AN EVOLUTION OF THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION ON THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS ORGANISATION (A CASE STUDY OF MODEL COMPUTERS COMPANY WARRI DELTA STATE)

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ABSTRACT

The development of accounting systems and the computerization of these systems in a small scale business environment is the main theme of this study. The researcher examined the issues involved by understanding the computerized accounting system of model computers company, Warri.

 

Based on the analysis of data for this study it was discovered that an effective and efficient operating environment is function of a good accounting system other things being equal. Similarity it was discovered that the introduction of computer and the development of accounting packages have revolutionized the accounting system of small scale business organisation.

 

Therefore the general conclusion drawn from this study is that a computerize accounting system is a basic paradigm for small scale business organisations.

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 4 – 1     Mcc organisation chart

Fig 5 – 1      Daceasy system interface

Fig 5 – 2      Customer module

Fig 5 – 3      Uendor module

Fig 5 – 4      Product module

Fig 5 – 5      General ledger module

Fig 5 – 7      Fixed asset module

Fig 5 – 8      Purchase order module

Fig 5 – 9      Invoicing module

Fig 5 – 10    Financial module

Fig 5 – 11    Default layout of accounts

Fig 5 – 12    Chart of account

Fig 5 – 13    Model chart of accounts

Fig 5 – 14    Fixed assets list

Fig 5 – 15    Current trail balance

Fig 5 – 16    Current profit and loss financial report

Fig 5 – 17    Period balance sheet

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

General Introduction                                                1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of the problem 3
• Objectives of the study 4
• Significance of the study 5
• The scope of the study           6
• Research limitations 6
• Definition of terms 7

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature                                      10

• Introduction 10
• Accounting information system 13
• Computer technology and accounting 19
• Computer application for small business 27

Note                                                                         31

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                            34

• Nature of the study 34
• Sources of data 34
• Method of data presentation 35

CHAPTER FOUR

Model – A company presentation                            37

• Historical background                                          37
• Organizational structures 38
• The accounting system of model computers company 42

CHAPTER FIVE

Dave presentation                                                    44

• Basic issues 44
• Daceasy accounting package 52
• Computerization at MCC 54
• Daceasy and basic accounting operations 54

 

CHAPTER SIX

Findings, summary and conclusion and recommendations

• Findings 96
• Summary and conclusion 102
• Recommendations 103

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             108

 

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

An accounting system has been described as an integrated frame work within on entity (such as business firm) that employs physical resource (ie material, supplies, personnel, equipment, funds) to transform economical data into financial information for (a) conducting the firms operation and activities and (b) providing information concerning the entity to a variety of interested users.

 

An accounting system has all the elements or characteristics of a system such as inputs, processes, outputs, controls and feedback. Davis of al write that “system is the anatomy of accounting.” It domain comprises the entire financial dimensions of business operations, including the flow of financial intelligence throughout the organisation and beyond.

 

The objective of accounting system is to provide an integrated and accumulated information that should assist management in making decisions for the effective and efficient execution of the goals of the organisation. An accounting system should be able to identify, assemble, classify, record, and report an entity’s transactions and to maintain accountability for the related assets and liabilities. In order to accomplish these objectives, the system should have sufficient and appropriate methods and records.

 

The advents of this computer and the Manufacting of accounting software have revolutionized accounting operation, Davis et al writs that computer system owe much of their acceptance in business to the increased speed and efficiency that they provide for data processing and reporting. They went further to state that computer systems has increased the accuracy, efficiency and timeless of reporting which can be most helpful in improving the decision making activities of management.

 

Giving the present trend in technology as it affects accounting operations, it would be important to evaluate the impact of computerization the accounting system of small- scale businesses is critical to the success of the information system Nic sulliuan has called for a proper study and analysis before the adoption of computer technology.

 

Corroboration the view of Sulliuan, Massey 7 walled a caution signal by calling for the need to weigh the benefits and shortcomings inherent in adopting computer technology in the accounting system of small – scale businesses. Although this revolution in accounting practice represents a significant technological shift, the need for evaluating the relevance of computerization cannot be downplayed.

