INTERNAL AUDIT:  A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT CONTROL

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

In order to carryout any management functions effectively the top management of an organization will need information to plan, organize, direct, co-ordinate and control the activities of the organization.

The management will generally not time or expertise to collect and analyze the pies of information it needs for its management functions.  Accordingly, the internal auditor is usually appointed to do this on behalf of the management.

The internal auditor does not only provide management with information but also give management the necessary assurance that operations are being carried on in accordance with plans and led down procedures.

Therefore, the internal audit department gives necessary aids to management.

This study examined the way in which the internal audit assist management in the discharge of their responsibilities.

Based on the conclusions, the work made some recommends, the research is of the opinion that the work would be of help to the management.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE:

• Introduction

1.1     Purpose of study

• Significance of the study
• Scope and limitation of study
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO:

• Definition of internal auditing

2.1     Scope and objective of internal audit

• Essential elements of internal audit
• Internal control system and internal check
• Essential feature of internal control
• Tool of effective management
• System and procedure of internal audit

CHAPTER THREE:

• Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation

3.1     Summary of findings

• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION:

Internal audit is a large and significant part of management control of both large and small organization.  The role of internal auditor has evolved from concentration of the detection and prevention of errors and fraud in the present day emphasis to reviewing system of internal control.

The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, define internal audit as an independent appraisal activity within an organization for the review of operation as a service to management.  It is a management control which functions by measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of other controls.

The problems which always exist between the managers/director to the owner of business, were solved by appointing an independent person called “auditor” to investigate the report on findings.

Internal auditor is concerned with the implementation of social responsibility policies adopted by top management.

Internal audit that is established to provide a continuous and complete audit of the accounts and records of the company with use of the following:

• internal procedures system
• internal check
• pre-audit jobs

These would help in the managerial control of the organization.

The overall purpose of internal auditing is to assist management in achieving the most effective administration of operation of the business.

 

1.1     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

The purpose of this research work are as follows:

to evaluate the determinant for effective

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FRAUD IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTION.

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

This project is designed to critically analyze the incidence of fraud in the Nigeria financial institutions with reference to the banking industry.

Fraud in both private and public sector of Nigeria economy is an age long phenomenon that has for a long time being threatening the growth and development of the Nigeria nation state it has defiled the very professional expertise know how due to its continuous increase.

The effort of fraud on the Nigeria financial regarded as the life wire of the nations economy is to say the least and devastating.

Fraud cuts across the length and breath of the Nigeria financial institutions and has resulted in reducing many well established firms to mere existing level. The researcher also comment on their chapters.

Chapter one involve problems of the study, objective, significance, scope and definition of terms while chapter two involves literature review. Theory of fraud, types fraud, causes of fraud etc. and chapter three contain summary of finding, discuses finding, conclusion and recommendation and the final one is bibliography.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Instruction
• Statement of problems
  • Objectives of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Scope and limitation of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review

2.1     Theory of fraud

• Types of fraud
• Causes of fraud
• Effects of fraud
• Fraud and the study

CHAPTER THREE

• Summary of finding

3.1     Discussion of finding

• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION:

In our economy today fraud is like a parasite which eats deep into it’s host thereby threatening the existence of financial institution in Nigeria. The frequent occurrence of fraud in the financial institution have a negative effect on the economy where by the institution is no more free from its scourge, annually millions of naira or billion, if not thre-ellion are lost to fraudster.

In some certain sector of the economy its effect is so great that investors are afraid to invest there money there in order not to loose. Therefore to critically analysis fraud a vivid explanation might be need.

Fraud according to oxford Advance learners Dictionary of current English written by A.S. Horn by, say that it is the action of deceiving somebody in order to make money or obtaining an unjust and criminal benefit. Thus, fraud embraces all the multifarious means which human ingenuity can devise, more especially in the financial institution which are resort age over another by false representation. Fraud can also be viewed as the presentation of fake document in order to obtain some selfish benefit from others.

