BLEACHING OF PALM OIL USING NATURAL ADSORBENT
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ABSTRACT
Crude palm oil is the major desired product in palm oil industry. It is obtained from the mesocarp of palm oil fruit and can be subjected to further refining processing stages in order to produce refined, bleached palm oil. This study is aimed at determining the performance, effectiveness of natural adsorbent (in this case kaolin clay) in palm oil bleaching. It was also investigated to identify the suitability of the natural adsorbent as a bleaching agent on palm oil. The type of process carried out here is physical process which is bleaching process. The bleaching process was carried out at temperature of 99.9oc and contact time of 30 minutes. The colour of the oil was tested using a photo-colorimeter at 490nm. Acid values were subsequently tested after each experiment and thus the free fatty acid content. The bleaching stage of palm oil refining has been identified as the major contributors to the total operating cost of the plant due to the cost of chemicals (phosphoric acid and bleaching earth) that are being used in these processes. In this research, a suitable bleaching of palm oil using natural adsorbent will be experimented upon in a laboratory scale in order to help the palm oil refiners to predict the exact ratio of phosphoric acid and bleaching earth to the crude palm oil. By so doing, hopefully there would be reduction in the operating costs and time of the overall palm oil refining process.
DEFINITION OF TERMS/ NOMENCLATURE
ABS – Absorbance Value
AOCS – American Oil Chemist Society
AV – Anisidine Value
BE – Bleaching Earth
CF – Calibration Factor
CPO – Crude Palm Oil
CU – Copper
DBPO – Degummed Bleached Palm Oil
DOBI – Deterioration of Bleachability Index
EDTA – Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
Fe – Iron
FFA – Free Fatty Acid
FFB – Fresh Fruit Bunches
G – Gram
H2O – Water
IV – Iodine Value
KOH – Potassium Hydroxide
Meq – Milliequivalent
Ml – Mililiter
mmHg – Millimeter Mercury
Na – Sodium
NaOH – Sodium Hydroxide
P – Phosphorus
PORIM- Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia
PPM – Part Per Million
PV – Peroxide Value
W – Weight of Sample/Test Portion
C – Quantity of Residue
K – Constant unrelated to the amounts of solute and adsorbent
M – Quantity of absorbent
N – Constant unrelated to the amounts of solute and adsorbent.
X – Quantity of substance adsorbed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Letter of transmittal ii
Certification/Approval page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vi
Definition of terms/nomenclature
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
- Historical Background 1
- Statement of Problems 3
- Objectives of the Study 4
- Scope/Limitation of the Study 4
1.4.1 Scope 4
1.4.2 Limitation of the Study 5
1.5 Method of Research 6
1.6 Significance of Study 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review 8
2.1 Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) 8
2.1.1. Palm Oil Composition 8
2.1.2 Varieties of Palm Oil 9
2.1.3 Uses of Palm Oil 9
2.2 Processing of Palm Oil 10
2.2.1 Properties of Palm Oil 11
2.2.2 Composition and Constituents of Crude Palm oil 11
2.3 Quality of Crude Palm Oil 13
2.3.1 Free Fatty Acid 13
2.3.2 Moisture 13
2.3.3 Heavy (trace) Metals 14
2.3.4 Deterioration of Bleachability Index 14
2.4 Refining methods of Palm Oil 15
2.4.1 Chemical (Alkaline) Refining 16
2.4.1.1 Gum Conditioning and Neutralization 16
2.4.1.2 Bleaching and Filteration 17
2.4.1.3 Deodorisation 17
2.4.2 Physical Refining 18
2.5 Environmental and Health Issue 19
2.5.1 Number of Processing Stages 19
2.5.2 Cost Advantage 19
2.6 Factors Affecting Bleaching Process of
Crude Palm Oil 20
2.7 Bleaching Process Theory 20
2.7.1 Mechanism of Bleaching Process 21
2.7.2 Bleaching Agents 22
2.7.2.1 Acid Activated Bleaching Earth 22
2.7.2.2 Natural/Neutral Bleaching Earth 22
2.7.2.3 Activated Carbon 22
2.7.2.4 Synthetic Silicate 23
2.8 Types of Bleaching Methods 23
2.9 Types of Adsorption 24
2.9.1 Physical Adsorption 24
2.9.2 Adsorbents 25
2.9.2.1 Natural Adsorbent 26
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology 27
3.1 Materials 27
3.2 Preparations of the Bleaching Adsorbents 27
3.3 The Bleaching Process 28
3.3.1 Characterization of Oil Samples 29
3.3.2 Colorimeter Determination of Bleaching Extent 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results/Analysis 32
4.1 Results 32
4.2 Analysis 32
4.3 Observation 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations 38
5.1 Discussion 38
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendations 42
References 44
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
It has been established that oil palm, Elaies guineensis is native to Africa. The commercial values of this crop lies mainly in the oil that can be obtained from the mesocarp of the fruit- palm oil. Both are edible oils but with very different chemical composition, physical properties and applications.