 

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The operation of accounting systems in small-scale business organisations is fraught with numerous control problems and ineffectiveness which have, in most cases, produced dysfunctional effects on business operations. Similarly, the enormities of the operational, countervail an strategic problems of computerization have compounded the problem of faulty accounting system in small scale business organisations.                  

As a result, the researcher shall focus on the following research questions in evaluating the accounting systems of the case study:

How effective and what are the control problems confronting the account

 

 

 

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THE ROLE OF AN ACCOUNTANT IN THE POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMME OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA).

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ABSTRACT

          This project work was on the role of the accountant in poverty alleviation programme of the federal government with particular note on Enugu North local government area.

The objectives of the study among others were: To determine the role of the Accountant in the poverty alleviation programme of Enugu North local government area.

To determine whether the role of the accountant is of relevant in the planning of programmes and policies of the poverty alleviation programme in Enugu North local government area.

In view of this an indepth literature, review was carried of related materials, journals, and text books, Beside, data were elicited through the use of Questionnire and oral interview conducted.

These data were analysed and presented using statistical technique such as tables and percentages.  The data was used to test the three hypothesis formulated.

Based on the data analysed these findings were made:

It was discovered that the poverty alleviation programme was geared towards, providing food, security, reducing unemployment and increasing the standard of living of the citizens.

Inspite of the rigorious effort by the three tiers government and the huge sum that has been spent so far, the impact is yet to be felt even in Enugu North Local Government Area.

It was discovered that the local government authorities particularly the poverty alleviation committee have made contentious effort towards mobilization of savings by intermediating between those that have the needed resources (donors) and those that need then (grassroots).

In the light of these findings recommendation were also made which include:

Enlightment campaign programme aimed at informing and educating the citizens and individuals domiciled within Enugu on the relevance benefit and right attitude towards poverty alleviation programme.

Periodic account audit should be carried out semi annually in other to determine the amount and the effect of funds disbursed courtesy of the poverty alleviation programme.

There should be proper integration and role definition with particular emphasis on the place of the accountant in other to guarantee maximum result which will invariably lead to a noticeable impact of the programme at the grass root lead.

The researcher strongly believe that if the measures are taken it will help to create positive impact of poverty alleviation programme at the grass root level.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1

1.1     Purpose of the problem                                                     2

• statement of the problem 4
• objectives of the study 6
• research hypothesis 7
• scope / limitation of the study 8
• significance of the study 9
• Definition of terms 10

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of related literature 12

2.1     Nature and scope of accounting                                         12

• Qualifications of an accountant 17
• The functional role of an accountant 21
• Benefits 23
• The poverty alleviation programme

of the federal government.                                                 24

CHAPTER THREE

• Research Methodology 30

3.1     Sources of data                                                                  30

• Research instrument 31
• Population of study 32
• Sampling technique 32
• Determination of sample size 33
• Validation of instrument 34
• Test statistics 35

CHAPTER FOUR

• Introduction 36

4.1     Data presentation, analysis and interpretation          36

• Test of hypothesis 46

CHAPTER FIVE

• Introduction                                         51

5.1     Summary of findings                                                         51

• Recommendation 53
• Conclusions 54

5.4     Suggestions for further studies                                          54

Appendix I Questionnaire                                                  55

Appendix ii Bibliography

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

The need to develop micro economic activities that could enhance self reliance as a strategy for educing poverty became paramount that the three tiers of government (federal, state, and local) came up with various initiatives.  Among these were programmes and policies that aimed at:

• Stimulating economic growth through the engagement of semi-skilled and unskilled labour in productive activities.
• Immediate reduction of social vices and tension in the society by removing idle hands from the streets.
• Engage the unemployed in direct activities as a variable means of reflecting the economy.
• Improve the environment latest environmental degradation
• Minimize rural urban drift through the improvement of rural communities.
• Committing the fund to direct benefit of the participants rather than on services or overheads.

To achieve these, machineries must be put in motion with competent professionals from various fields of endeavour to plan, implement, monitor and control the programmes and policies.  Among these is the role of the accountant.

 

• PURPOSE OF THE PROBLEM

Among the major problems that have played the socio-political and economic life of developing nations are gross unemployment of her teeming population and poverty.  Among these nations include our country Nigeria.

