AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR ESTABLISHMENT

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC 9th MILE CORNER ENUGU AND FEDERAL MINISTRY OF SOLID MINERALS DEVELOPMENT ENUGU).

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                 1

1.1     Introduction                                                                                 1

1.2     Purpose / objective of study                                                         3

1.3     Statement of problems                                                                 3

1.4     Research Questions                                                                      4

1.5     Research Hypothesis                                                                    5

1.6     Significance of the study                                                             5

1.7     Scope of the study                                                                       6

1.8     Limitations of the study                                                               6

1.9     Definition of terms                                                                      7

 

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 9

2.1     Definition of Accounting                                                             9

2.2     Brief History of Accounting in Nigeria                                        15

2.3     Nature and purpose of Accounting                                              20

2.4     Accounting Operational Guidelines                                             22

2.5     Attributes of Accounting Information                                          29

2.6     Financial statements and users of Accounting Information          30

 

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 36

3.1     Area of study                                                                               36

3.2     Population and sample                                                                 36

3.3     Sources of Data                                                                           36

3.4     Techniques of data collection                                                       37

3.5     Data Treatment                                                                            37

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 39

4.1     Presentation and Analysis of the questionnaire and Interview      39

4.2     Test of Hypothesis                                                                       49

 

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION  – S –  –  –                                                       52

5.1     Findings                                                                                      52

5.2     Conclusions                                                                                 53

5.3     Recommendations                                                                       53

Bibliography                                                                                55

Appendix / Questionnaire                                                            56

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Accounting is the act of recording, classifying and summarizing in significant manner and in terms of money transactions and events which are Interpreting the result thereof. (AIC PA 1953). But in a general sense. It may be considered as a means by which we measure and describe economic activities. Whether you are managing a business, making Investments or deciding how to spend your money, you are working with accounting concepts and accounting Information.

Every business entity, be it private or government owned operates a business system which can be classified into two main categories. They are financial and Non – financial systems.

Financial system are primarily concerned with processing and recording of business transactions, their analysis and Interpretation with a view to the preparation of periodic and routine reports for decision making by Interested parties. The accounting systems are also concerned with efficiency and effectiveness. (Harvey 1991 page 202)

Non – financial systems are those systems whose main purpose is not financial in nature, even if they have financial Implications. Thus, the sales system which deals with exchange process has financial Implications, the transactions are not financial per-se. Non – financial system cover such functions of an organization as purchasing, marketing and sales, stock control and production planning. Whether financial or non- -financial in nature, all these business systems generate and provide Information for decision making both Internally and externally.

Financial systems have two main sub – system the financial accounting system and management accounting system. These accounting system different in nature and procedure from what is obtainable in government establishment, the system known as government accounting.

Government accounting is the process of recording, analyzing, classifying, summarizing, communication and Interpreting financial Information about government in aggregate and in detail reflecting all transactions involving the receipt transfer and disposition of government funds and property (Dean 1990: 181). The purpose is to demonstrate the propriety of transactions and their conformity with established miles to give evidence of accountability for the stewardship of government resources and to provide useful Information for the good control and efficient management resources of government operations.

Government accounting is not the same as commercial accounting (financial and

FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN NIGERIA UNDER STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMME (SAP)

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
• Objectives of the study
• Significance of Problem
• Statement of Problem
• Hypothesis Formulation
• Scope and Limitation of the Study
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0        REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATION

• The government efforts towards attracting foreign investments
• The role of Industrial development co-ordination committee in the execution of foreign policy under (SAP)
• The concept o investment
• The concept of foreign investment
• Portfolio investment
• Foreign investment and multinational corporation (MNC)
• Foreign investment and the 1991budget.