Palm fruit is widely cultivated due to commercial and processing viability as harvesting becomes easier. Palm oil and palm kernel oil have a wide range of applications, about 80% are used for food applications while the rest of feedstock for a number of non-food applications.
Palm oil is one of the various types of vegetable oils, belonging to the group called liquids, owing to its fatty acids content. The majority of the fats contains some colouring matters either as a natural constituent or discoloration produced during the processing. Natural pigments present in vegetable oils are mainly the carotenoid, giving yellow and red colours.
As earlier stated, palm oil has a wide range of applications which include:
- Cooking and frying: refined bleached and deodorized (RBD) is considered the best frying and cooking oil, since it is resistant to high temperature and does not produce odour.
- Palm oil based fats and margarine produced the most successful result in the preparation of bread, pies, biscuits, short cakes and pastries.
Palm oil is used mainly for cooking such as cooking oil, margarine and shortening. It also has non-food applications such as soap, detergent, cosmetics.
Obviously now, palm oil has become an increasingly important vegetable oil in the world market and today is the largest traded vegetable oil in the world. Palm oil industry can be divided into several main sectors according to their activities which are as follows:
- Plantations: planting of the oil palm and harvesting of the fresh fruit bunches (FFB).
- Palm oil mills: processing of the fresh fruit bunches into crude palm oil (CPO) and palm kernels.
- Palm kernel mills: extraction of the palm kernel oil.
- Palm oil processing: refining and fractionation, production of downstream products.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The topic of this project is “Bleaching of palm oil using natural adsorbent”. Crude palm oil is expected to be bleached using natural adsorbent. In this project work, any type of natural adsorbent could be used to achieve the bleaching purpose. The colour producing substances contained in the crude palm oil is to be adsorbed on an adsorbent material by the method or process of bleaching.
Furthermore, this project work under investigation allows for any suitable method of bleaching to achieve bleaching aim provided the method is within the scope of the topic. The natural adsorbent used is kaolin clay.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this project is to bleach palm oil using natural adsorbent such as clay samples on bleaching of palm oil is to be evaluated. It is also aimed at reducing the operating cost and time of the overall palm oil refining process. It is meant to determine and predict the suitable ratio of bleaching earth to crude palm oil. This process or method should be able to operate at various quality of crude palm oil fed and yet ensuring efficient separation.
1.4 SCOPE/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.4.1. SCOPE
The scope of this project work is bleaching of palm oil using natural adsorbent. The topic requires that the bleaching process is to be carried out using natural adsorbent only. It does not give room to investigate other type of adsorbent in order to determine their performance and efficiency on the bleaching of palm oil.
Furthermore, the topic entails that the work need to be carried out, that is, carrying out a lab scale experiment for bleaching in order to get the required quality, and comparing it with the results and information obtained from literatures. During this stage, the number of experiment needed to be run are determined through the design of experiment method.
Also, some suitable quality checking experiment for the crude palm oil prior to bleaching is carried out.
1.4.2 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The topic under study being “bleaching of palm oil using natural adsorbent” has various limiting factors when carrying out the investigations. In the first place, the adsorbent required for this project is natural adsorbent. On that effect, the performance of other adsorbents (synthesized) were not investigated. Furthermore, the type of natural adsorbent to be used for the project work posed some problem as the quality and effectiveness of such adsorbent has to be determined and as well the area where it could be gotten.
Consequently, the time frame within which the project work is to be carried is very short, and thereby adding to the number of constraints encountered. The cost of the project work also pose some problems.
1.5 METHOD OF RESEARCH
The topic under investigation was carried out by laboratory experiment in order to evaluate the performance of natural adsorbent on bleaching of palm oil.
Other method of research includes using text books from the library to get the literature review and also using the interne, journals.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The laboratory investigation into the possibility of using natural adsorbent in our locality is very crucial because it can be used as alternative adsorptive cleansers in refining crude palm oil. It is also to get the laboratory scale of the work and its equivalent scale up value for commercial purposes for the oil refining industry. Since to use vegetable oil for food, it has to be refined, therefore oil refining aims at purifying the oil so that it be free of contaminants that may impose health constraints.
Other significance includes:
- It can help to boost the economy of the nation. This is true because bleaching clays which are available in our locality can easily be obtained and as well sold to countries that has none or less quality of these clays for refining operations.
- The capital that is being spent on importing adsorbents by the vegetable oil refining industry could be channeled into other project and thereby making the refined oil available at an affordable rate.
It can promote entrepreneurship thereby creating job opportunities to people. This can be achieved if the cost of