 

Poverty in Nigeria is pervasive.  About 60% of Nigerians live below the poverty line.  Available statistics shows that only 50% of the population have access to safe water.  About 38% of the population do not have access to primary health care, while most Nigerians consume less than one third (1/3) of the minimum required protein and vitamins in take due to low purchasing power.

 

These incidence were conpounded by over two decades of political instability, macro economic policy inconsistencies, low capacity utilization in indusories and the massive turn out of school leavers and graduates by institutions of higher learning.

 

Suffice it to say that despite these, for three decades after independence, unemployment and poverty were not a national state or local concern in Nigeria as it is today.  However on inception of office in May, 1999, the Obasanjo administration took upon itself the major task of redressing the twin problem of poverty and employment generation.

 

To this end therefore, the government with a high sense of commitment made a provision of  #10billion for the creation of two hundred thousand jobs in the year 2000.

Worthy to mention was the fact that governments desire to eradicate poverty was born out of the conviction that the incidence of poverty and unemployment have assumed a dimension that is socially, economically and politically unacceptable.  To this end therefore, all hands must be on deck including not only the three tiers of government but also professional bodies and competent individuals among these includes the role of the accountant.

 

The accountant performs the accounting function which involves the process of identifying, measuring, recording and communicating the economic event of an organization (business or non-business, government of non-government) to the process identification involves selecting those events that are considered as evidence of economic activities relevant to a particular entity.  (Wey Gandt, 1993).

 

Once identified, the economic events must be measured in financial terms, that is quaritified innaira.  If the event cannot be quantified in monetary terms, it is not considered part of the organization financial information system.  The measurement function thereby eliminates some significant events because they lack measurability in financial terms.  These and many more are some of the functional roles of the accountant even as it applies to the poverty alleviation programme of the federal government.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The importance of the accountant or the accounting profession can not be over-emphasized.  This stemmed from the fact the success of an organization lies very much on effective and effectual planning, implanting,

 

 

 

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CAPITAL BUDGETING IN A PRIVATE SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES)

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PREFACE

The main objective o this research work is to develop systematically the beginning of and various stages in capital budgeting.

Indeed, the aim is to provide an integrated presentation of capital budgeting and to view the unity of the subject matter in such a way that the questions of “how” and “why” are easily answered.

 

The topics, sales forecasting (touched briefly) and forecasting of financial requirements as they relate to capital budgeting are covered. The other section of this research work include literature review, research methodology, case study and analysis of data and summary of findings recommendation and conclusion.

 

The section in literature review is quite extensive when compared to other sections of this research work. it is the intention of the researcher to bring out the essentials that relate to capital budgeting and hint on those that relate to the company under study. It is hope that those that do not elate to the company will find it useful, to students with interest in capital budgeting and who capital budgeting and who carryout their research work on their companies in Nigeria and aboard.

 

This research work is written in language that will make it easy for many people to read and understand. It is my hope that it will enhance the attractiveness of capital budgeting for a large number of audience.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Problem statement 2
• Hypothesis 6
• Limitations of study 8
• Significance of study 9
• Definition of terms 12

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

• Ranking investment proposal 14
• Post auditing of the investment decision 17
• Analysis of capital projects 19
• Capital rationing                     35

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology and designation

• Sources of data                                                      55

CHAPTER FOUR

Case study and analysis of data and presentation

• Profile of Diamond breweries limited 61
• Organisational structure with special –

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, recommendation and conclusion

• Summary of findings 75
• Recommendations                                                 78
• Conclusion 80

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                   81

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS                                    83

APPENDIX

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Every business firm normally will like to know how it performed over a period of times, thus leading to the preparation of profit and loss statement. They also ask about their position at a particular point in time which leads them to prepare balance sheet. Finally, they will like to know where they are heading, which has led to the preparation of budgets.

 

Budget is term used locally by a lay man. Lay man confuse budgeting with planning. A budget is part of a plan. A plan can be expressed in monetary and non-monetary term. Any plan that is qualified in monetary term is a budget. A budget, therefore, can be succulent defined as a statement of intention qualified in monetary term. In budgeting there are types of budget prepared by firms. Such budgets includes capital budgets, cash budgets, sales budget and so on.

