ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRACTS OF THE SEEDS OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS FOR ALKALOIDS

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2
1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY 4
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 5
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 5
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 5

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
ALKALOIDS 6
2.2 OCCURRENCE AND FUNCTIONS OF
ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS 8
2.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKALOIDS 9
2.4 ALKALOIDS CLASSIFICATION 10
2.4.1 PYRIDINE GROUP 11
2.4.2 PYRROLIDING GROUP 12
2.4.3 TROPANE GROUP 12
2.4.4 INDOLIZING GROUP 12
2.4.5 QUINOLINE GROUP 13
2.4.6 ISOQUINOLINE GROUP 13
2.4.7 PYENATHYLAMINE GROUP 14
2.4.8 PHENANTHRENE GROUP 14
2.4.9 INDOLE GROUP 14
2.4.10 ERGOLINES 15
2.4.11 BETA-CARBOLINE 15
2.4.12 YOHIMBANS 16
2.4.13 VINCA ALKALOIDS 16
2.4.14 KRATOM 16
2.4.15 TABERNANTHE – IBOGA ALKALOIDS 16
2.4.16 STRYCHNS NUX-VIMICA ALKALOIDS 17
2.4.17 PURINE GROUP 17
2.4.18 TERPENOID GROUP 17
2.5 ALKALOID ISOLATION 17
2.6 ALKALOID DETECTION 19
2.7 ALKALOID CONTENTS IN CASSIE
OCCIDENTALIS SEED 20
2.8 PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT
(PLANT CHEMICALS) OF CASSIA
OCCIDENTALIS LINN 22
2.9 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL
RESEARCH OF CASSIE OCCIDENTALIS 23
2.10 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON
CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN 26
2.11 EVALUATION ON IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL
ACTIVITIES OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN 29
2.12 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF
ANTRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDE FROM THE
SEED OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN 30
2.13 TWO NEW ATHRAQUINONE FROM THE
SEED OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN 32
2.14 EMODINE AN ANTIBACTERIAL
ANTHRAQUINONE FROM THE ROT OF
CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINNS 36
2.15 ETHNOBOTALNICAL INFO AND MEDICAL
USES OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN. 37
2.16 CURRENT PRACTICAL USES OF
CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS 38
2.17 SEED OF CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS AS
USED FOR MAKING GELATOMANNAN GUM 41
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 43
3.1 MATERIALS 43
3.2 REAGENT USED 44
3.3 COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT
SEED EXTRACTS 45
3.4 EXTRACTION 46
3.5 TEST FOR ALKALOID 46
3.5.1 DRANGENDORFF’S REAGENT TEST 47
3.5.2 MAYER’S TEST 47
3.5.3 WAGNER AND LUGOIL’S TEST 47

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 49
4.1 TABLE I 49
4.2 TABLE II 50
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51
5.1 DISCUSSION 51
5.2 CONCLUSION 52
5.3 RECOMMENDATION 53

REFERENCES 55
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
The isolation and detection of alkaloid from the plant seed of Cassia occidentalis from leguminoceae family was carried out using solvent extraction process. The dried powered seed was soaked in a sample bottle using 1, 1- dichloromethane. After 3 days of occasional shaking, it was filtered, and the crude alkaloid was extracted using batch method.
Purification process of the crude alkaloid was not carried out. Thin layers chromatographic separation process was also not carried out. The crude alkaloid extracted from the seed of the plant was used.
The test for alkaloid was carried out using Drangendorff’s reagent, Mayer’s reagent and Wagner and Lugol’s reagent. The following reagent shows a positive test. Dragendorff’s reagent yield a Reddish-brown precipitation, Mayer’s reagent yields a cream precipitate, while Wagner’s and Lugol’s reagent yields a Reddish-brown precipitate.
The presence of these precipitates indicates the presence of alkaloid in the seed of cassia occidentalis.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDIES
Alkaloids are larger groups of basic organic substance of natural origin usually plant which contains carbon, hydrogen and one or more nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen content is usually present in a heterocyclic ring such as in pyrrole, pyridine, pyrrolidine, quinoline or isoquinoline. It can be naturally occurring compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms (Finar I.L 2007).
According to Rogers M. F and Wink M. (1998), alkaloids are specific class of chemical compound found in plants and occasionally animals. Many have long historics as poison, narcotics hallucinogens and medicinal agents.
Generally, alkaloids are basic alkaline substances which can neutralizes acids. The basicity of alkaloids depends on lone pairs of electrons on their nitrogen atom thus forming salts with mineral acids such as HCL and H2SO4 and organic acids such as tartaric acid or malic acid. Alkaloids must be a product of plant or animal metabolism and must contain at least one nitrogen atoms that can be active as a base in acid-base reaction. Alkaloids could be classified either by the biological system in which they occur or by their chemical structure.
Hesse M. (2005), Said that most alkaloids contain oxygen but occasionally as in nicotine, this element is absence such oxygen free compounds are usually volatile. They vary widely in properties from one substance to the other. Some are relatively simple with a few as five carbon eg. xanthine, solamine is complicated with as many as 44 carbon atoms. Many compounds, although may fit some definition of alkaloids which are excluded from the group because. It can simply be done practically. Purines, pyridine, pyrazine, vitamins, antibiotics and amino sugar are all excluded.

CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS LINN.
The plant cassia occidentalis also commonly known as Negro coffee or coffee weed is a herb found in many countries including India, South America, and some parts of Africa. It belongs to the family Leguminosea. It’s habitat is likely meadows, pastures wastes places and it grow abundantly after rain. The leave are pinnately compounded with four to six (4 – 6) pars of smooth long-pointed ovate leaflet that has a sharp tip. Flowers occurs in leaf axils. Sepals are green and long. The petals are yellow and long. The stamens are of two different length. The pod is smooth and slender, slightly curved and dark brownish in colour. The seeds are dull and flattened on both ends. The seeds, leaves and other parts of the plants have been investigated and showed that it is highly medicinal. It has also been used for the treatment of inflammation, fever, liver disorder constipation, fungal infection, ulcers, respiratory infection and snake bite etc. The seeds when roasted are used as an alternative form of coffee tea.

1.3 AIMS OF THE STUDY
This project work is aim