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THE NATURE OF INTERNAL AUDIT SYSTEM IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION REGULATORY ORGANIZATION

THE NATURE OF INTERNAL AUDIT SYSTEM IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION REGULATORY ORGANIZATION

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST #3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

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After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Given today complex and rapidly changing management climate, most large companies, major institution and governmental agencies are implementing continuous improvements to achieve efficiency and assure all concerned parties of solid corporate governance.

The nature of interval audit system simply means explaining some of the  key terms in the project topic, the internal system.

According to the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) definition of internal auditing the internal audit system should provide independent, thoroughly timely and objective result of quantitative and qualitative testing to senor management and in essence, help evaluate organizational risk management.

Auditing is an independent checking  and investigation of the books of accounts and  vouchers of a business with a view to enabling the audit to report whether the balance  sheet and profit and loss account are properly drawn up so as to show a true and  fair  view of the state of the affairs and the best of the information and explanations obtained by the Auditors and that they comply with the rules laid down  by SSAP (Statements of Standard Accounting Practice) and other statutory regulations.  Audit is of two types, namely.

Internal audit is a review of the operation procedures and records of the business internal auditing is itself an internal control which operates by appraising and reporting on the effectiveness of the other controls. Thus, its main objectives is to assist management in  discharging its responsibilities and to evaluate compliance with corporate  procedures. The role of internal auditors therefore, is to provide an overall assurance to management that all key risk within an organization are managed effectively so that the organization can achieve its strategic objective.

External Audit: The external auditors are officers from supervisor agency or independent firm to examine accounts, document independently. However, this project topic is restricted to internal audit system, taken the National Board for technical education  as a case study.

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Trust in the process of financial  accounting and auditing is been undermined by our present day high-profile corrupt practices in major institutions and organizations. Thus as a result is the seeming  failure of internal audit system  not giving value for the finances of the educational institutions and the resulted effects is  responsible for the poor quality  delivery of  education. So also is the mechanism put in place to curb these corruption has not been effective.

In response, it has become necessary to undertake, examine and evaluate the problematic nature of internal audit system in educational institution and regulatory

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Complete Material Cost #3000

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INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS BY FINANCE/ INVESTMENT HOUSES

INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS BY FINANCE/ INVESTMENT HOUSES

(A CASE OF UNION BANK PLC ENUGU URBAN)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

Events over the years have shown that investors present and potential wants to invest their funds in anticipation of good future returns INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES and its resultant making of decision is critical to all investors (both institutional and individual investors) aspiring to expand their investment income.

The purpose of this write up arose from the need to determine whether:

  • The theoretical investment evaluation techniques are being adopted by investment analysis in the appraisal of real life capital project
  • The net present value (NPV) criterion is widely accepted at the most reliable evaluation technique by investment analysts.
  • Investment decision advice seekers are to further bring to light the theory and practice of decision-making criteria to the knowledge of students investors (present and potential) analyst.

On the basis of the foregoing this research work was centered on investment/ finance house, which is a sub-sector of the finance. And most of research works were carried out in the case study of Union Bank PLC Enugu Urban.

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction/ background of study

  • The investment finance house (company)
  • Purpose of study
  • Research questions
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Scope and limitation of study
  • Concise history of G.I.W.A
  • Definition of term.

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Review of related literature

  • Definition nature and concept of investment decision
  • Importance and type of investment decision
  • The concept of investment appraisal
  • Investment appraisal techniques
  • Evaluation of the N.P.V method.

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research method and design

  • Method and sources of data
  • Research population
  • Sampling methods used
  • Questionnaires

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data presentation analysis and interpretations

  • Presentation and analysis of data from questionnaire
  • Test of hypothesis
  • Interpretation of data

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary

  • Conclusion

Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix A

Appendix B

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The efficient allocation of capital is the most important finance function in modern time. It involves decision to commit a firm’s fund to the long-term assets. Such decision are of considerable importance to a firm or business organization since they tend to determine value and size by influencing its growth profitability and risk.