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Study Area
• Sources of data
• Data collection technique
• Sample for the study
• Judgment sampling
• Statistical method of Analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

• Presentation of data
• Analysis of data
• The devaluation of Naira and foreign investment
• The role second-tire foreign exchange market
• Problem confronting Nigerian’s balance of payment.
• Foreign trade under SAP
• Hypothesis testing

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRDUCTION

          According to annual report of the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigeria economy has performed less well in the 1980’s than the 1970’s. Much of the growth in both periods was based on performance of the oil sector. By 1970 oil output stood at 558 million barrels and increased to 823 million barrels by 1973. Between 1975 – 1985, oil output per day averaged between 1.8 and 2.3 million barrels respectively. With the dramatic rise in oil price in 1973 and 1974 oil came to account for 31.9% of growth in real gross domestic products and has since continued to dominate economic performance in Niger sector. Although the aim of the policy was to translate oil revenue into directly productive structures and promote long-term development prospects, the imperatives and political pressure to spend led to consolable waste and to oil boom in construction activities.

The oil include rise in the exchange rate also gave negative protection to agriculture and eroded it’s significance in the economy from about 40% of the gross domestic product I the early 1970’s to 1980’s. According, food imports which were only 200,000 lorus the 1960’s has increase tremendously to 399,000 tones in 1974, reaching a pear level of 2,441,000 lorus in 1981.

By 1985 capacity utilization of most industries was below 20% owing to lack of foreign exchanges raw materials and sparse parts. Inflation had also attained an intolerable level. When therefore, the past administration in Nigeria came to power (the Babangida Administration) in August 1985, it looks a critical look at the magnititude of the economic problems facing the nation and in July 1986, it adopted a programme known as Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) as a means of tackling these preambles.

The entailed, among other things the diversification of the economics so as to make it more resilient to external forces. The import licensing system was abolished and the inter-bank foreign exchange system was introduced in September 1986 with a view to making the naira achieve a realistic exchange rate. The commodities abroad were abolished and which various government subsidies were either removed or splashed by means of commercialization and privatization; such as telecommunications and electricity.

Generally, market forces in the allocation of resources replaced administrative controls. Public investments were generally reduced in government owned companies and in some cases such companies were fully privatized. Except in some strategic industries such petroleum liquefied nature gas (LMG) and petrol chemicals.

Government has rather decided to concentrate on the provision and improvement of basic infrastructural facilities such as roads, water supply, telecommunications and electricity. The overall goal of the economic adjustment is to allocate resources efficiently and to put the economy back to the past glory. It aims to relocate rescues from the public sector to the private sector as that this sector will become more productive thereby becoming the economic foundation of Nigeria’s economy (Ayaji, 1990) foreign investments are those investment that are owned by individuals and corporate bodies from other countries than the host.

The structural adjustment programme is an array of measures that are instituted with hope of revamping an ailing economy. As it affects the issues of foreign investments, the most important aspect of the structural adjustment programme is deregulation of the exchange rate and liberalizing the procedure for the registration of foreign business in Nigeria. Although the exchange control act was enacted in 1962, it was liberally applied until the outbreak of the civil in 1967.

The 1968 Act provides that foreign investors had to obtain a business permit and must also obtain a permit to employ foreigners. The enterprises promotion Decrease of 1977 limited the equity participation of foreigners in local enterprises depending on their schedule or category, which such enterprises fall. However, with the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme, most of the regulations where released. Foreigner investors could seek and obtain licenses coordination committee (IDCC), bring I their funds and repatriate the profits, without any form of inhibition.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

          The objectives of the study are based on the changes that have taken place in the Nigeria economy during the structural Adjustment Programme in relation to foreign investment ascertaining the impact of those changes. On

EFFECTIVENESS OF COST ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN PRICE DETERMINATION

(A CASE STUDY OF DEVEABLE VENTURE LTD)

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

Preface

Cost are estimation of all expenditure incurred in exchange of goods & services. Therefore will can wee cost accounting. So cost accounting is systematic analysis and recording of financial transactions in respect of material. Are these in any help in determination of price?

