths have occur red due to various killer diseases and accidents. The rate of this sudden loss of life has reached an alarming stage there by calling for an urgent attention to check the trend.

Death rates of the major killer diseases were compared for different years and sexes. The study used cases recorded in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu from 1995 – 2004

The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there is any significant difference in the number of deaths caused by the major killer diseases. Significant yearly differences in the number of deaths between the diseases and the years.

The chi-sqaure statistic was also used to determine if death rate is independent of sex. The null hypothesis was accepted at 5% significance level showing that death rate is independent of sex.

PROPOSAL

THE TOPIC OF MY PROJECT IS A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1991 –2000

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL (UNTH) ENUGU).

When we talk about death, we mean the end of life. Death may be due to a wide variety of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their own deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of the chief forces in the development of civilization.

Throughout history, people have continually sought medical knowledge with which is delay death. Philosophers and religious leaders have tried to understand the meaning of death. Some scholars believe that much human progress results from people’s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievements. For example, the lungs permit oxygen from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps, the oxygenated blood through the blood vessel. Although the body cells require many different sustains to carry on their life processes, the need for a continuous supply of oxygen is most essential. Without oxygen the brain which uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen requirements also deteriorate and stop functioning.

When an individual dies, the various tissues and organs of the body do not die immediately but remain for some period of time. Formerly this phenomenon was only of academic and medicology interest, but is has become of great practical importance since the advent of human organ transplantation. The irreversible brain function is the main cause of death used by doctors and the transplant cannot be carried out without the legal consent of the dead person’s next of kin. There are three types of death that occurs during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell these are: necrobiosis, necrosis and somatic death.

Necrobiosis refers to the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells.
Necrosis is the death of tissue e.g. during heart attack, blood clot off, the circulation of blood to the par of the heart
Somatic death is the end of all life processes in an organism

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen is always the underlying cause of death, thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen is the cause of mortality related to the underling cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of event leading directly to death.

Aims and Objectives

This research work is aimed at the studying and analyzing the causes of death.

To know the major diseases that lead to death
To determine if there are significant differences in the number of deaths caused by the different diseases.
To know if death rate is dependent of sex

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
Scope of the study
Aims and objectives
Significance of the study
Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology
Source of data
Method of data collection
Method of data analysis
The two way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Chi-square (X²) test
Problems encountered during data collection

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis
Models for the two way analysis of variance used
Estimation for chi-square test

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, conclusion and recommendation

Summary of findings
Conclusion
Recommendations

References

Appendices.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

What is death? When we talk of death, we mean the power to destroy life pictured as a person. Death may be due to a wide varieties of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs. We talk about life supporting oxygen from the surrounding air and oxygen is extremely important for life. We can survive for weeks without food and for days without water, but only a few minutes without oxygen. In our bodies oxygen is used to release energy stored in the chemical fuel we consume as food. This energy is vital for powering our life processes. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of the chief forces in the development. Every thing organism is concerned with the intake of oxygen, carbondioxide and water into the circulatory system for the distribution to the individual cells in the bodies of various organisms.

When a human being dies, the organs and tissues of the body will also die immediately but remain for some period of times before the cells will die formerly, this phenomenon is only of academic and medicology interest, but it has become of great practical importance since the advert of human organ transplantation.

Furthermore, philosophers and religious leaders have tried to know the meaning of death. Some believe that much human progress results from people.s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievement. The lungs permit oxygen and carbondioxide from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through the blood vessels. Although the body cells require many different to carry on their life processes, the need for a continuous supply of oxygen is most essential since without oxygen or carbondioxide the brain which normally uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen’s requirement stop functioning.

Throughout the history of causes of death they recognise three types of deaths that occurs during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell. There are somatic, necrosis and necrobiosis deaths.

SOMATIC DEATH is the end of all life processes in any organism. Living organisms whose heart and lungs stop working may be considered clinically dead but somatic death may not have occurred. the living organisms may be revived if the heart and lungs start working again and give the cells oxygen they need. The cells of the living organisms continue to live for several minutes the brains cells which are the most sensitive to lack oxygen begin to die gradually, other cells of the body will also die. The last ones to perish to the bones, hair and skin cells which may continue to grow for several hours.

NECROSIS DEATH is the form of death that affects organs or tissues. For example during the heart attack, blood clot cuts off the circulation of the blood to the part of the heart. They affected organs or tissues die but the organism continues to live unless the damages are severe.

NECROBIOSIS is the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells, all cells of an organism are constantly being replace for example new skin cells form under the surface as the old ones die and flake offs.

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen cycles is always the underlying causes of death, it is not used as the basis for classifying causes of death because most fatal diseases and disorders affect more than one of the organs or tissues involved in the oxygen cycle. Thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen cycle is the cause of mortality related to the underlying cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of events leading directly to death.

In the case of accident or violence it may also include, circumstance which produe the fatal injury, then the oxygen cycle is transported in this from to all the body cells. Oxyheamoglobin breaks down to liberate oxygen when blood flows through capillaries surroundings the body cells when the oxygen concentration is low and this reaction occurs reaching when the blood flows through regions where the oxygen concentration is high as in the capillanes of the lungs. Then without the presence of oxygen cycle living organisms cannot live in order to resist the causes of death.

SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study and basis of the availability of data, attention is given to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, as a study unit. This was chosen as a result of my interest in the study of death in hospital. This research work covers the analysis of causes of reported death for a period of ten years interval from 1995 – 2004.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To know if death rate by cause is independent of sex
To find out the major diseases that lead to death.
To determine if there are significant differences in the number of death caused by the different diseases.

- SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will highlight the types of diseases that most frequently occur and the extent to which the sex categories involved in death. The study will serve as a tool for proper causes of death in hospital. This work will also measure the relationship between the various type of diseases.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

HEPATITIS:- It is caused by fever (disorder emotional) pains in the muscles and vomiting. Painful joint then it is illness that are more noticeable with children and adults.
CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT (C.V.A) OR STROKE:- It involves in the shortage of the blood supply to the part of the body and the development of neurological deficit.
MALARIA PARASITE:- It is caused by fever headache, pains in the muscles, hot body and it is used to indicate infection and pains in the muscle. The malaria parasite occurs all over the world but in temperature climates, mostly common duning winter. It effects all ages group including children.

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:- It is caused by the infections the bacteria pulmonary tuberculosis which will affects the lungs through coughing. It is pulmonary tuberculosis in most common in adults.
ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS):- It is caused by a virus which called HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus) and it can be transmitted through caused sexual intercourse, shortage of blood transfusion, sharp object like razor blades, syringes and so on with a person that is infected by the virus. The signs of the Aids are headaches, boil and sore all over the body, watery stool and so on. It can be also affected all the age group including children.

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