Investment appraisal as it is sometimes called is a means of assessing whether capital expended on (or allocated to) a project would show a satisfactory rate of return to an undertaking either absolutely or when compared with expenditure on alternative project and of indicating the optimum time to invest. To be above to give an efficient decision on investment profitability the analysts would require stick come in the evaluation process.

All possible system of achieving this need are to be brought into consideration and bearing in mind attendant merits and demerits of each system or techniques relating some to the circumstance of individual project. He analyst should also be well equipped as to giving a reliable appraisal of such investment proposals.

The implication therefore is the investment appraisal or evaluation can be carried out by more than one system or technique each possessing a particular merits and demerits which result in their respective feature and conditions for evaluation. The cause of these individual feature merits demerits etc is the peculiar method (strategy) adopted by a particular system technique. This in the evaluation process the analyst would need to consider the nature and condition of my given project (investment) so as to know which of the techniques will appropriately be in match and after all be used in the appraisal process since it will give the most reliable appraisal criterion or basis.

 

  • THE INVESTMENT/FINANCIAL HOUSES (COMPANIES)

Investment is the ploughing one’s finance or funds into projects or assets (be it tangible or financial assets) with a view to increasing one’s wealth. In the same vein investment houses can be described as a financial institution or intermediaries whose chief function is or relates with the financing of project of capital nature and providing financial advisory service.  It’s a sub-sector of the finance industry and shares business terrain with other fiancé house mortgage institutions banking (merchants commercial and others specialized banks) discount houses and insurance companies etc.

 

OTHER FUNCTION OF THE INVESTMENT HOUSES OR COMPANIES ARE

  • Fund management
  • Importance finance and advisory services
  • Hire purchase services
  • Housing business etc.

The advisory services been rendered by the investment houses are usually and most often concerned with the discussion on the profitability and viability of investment (capital expenditure).  These investment houses are investment bureau and from the foregoing its then reasonable enough to think and regard investment houses as an example of companies in which mainly professional on the implication incomes the capital investment analysts which is carried out by non-no voice to the field having or possessing evaluation technique as a result reliability of out come is the watch word.

Therefore a choice of use of a particular investment appraisal criteria by these groups of personnel will connect high rating for the particular method or technique adopted in terms of reliability suitability etc.

 

  • PURPOSE OF STUDY

This work up is prompted by the need to know whether the supposed theoretical upliftment of the net present value technique of appraising capital project is in same manager highly recognized

THE IMPACT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA ON THE PROFITABILITY OF BANK

THE IMPACT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES OF CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA ON THE PROFITABILITY OF BANK (A CASE STUDY OF ZENITH BANK P.L.C

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

The economic policies or interpretation of such policies has always left a key question unanswered, how much authorities do such policies allow the banks to use their powers to lend, to made remarkable impact in the overall economic situation in the country.

Like in banks in most developing economic (Nigeria inclusive) the role of providing advice and issuing financial directives lies in the ministry of finance, the Nigeria deposit insurance corporation and the central bank of Nigeria. The federal government relies on these institution for the  proper functioning of banks through their monetary and fiscal policies, which could be concretionary or expansionary. This invariably affects the profitability of commercial banks etc. hence the need for this study.

The Zenith Bank Plc has been chosen in this regard and except where specified individually, banks becomes the terminsnolyg. In this study in depth study is made on how the Apex Banks, the CBN’s financial policies monetary and fiscal affect the profitability of banks and it’s effect and the general influences it has on the economy.

Chapter one of the study deals on the back ground, study of the problems. Statement of hypothesis  and what significant of the study is. Second chapter studies the literature used.