 

The process of preparing capital budget is called capital budgeting. Capital budgets are long term budgets made for acquisition and expansion of fixed assets. Capital budgets are prepared by many films today. It was originated in the United States of America (USA). In America it was applied by firms before the second world war.

 

After the second world war many firms saw the need to plan for capital expenditure, hence it is prevalence today.

Nigerian breweries limited, Monarch larger beer and other beverages, are not left out in the train of firms which prepare budgets for its capital expenditure. this is, however, not easy as it is fraught with a lot of problems.

 

• PROBLEMS STATEMENT

The main purpose of setting up a private firm is to achieve enough sales revenue that will cover fixed and variable costs as well as leave out enough profit to justify its existence.

 

Nigerian breweries limited being a private enterprise involved in brewing beer has the objective of making huge profits. Brewers all over Nigeria witness heavy returns on their investments due to export of their products to neighboring African countries as well as the high consumption rte of beer in the country. This was before the year 1982.

 

The introduction of many stringent economic measures after the year 1982, aimed at revamping the nations ailing economy, brought with its many problems of which the brewing industry is not left out.

 

In order to produce, firms in the breweries industry (including Nigerian breweries limited) acquires fixed assets as well as raw materials. These acquisitions are based one expect demand. The demand for beer cannot now be fairly estimated because of the general rise in prices. General rise has made consumers of beer shift their demand to other goods of necessity thus leading to decrease in demand

 

 

 

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A SURVEY OF ROLES AND PERFORMANCE EFFECTIVE OF SECRETARIES IN MODERN COMMUNICATION INDUSTRIES IN ENUGU URBAN

 

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Chapter one

Background of the study

• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study
• Delimitation of the study
• Significant of the study
• Assumption of the study
• Research question
• Definition of terms

 

 

Chapter two

Literature Review

An overview of the roles of  secretary

The Responsibilities / Duties of secretaries in Communication industries

The true image of secretaries in Communication industries

The roles of secretary in developing the office

The roles of secretary in selected communication

Secretary as a personal officer

Factors responsible for Non-application of secretary roles

Effects on the performance of secretaries

 

Chapter three

Methodology

• Area of study
• Instrumentation
• Population and size
• Method of data collection
• Method of data Analysis
• Validation of Instrument

 

Chapter Four

Presentation and Data Analysis

• Research Question

 

Chapter five

Summary of Findings, Conclusion and recommendation

Discussion of findings

Summary of findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

Limitation of the study

Suggestion for further studies

Reference

Questionnaire

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

          This study examined roles and performance efficiency and effectively of secretaries in modern communication industries in Enugu Urban.

 

People hold different opinions about the secretaries roles.  they fail to understand that the secretary is an important officer in every communication industry and her contributions and effectiveness can either enhance or  diminish the efficiency of an industry.

 

The study also seek to find out whether lack of appreciate communicating machine affect the roles of secretaries.  It went further to stress whether lack of knowledge of the administrative principles may hinder secretarial roles, whether executives do not give the secretaries free-hand to implement the necessary administrative principles.

 

In collecting data, the study was designed to cover selected communication industries as the population through sampling of the secretaries.  The  population were made up of 100 people and the researcher made use of questionnaire which was distributed to the respondent.  Was later collected.

 

It was concluded that regular seminars, workshops and conferences should be   organized for the secretaries in order to up-date thir knowledge and experience on the secretarial profession and that the employers should work hand-in-hand with their secretaries, be able to delegate duties to them and provide enough working equipment for carrying out their duties.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The name NTA means Nigeria Television Authority.  The station has brought forth over thirty other television stations in different parts of Nigeria.  It is headed by a general manager and six other managers who help in day to day running of business.  Nigeria Television Authority being a very big family has some roles they play as a communication Industry and these include:

1. To inform, entertain and enlighten their audience, maintaining its leadership position in Television broadcasting
2. Enrich the life of Nigerians by influencing positively his social, cultural, economic, political and technological thinking through a wide choice of programmes; to mention but a few.