Onovo (2001) in his book understanding practical auditing and investigation described fraud as an irregularity involving the use of criminal deception to obtain unjust or illegal advantage.

Fraud in both private and public sectors of Nigeria economy is age long phenomenon that has for development of Nigeria nation state. The effect of fraud on the Nigeria financial institution mainly regarded as the life wire of the nations economy, that is to say the least devasting fraud cuts across the length and breath of the Nigeria financial institution has resulted in reducing many well established firms to mere existing level while so many others have been completely liquidated

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

 

Fraud in the financial institution is multidimensional in some cases. A criminal claque exist which specializes in bank fraud and car unleash its heinous act independently. At one time , customers alone are involved and other cases staff alone. It could as well be as amalgam of the efforts of the three groups Ahmed (1996)  and these are the problems involve:

 

 

1. Falsification of customers and banks of accounts.
2. Bank clearing cheque frauds.
3. Illegal printing of bank cheque and vouchers.

LIQUIDITY PROBLEM IN COMMERCIAL BANKS

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

1.2     DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.3     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.5     SCOPE LIMITATION OF STUDY

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     WHAT IS LIQUIDITY

2.2     LIQUIDITY RISKS

2.3     LIQUIDITY VERSUS PROFITABILITY IN COMMERCIAL BANKING

2.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF LIQUITY RATIO

2.5     RATIONAL FOR LIQUIDITY RATIO REQUIREMENT

2.6     ACTORS AFFECTING LIQUIDITY IN COMMERCIAL BANK

2.7     FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STEPS TOWARDS SOLVING LIQUIDITY PROBLEMS IN COMMERCIAL BANKING

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

3.2     CONCLUSION

3.3     RECOMMENDATION

3.3     BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Liquidity banks means, “The ease with which banks assets could be converted into cash”.  The liquid assets include cash in the banks vault with the Central banks and to their government securities that have not been used as those assets is cash.

There are many reasons why a bank should have reasonable liquid assets in it assets portfolio, these include to be due to meet prompt demands for deposit withdrawals, that is the banks must maintain confidence and also be able to utilize profitable opportunities that may come out in future.

However, it should be noted that bank like most other business are profit oriented, operating to make profit for these share holders.

These profit could be realized only if there is enough depositors.  The deposit will not come unless the depositors could be assured  of the safely of their deposits to be assured.  There has to be enough liquidity in the banks.

It is a known fact that action designed to make profit brings about illiquidity in the bank and versa.

Therefore, equilibrium has to be sought between the two these two extreme cases have been the constant concern of bank management.

Liquidity management involves provision for depositors withdrawals, short term cash requirement and cyclical and circular cash requirements.  It also involves provisions to met with legal reserve requirements.

In Nigeria, the activities of the commercial banks are regulated by the banking act of 1970 as amended under the control of Central bank of Nigeria.  The essence of these regulations were to maintain trust and confidence in banking systems as well as to achieve a special economic objective thus, in the period of mounting excess liquidity as was the case in the 1970’s, bank were expected to hold some of their assets equal to a certain percentage of their deposits in liquid for this is known as legal reserve requirement.  The components of legal reserve requirements are, cash establishment securities issued by the Central banks.

The rational for the use of those instruments was to map out the excess liquidity in the economy and also to stop the inflationary trends in the economy.

The excess liquidity in the banking sector give rise to inefficiencies in banks operation.  Bank staff were no longer polite since they had little outlets to invest money, banks have devised new method of attracting deposits from their customers thus, the recent innovations in the banking sector.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research will also help the monetary authorities in no

small way towards the formulation and the

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF SMAL-SCALE INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

( A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE )

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

Whenever a business fails, we tend to point at different type

of internal reasons like failure of major products, a bad investment decision, structural rigidity or management incompetence or the root cause, business failure could also result from external factor like competition, change in government regulations, scarcity of raw materials etc. Whatever may be the reasons, it is relevant for manager to get to know them with a view to optimizing then for their company advantage.