The chapter three emphasis on the techniques and sample collection and questionnaire chapter four presentation of data analysis of the data and the interpretation of finding the last chapter five elucidates on the findings and solutions were proffered. Hence given rise to conclusion.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of problems
  • Objective of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Scope and limitation of study
  • Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

  • 2004 monetary policy and the introduction of N25 billion capital base.
  • Monetary and credit policy measure in 2002/2003
  • Frame work for determine bank cost of funds
    • National saving certificate
    • Federal government development stocks
    • Minimum balance on loan saving account
    • Money Transfer
    • Policy on SMES
    • CBN rediscounting and refinancing
    • Characteristics of promissory note
    • Paid up capital requirement
    • Moral suasion
    • Improvement in the payment system
  • Universal banking practice
  • Basic principles of commercial banks credit
  • Credit policies of commercial banks
  • Factors that determine credit policies in Nigeria
  • Capital position of the banks
  • Liquidity and profitability
  • Impact of CBN monetary policy on banks profit.

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research design and methodology

  • sample survey method
  • Population sample for the study
  • Sources of data collection

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation

  • Data analysis, interpretation
  • List of hypothesis

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings conclusion and recommendation

  • Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaires

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Most banking activities are directed towards lending as credit has remained the backbone of banking operations. It is due to the fact that it provide the bulk profits.

Today, its vital role in commercial banking activities lie in the direct it has on total economic growth and business development. Every year the (CBN) central bank of Nigeria being the monetary authority that is solely responsible for the insurance of guidelines policies and the interpretation of such, comes up with economic measure roles and regulation under which the bank in the country operate. Such policies direct the use of funds from depositors, stockholders, and creditors in order to control the size of loan portfolio thereby determining the general circumstances under which it is appropriate to make an advance. The economic policies (fiscal and monetary) also aim at aiding the banks to maintain a sound financial and banking system promote confidence in sustenance of reasonable banking services for public as well as ensuring a high standard of conduct and professionalism in banking industry. These rules and regulations are contained in monetary and fiscal policy circular being issued by the central bank at the beginning of every year.

The techniques of monetary policies could be broadly divided into two namely:

Direct and Indirect.

While the direct approach has been used very extensively in the more developed market economic, the indirect approach predominate in the less developed economics such as Nigeria. Nonetheless, both technology aim at influence the cost and availability of banking system’s credit. The direct system techniques involves fixing of credit ceiling and interest weight rates the Apex Bank (CBN) for compliance by banks, while the direct approach achieves the same objective through the financial market. The most potent instrument of the indirect monetary policy technique is the open market operation (OMO). It is worthy of note that effort aimed at introducing incorrect monetary and credit-control anchored on the use of OMO are themselves a parts of the given receipts which they would present to the gold smith on withdrawal.

According to Paul Sammuelson, (1990-20) money has an anonymous quality making are dollar just as good as another. In relation to the above the goldsmiths recognized that not all depositors of gold when they come back at the same time to collect them. These receipts signified time to collect them. These receipts signified debt and were transferable. Out of the gold deposited, the goldsmith started to lend out part of them and charge a fee for these services.

Hence the evolution of our bank lending. As development continued to surface in the society it become possible for financial institution to emerge and act as bank where people go to deposit their money and other precious metals for future withdrawals and most importantly lending money to the users of fund. Bank lending has ever since then been on the increase with different hierarchy of operations.

 

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Monetary and fiscal policies are organized and established system of administration of loan, and its disbursement have so many loopholes which undermine its base exercise and guidance. It is a statement that need not be overemphasis.

These policies being one out of measure used by that nation ability to mobilize and  channel its scare resources to different sectors of the economy. Therefore when these economic policies are seemingly deficient, it poses a big question which needs to be answered. How much authority do such policies allow the banks to use their powers to lend to make remarkable. Impact on the overall economic positions on themselves (hence profit). A major conclusion has been that effective implementation through the financial intermediation will serve a machinery for economic progress and profit enhance ability.

 

Apart from the explicit policies which are extremely imposed by the CBN implicit rules and regulations are also developed by the bank to guide their internals operations.

But these guidelines are developed from the mature of banking industry. Generally, these policies have three implications. One to the banks to the borrowers and to the economy. Emphasis is laid here on the implication  it has on the banks.

Banks lending dates bank to the days when the hold smiths accepted deposits from the merchants, mostly gold and valuable for safe keeping. At first such establishment were simply like ware house. Depositors were central bank of Nigeria towards the maintenances of prudent banking have fare reading effects on banking and the Zenith bank Plc in particular. The question therefore arises what effect do these policies have on the banking industry and their profitability, customers and the economy? Are these policies and conditions too strength as to constitute a problem to lending?