 

Nevertheless, the roles they play in communication Industry seem to be carrying them away from giving their secretaries chana to contribute  our play their roles effectively in the communication industry.  They indulge in using their journalists and reporters for any information they need.

 

Managers and staff in the communication industries have equally acquired the knowledge of the use of modern office equipments like computers, tapes, and disc for information recording and report writing thereby neglecting the roles of efficient and effective secretaries especially when it comes to profession and effective secretaries especially when it comes to profession.

 

Most of the employees in communication industries are mainly journalists, reporters/correspondent. And news casters with just a few copy typists.  The few secretaries there are not always recognized let alone givng them ample opportunity to exhibit their initiatives.

 

An investigation into Nigeria Television Authority proves that the secretaries there are not receiving adequate attention needed to motivate them and that when it comes to promotion, they are not promoted as and at when due; compared with their counterparts in other professions.  The bitter part of it all is that they see people whom they academically occupying higher positions and secretaries find themselves subordinate to incompleted ones as their boss.

 

All these norm and  problems faced by secretaries pushed the researcher into carrying out a survey of the roles and performance efficiency and effectively of secretaries in modern communication industries in Enugu Urban.

 

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In most offices today, objectives are difficult to realize.  These in

most cases have been blamed on the secretaries who are the mirror of the executives.

To  a large extent of their responsibility and thus limits the scope of their job to only typing documents which is always full of errors and taking dictations which they cannot even transcribe accurately.

In some communication industries, there exist communication break-down which results from poor relationship of the so-called secretaries some secretaries do not know how to answer, call, some do not know how to deliver messages and this hinders effective

 

 

 

 

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THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCOUNTING ON ORGANIZATION’S EFFECTIVENESS

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CHAPTER ONE

• Background of study
  • Statement of problems
  • Objective of study
  • Scope of study
  • Limitation of study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Nature of Government accounting

2.2 Procedure for government accounting

2.3 Financial control

2.4 Control technique

2.5 Treasury control

2.6 Expenditure control

2.7 Expenditure control

2.8 Department control

2.9 Summary of related review literature

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Summary

3.1 Findings

3.2 Recommendations

Reference

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

Universally, it is well known fact that the management and control of public fund determine the success of all governmental activities and it is also at the heart of government administration hence the need for an acceptable accounting system that will comprehensively after solution to the accounting problem of the government and society.

 

The management and control of public fund are governed by the finance (control and management) act of 1988. this was as a result of the constitutional amendment of 1957 which in settee  subsection 154^A to E into section 154 which deals with the operation of the consolidated revenues fund. The principles of this act forms the base of finance act which had s slight change in the 1976 and 1989 constitution.

 

Furthermore government accounting is regulated by section 129, 148 of the constitution laws enacted by government. In power, the fiancé (control and management act of 1958 and by decrees and acts which were promulgated into laws.

 

The federal ministry of finance performs the duty of management and control of public fund, which is directly the peculiar responsibility of the treasury now referred to as the office of the Accountant General. The treasury functions and duties are streamlined to asset of guide where expenditure and receipts for the year hence, no receipt or expenditure are transferred to the next accounting period. The rules and regulation governing the accounting practices (management and control public funds) are contained in the financial regulation treasury accounting manual and treasury circulars

 

According to this financial regulation (FR 519) the provision stated that “Before making any payment at sub accounting office will satisfy immensely so far as he is in a position to do so that

1. The expenditure has been authorized by warrant and the voucher correctly classified in accordance with the estimates.
2. The information furnished on the voucher is correct in all particulars, the certificates on the voucher signed by the proper officer
3. All proper deductions from salaries or pension accounting of contribution repayment of advances or other liabilities have been duly made.

These basic functions are services rendered by the treasury.

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The treasury as a custodian of public fund is responsible for providing a retailed of all public and that federal ministry/Department being part of the treasury is also vested with same responsibility.

However, the treasury is faced with number of problems that tend to under the effectiveness of accounting system.

The following problems are therefore identified with a view to finding this solution so that credible accounting system will re-sure.

1. Inadequate staying
2. Inadequate method of revenue collection and control

 

 

 

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