Apart from the general know reasons, some factors are peculiar to some organizations and entrepreneurs; some of these are most times environment-driven.  The ability of organization to prevent such failure depend on whether management align and see the factors in the context of their business strategy, hence there could be full optimization of their respective risks.  Such factors among others include the following:

Failure to change and adopt due to past success.  It is a wrong action for anyone to describe his organization or business as failure – proof no matter what the level of the past achievement was.  Most of the business that collapse in the recent times are dose we have described as excellent in the past.  They have failed not because they lack the strength to sustain success but due to their insentivity to changes around them and therefore get trapped by their past success.

Let us take a walk around some industries estate in Nigeria especially in Enugu, Kano, Aba, Lagos and Ibadan, one would find several of these organization that have won different performance awards in the past but are no longer doing well today.  This is an unfortunate consequence of their rigidity and management styles.

Whenever an organization losses touch with it’s environment, it becomes less sensitive to competitive demand, thereby operating in an imagined environment.  Enron and double A of united state are good example of such organization.  For instance, when we are yound, we heard of the financial myth and strength of organization i.e. Dommo, AG Leventis, UTC, UAC, CFAD, Odutola Industry, Adebowale Industry etc.  But today, not many of these organization can compete favorably with international counterparts, their positive past performance seems to be a major stumbling block in their process of strategic re-orientation.

It is not worthy to mention that most successful business set up today may collapse in future going by their style and management attitude to strategic failure.

To understand why their success today may bread failure tomorrow, because they may need to look at how the organization are using their success.  It is suppose to be a learning experience for future growth, but they have programmed their organizational successful strategies to attract no further success.

During successful business period, some orgnaisaiton create some expensive culture, norms and belief that may turn the organizations resistant to future change the culture also reduces their flexibility to respond to competitive change.

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

It is good to imagine than experience, it was said that one of the greatest concern in the present time, for both management practioners and entrepreneurs is the rate at which businesses collapse.

Additionally, it was stressed that most business  owners that find themselves in one financial problem or the other, today have been noted to have no adequate knowledge of risks facing their businesses.

It was also emphasized that no matter how brilliant an entrepreneur may be, once the internal reporting system of the business fail to report an inherent risk that can impair the business, such a business may possibly suffer some kinds of failure in future.

 

WHY SHOULD ENTERPRENEURS KNOW ABOUT IT?

This is because many enterprises have failed.  It is dangerous for any entrepreneur or management to ignore why they have failed.  Just as we learn about our failure and mistakes inbusiness, it is a good management strategy to learn from those business that have failed.  This is why a manager of business should learn about corporate and failure

This research work is to highlight the problems that are being faced by small-scale industries in Nigeria, which eventually lead to their massive failure.  The research work comprises three main chapters.  In chapter one, the researcher in the introduction examine problems identifiable, aims and objectives, limitation of study and finally, definition of the term.

In chapter two, attention of readers where drawn to note the writer, scholars and so many experienced industrialists in the field of this study (causes of failure of small-scale industries in Nigeria.

Finally, in chapter 3, it summarized and concluded on the research and recommendations made.

 

 

 

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

My research work reveled that the continuous failure of

small-scale industries negates the struggle by the government to revamption of the economy.  The effects of this on the economy are – food scarcity unemployment, increase in social ills, adverse balance of payment position experience by the country reduction in per capital income etc.  These problems if not adequat

BREAK-EVEN THEORY AND ACCOUNTING AS A MANAGEMENT DECISION A TOOL

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN HOECHST PLC)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of study                                               1

• Historical backgrounds of Nigerian

Hoechst plc                                                              2

1.3     Statement of problems                                   4

1.4     Objective of study                                         5

1.5     Significance of study                                               5

1.6     Hypothesis and research questions                6

1.7     Scope and limitation of study                        7

1.8     Definition of terms                                        8

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1     Literature review                                            10

2.2     Theoretical framework of studies                   18

2.3     Model development                                                 24

2.4     Tools of management accounting                  48

2.5     Classification of decision                               49

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction

3.2     Research approach                                         51

3.3     Sampling design and population size             52

3.4     Source of data                                                          53

3.5     Interview questions                                                  54

3.6     Method of data analysis                                 54

CHAPTER-PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1     Analysis of data and interpretation       58