Do commercial banks ensure full compliance to the monetary and fiscal policies circular?

Are there government objective for introducing these rules  and regulations being achieved?

The CBN’s guidelines, rules and regulation normally contained in the monetary policy circular have always been aimed at achieving targeted goals. The commercial banks which are expected to operated to operate under the guidance of the regulations of the CBN have also their own internal lending policies objectives to achieve. All these pose a lot of problems to the bank’s credit decisions worthy of note is the CBN directive that lending should not exceed and foreign transfer to individual should not exceed N500.000 and

ADOPTION OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION AS THE MAJOR TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING

ADOPTION OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION AS THE MAJOR TOOL FOR DECISION MAKING

(A CASE STUDY OF SMALL–SCALE INDUTRIES IN ENUGU STATE)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

 

Accounting information has contributed to the rapidly growing environment in that the management must update themselves with every current information. That will help in achieving their objectives and help them in decision making.

Accounting information helps the management in planning and evaluation of the information as it is served as data organized for a special purpose of decision making.

 

TABLE OF TABLES

 

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

  • Introduction and background of the study
  • Statement of problem
  • Purpose of study
  • Significance of the study
  • Scope and limitations
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Definition of terms

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Overview of small scale industries

2.2     Types of accounting information

2.3     Characteristics of accounting information

2.4     Levels of management and decisions

2.5     Examples of decision and application of accounting information

2.6     Users of accounting information

2.7    Accounting information communication system

References

 

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Sampling method

3.3 Research design

3.4 Sources of data

 

CHAPTER FOUR – PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Presentation and analysis

4.3 The use of accounting information has enhanced pricing strategies in small – scale industries

4.4 Management relies on accounting information for its numerous decision

4.5 Personal interview

References

 

CHAPTER FIVE –DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussions of findings

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Conclusions

References

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaire.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Almost all the organization aimed towards the attainment of its desired, planned and overall objectives. In every operation of organization more especially small scale industry aimed towards efficiency and proper effectiveness for this to be achieved to a large extent depends on the quality of available accounting information and how the information will be utilized by the organization. However, information is the life wire of every business, defined by Don T. Coster et al (1978) so for any business to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, the management must update itself with every current and relevant information that will be beneficial towards achieving their predetermined objectives because without it there is likely to be stagnation. The manager who is making a decision normally wants to be sure that this knowledge is complete. This is possible only through the effective presentation and its use in appropriate circumstances.

 

When looking into the importance and usefulness of accounting information to management and especially small scale industry, it will be relevant to state clearly that there are other information that management uses in decision making. Like information by Engineers, Lawyers, Doctors, Architects and other company’s officials, but however, that information by accountant goes a long way to determine the assets base of a company and its liabilities to determine its cost price of production in pricing its products and also in determining when profits or loss is made.

 

Accounting information measures the progress of a commercial enterprise and is used in decision making for the selection of a single course of action for several dissimilar and unrelated alternatives. It has been observed that decision making is the final process in managerial process, but however, the relevance of an decision by management depends on the accuracy and relevance of accounting information supplied by the accountant.

 

When the decision involves business and economy questions, accounting information is essential to the decision system because it provides quantitative information for three functions: planning, control and evaluation.

  • Planning is the process of formulating a course of action, it includes setting a goal, finding alternative ways of accomplishing the goal and dividing which alternative is the best course of action.
  • Control is the process of seeing that plans are, in fact, carried out. In other words, do actions agree with plans? At this point, the accountant might be expected to give information on actual costs, as compared with cost planned earlier
  • Evaluation involves the whole decision system as a process of studying the decision system to improve it. It ask the question was the original goal met (Fed back)?if not the reason could have been poor planning or control or wrong goal was chosen.

 

 

 

 

A DECISION SYSTEM AND ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

… The central activity of managers is to make decisions, the quality of these decision determines the success and survival of organization (TURBMAN & LOOMBA 1976)

|Nothing is more important to management for decision making than a timely, objective summarized and directing – attention – to – problem areas of accounting information. Thus

“All decision are based on information in large parts the quality of management decisions will be a reflection of the quality of the accounting and other information which it receives (GARRISON 1982)

Accounting information may include important task, that is, the presentation of weekly, monthly or quarterly accounts. These routine accounts may include a trading and profit and loss accounts showing figures for the period concerned and the year to date and the balance sheet. The routine job is to help management in planning and forecasting future results. The process is known as budgeting and is considered, together with budgetary control.

It is of utmost important to make mention of other users of accounting information or reports apart from management like

  • Shareholder who are interested in their capital investment.
  • Government who really is interested in profit to help them determine task and other policies
  • The creditors, who really as interested in whether the organization as creditor worthy.
  • Employees, a good profit or consistent growth or build up in profit may be a signal to them to demand for more bonus.
  • Finally, the society where the community is located really want to be employed have essential amenities through the influence of the firm.

Henceforth:

“Accounting information is therefore, data organized for special purpose of decision making (OSISIOMA, 1996)”

Really the researcher finds to agree on the words of Garr

Problems of monetary policy implementation by central bank of Nigeria (CBN)

Problems of monetary policy implementation by central bank of Nigeria (CBN)

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ABSTRACT

This project has traced the evolution of Nigeria’s monetary policy and its performance since the early1980’s, to provide a background to the reviews; it discussed same theoretical aspects of monetary management. On the theoretical aspect it reviewed the concepts of monetary management, the objective of monetary policy and the instruments of monetary policy.

 

The highlights of the Nigeria economy of the 1970’s were the growing importance of oil, the expending role of the public sector in the economy and the large dependable on the external sector. Despite the family impression economic performance of the period, some economic problem such as growing fiscal pressures, assumed more serious dimensions. In the prevailing circumstances, monetary central framework and the large divergence of fiscal operation from the set monetary and credit targets.

 

The oil boom of the 1970’s come to an end in the early 1980’s. Consequently, the development strategies, which were considered appropriate during that period, became inappropriate under the environment characterized by substantial reduction in oil import earnings and revenue. Rigorous economic controls were mounted to stain the determination in the general framework. Monetary policy applied more vigorously the credit ceiling. Selective credit controls and regulating on interest rates.

 

The currently problem of monetary policy were largely a carryover from the previous decade and these included the apparent inefficiencies of the monetary control framework based on direct instrument and government fiscal operations especially the increased financing of fiscal deficit by the central bank.

 

Monetary policy, though having the same over all objectives as before was employed to play a unique role in restore my economic stability. In order to reduce credit expansion by banks, credit certings were reduced and backed up liquidity mopping measures such as the withdrawal of all deposits on outstanding external payment arrears and public sector deposits from the bank in 1986 and 1989 respectively, the sectional credit flexibility in their credit operation, which in August 1987 all controls on interest rates changed by banks were removed.

 

Despite the good intentions of monetary management domestic liquidity expand substantially during the period, especially in 1988 and the main source of increase in aggregate bank credit to the economy. Similarly, banks performance with regards to credit certings and sectoral credit guidelines was very poor.

 

Full economic recovery could not be achieved within the short span of the SAP, even though its impact in light of the monetary development was to some extent positive in relation terms. Nevertheless, the problems of monetary policy appeared to have persisted in so far as the fundamental causes had not been removed. The monetary targets were not being achieved, been used over time it become more difficult to enforce compliance particularly as frequent changes were made in the composition of credit and timely data were not usually available.

 

Above all, monetary policy did not achieve the type of synchronization with fiscal policy as envisaged in the monetary control framework. When fiscal operations deviated from the targets monetary developments could not uphold the underlying assumptions and hence domestic price stability and external equilibrium, which are important objective of monetary policy could be assured.

 

Under these circumstances, a deliberate attempt would have to be made to improve the efficiency of monetary policy in the 1990’s. Towards this general direction, the plan to shift to the use of indirect monetary tools was formally announced early in 1991.