4.2     Hypothesis testing and proofing                    63

 

CHAPTER FIVE 

SUMMARY OF FINDING. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary of findings                                               68

• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The success of a business is generally attributable in great measure of the ability of its management personal to cope with probable conditions of the future.  Short  range as well as long-term plans must be made accomplished through sound management evaluation.  However, many aids have been controlling and co-ordinating the function of their business.  One of the tool which encompasses vital and needed information in guiding companies profit path is the Break-Even theory.  This is an extension of marginal costing; basically.  It is concerned with the point at which revenue and costs intercedes, hence the term “Break – Even”.

Break-Even system is a simple and easily understandable method of picturing to the management the effect of changes in volume on profits.  It predicts the effects of managerial actions today on future profits and company survival.  Business people do not view costs outputs and profits may be affected by their actions.  With the aid of Break-Even theory, they will be able to understand more and data revealed by the Break-Even analysis.  This system involves the marshalling of the cost – volumer – profit data and other data to guide manager in its day-to-day decisions.  Some of the data are best seen in a chart form for management to get a perspective view of the profit structure.

Moreover, at the beginning of the century a planning tool was developed by WALTER RAUTENSTRAUCH called the Break-Even chart.  This development made a major contribution as a management aid in profit planning, forecasting and decision-making. The concept show the significance in a firm between it’s costs, volume and relationship between the costs, illustrate the relationship between the  cost, that-the selling price is constant irrespective of the volume.

 

1.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NIGERIA HOECHST PLC

          On the 18^th of December, 1963 the company was formed under the name “Hoechst Nigeria limited”.  The company was registered as a private limited liability company  with an authorized share capital of $10000 divided into 100 ordinary shares of $1 each on the 10^th of January, 1964.

August 4^th, 1971 the PVA plant at Ikeja commissioned for use.  The major and company sold their 40% shareholding to E.O Ashamu and sons (holdings) Ltd.  The same day the name of the company was change to “Nigerian Hoechst.

The authorized share capital was increased to N2 million by the creation of additional 600,000 ordinary shares of N2 each in 1977.  On October, 1978 the paid – up capital was increased to N3 million by public issued of N1 million which implies that the whole authorized capital of the capital  issued and fully paid-up.  A, year later, Nigerian Hoechst shares were quoted on Nigerian stock Exchange at 30K per share of 50k.

The pharmaceutical factory and central warehouse at Ottah was commissioned on November 4^th 1982.  Three years after, the authorized share capital on the company was increased from N10 million to N15 million while the paid-up capital increases from N7 million to N10.5 million by bonus issue of one ordinary share for every two ordinary shares held.  In 1991 the authorized share of the company was increased from N15 million to  N25 million by the creation of additional 20 million ordinary shares of 50k each and paid-up capital increases from N14 million to N17.5 million by bonus issue of one ordinary share for every four ordinary shares held.

Nigerian Hoechst Plc has been engaged in pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals for years.  The pharmaceutical factory is located at Otta while the PVA (Industrial chemical Division) is located at Ikeja.  Among their pharmaceuticals in market are the reformulated Daga,  Tabalon (an anti-rheumatic analgesics), fastaquine (a malaria preventive), Tarivid and Lasix etc.

However, Nigerian Hoechst Plc is also engaged in high quality textile dyes, veterinary products, herbicides and paints pigments.  The registered office is situated at Ikeja.

 

1.3     STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The research is borne out of the belief that Break-Even accounting technique is very vital to any form of business organization.  The analysis can be made for various conditions to reveal profitable, less profitable and unprofitable proposals; it is important to note that it brings home to  management. Dramatically the basic need to bring to light and the necessity of the significance of controlling costs and increasing in  sales will not solve the problems and not be used as anacea for profit.  Management in the cause of analyzing the company data in disclosing the company’s future profit structure few have the knack of quickly calculating the effects of alternative course of action and such