The movement towards market based instruments of monetary management in a developing economy is unique and since financial markets are not fully developed, it is appropriate to ask whether such technique can be effectively applied. However, one of the lessons of recent financial liberation measures worldwide is that such measure do infact foster the development of the financial instrument. The available evidence seems to suggest that the Nigeria financial system possess the critical minimum conditions for effective use of the market based monetary instruments. In arrears where the conditions are not fully met, there is scope for improving the situation.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the problem

1.2     State of the problem

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Research questions

1.5     Research hypothesis

1.6     Significant of the study

1.7     Scope, limitation and delimitation

1.8     Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Objective of monetary policy

2.2 Monetary policy instruments

2.3 problems of direct monetary policy in Nigeria

2.4 Problems of direct monetary policy in Nigeria

2.5 The shift from direct to indirect approach

2.6 Indication of monetary policy

2.7 Effectiveness of momentary policy in Nigeria

2.8 References

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Characteristic of the study population

3.2 Limitation of the methodology

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Policy analysis

4.2 Analysis of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary and conclusion

5.2 Recommendation

Appendix (Questionnaires)

 

 


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A policy is a statement of basic principles that provides a framework in which performance is measured. One of the principal responsibilities of the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the formulation, monitoring and execution of monetary stability and economic development as well as ensuring sound financial system.

 

The central bank of Nigeria employs various instruments in caring out these responsibilities. Before 1992, the CBN was under the federal ministry of finance. This has change presently, central bank reports directly to the presidency under the central bank of Nigeria degree.

 

The CBN carries out this responsibilities on behalf of the federal government of Nigeria under the status of the central bank of Nigeria Act of 1958 and banking Act of 1967 which have been replaced with CBN Degree No. 24 of 1991 and Bankers and other financial institutions Decree (BOFID) NO. 25 of 1991.

 

In formulating executing monetary policy, the government of the CBN is required to make proposals to the president of the federal republic of Nigeria who has the final power to accept or amend such proposals. It is after the presidency has approved it that the CBN is monetary policy proposals are made as an integral part of the federal government annual budget which combines to approve monetary policy.

 

The aim of monetary policy may be to check inflation or to stimulate production to aid recovery from a recession. The method adopted to achieve the designed aim is through changes in the monetary supply. A policy aiming at increasing the quantity of money is inflationary, and one that aims at a contradiction of the supply of money is deflationary.

 

Monetary policy is mainly the concern of the central bank, but the consequences of monetary policy can be so far – reacting for the whole community that no modern government can leave the choice of policy entering to its central bank.

 

The paper will therefore examine the various instruments of monetary policy measures introduced by CBN since inception in 1959. It will therefore evaluate the effectiveness of the instruments taking into consideration the major constraints the CBN have to grapple with.

 

The instruments used by the central bank of Nigeria to implement its monetary policy objectives can be classified broadly as direct or portfolio control approach and indirect or market interaction approach (CBN research departments). The direct control instruments place restrictions on the freedom to acquire more assets to insure liabilities. This is employed essentially because of the poor infrastructure based and low development of money (financial) and capital market over the years. The central bank has employs the following direct monetary controls.

  1. The reserve requirement
  2. Interest rate policy
  3. Sectoral allocation of credit
  4. Maximum credit expansion.
  5. Stabilization securities
  6. Loans to indigenous borrowers
  7. Rural banking scheme

 

The indirect polices are usually market determined as well as use of reward system by the CBN in achieving its polices. They include the following:

  1. Open market operation (OMO)
  2. Moral suasion
  3. Discount rate mechanism

 

Below is the brief explanation of the instruments:

DIRECT POLICIES

THE RESERVE REQUIREMENT

The central bank of Nigeria also uses the reserve requirements of banks as an instrument of monetary policy. Banks will ordinarily, either from custom or prudence, and to keep a certain percentage of demand deposits in their bank as a reserve. They do this because of the necessary for ensuring that the bank will always have sufficient funds on hand to pay off depositors who would like to withdraw their money in the ordinary course of business.

 

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