 

The aim of this research work is to find out effectiveness of cost accounting information in price determination, how to regulate and fixed price in any existing goods. This work has only three chapters.

 

Chapter one contain introduction and discussion of cost accounting by different categories of people. It proceed further to state the objective of the study, scope and limitation, significant of the study, statement problems and finally the definition of terms.

 

Literature review examined by other studies as it related to effectiveness of cost accounting information in prove determination. Like cost determination cost control, fixed and variable cost, the flow of costing devable venture. Determination of processing system etc. is in chapter two.

 

Finally, the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation made by the researcher are all in chapter three.

 

If the industries put the recommendation made in the study to use, there will know how to regulate and fixed price for profit maximization.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                1

Background of the study                                                          1

Objectives of the study                                                             4

Scope and limitation                                                                  6

Significant of the study                                                             6

Definition of terms                                                                     7

CHAPTER TWO

Review of literature                                                                   11

Cost determination                                                                    11

Cost control                                                                               12

Fixed and variable cost                                                                      13

Natural and functional classification                                       14

The transfer finished goods in industry firm                           18

The transfer to cost of sales in venture                                  18

Deforming the cost structure of fire pricing purposes           20

The nature of problem                                                              26

Summary of literature of review                                               37

CHAPTER THREE

Summary of findings                                                                 39

Recommendation                                                                      39

Conclusion                                                                                 45

Bibliography                                                                               47

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

So much that we are hearing about “Cost accounting”. This cost accounting are two words with differently meaning join together to make up a course that we steely in field of accounting, without cost there will be no account.

 

Before introduction of this word cost accounting we can view the historical background of cost. Some where arouse the turn of the century cost were caught up in general industrial movement which later became known as scientific management. The role assigned to them was some what subordinate. Therefore cost definition is money outlay in exchange of goods and services, other definition goes like this, it is incurred expenditure occur on exchange of goods and services. While accounting has been define by Squiter and muder down in his book titles “Accounting theory and practice as a reporting activity that forms party of any management information system.

Cost accounting in an area in accountancy which has developed very rapidly in the recent years, and there can be no doubt about it’s growing importance in the modern production methods. The growing need of cost accounting in business organization could be partly attributed 60 huge capital involvements, higher proportion of indirect costs, widening markets, competition and improved technology, these factors, however establish the need for proper and accurate keeping of records for cost ascertainment.

 

Cost accounting, originally referred to as ways of gathering and assigning historical costs of units of products and departments specifically for purposes of products and departments specifically for purposes of inventory valuation and profit determination. Fundamentally, cost accounting refers to the gathering and providing of information to the management needs for its daily operations, making important decisions and formulation of policies for the present and future activities if the organisation. Cost accounting also assists, in fulfilling the legal requirements of reporting of shareholders, creditors, government agencies and other external parties.

 

Cost accounting is the process of accounting for cost while beings with the record of income and expenditure or the bases on which they are calculates the ends with the preparation of statistical data. As has been said, it is the formal mechanism by means of which costs are ascertained and should not be confused with costing.

 

It should be noted that cost accounting deals with the recording, not only of expenditure, but of income. This is accordance with the present day conception of a cost accounting functions, which now embrace the ascertainment of selling and distribution and their measurement in relation to sale. The cost account is also concerned with the income arising from the sale of scrap and similar item which go to reduce costs. It should also be noted that the preparation of statistical data, which summarizes the information collected during the process of accounting for cost, falls within the scope of cost accounting.

The institute of cost management accountants (IMA) define cost accounting as the application of accountancy and costing principles, methods and techniques in the ascertainment of costs and the analysis of savings and of excess as compared with previous experience or with standard.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

If a system is to be successful, it should be designed with a specific business in mind. In another to put, the objectives should

FRAUD AND FINANCIAL MALPRACTICE AS A LEADING FACTOR IN BUSINESS FAILURE

A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN

TELECOMMUNICATION [NITEL] ENUGU

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                       1

1.1     Background to the study                                                    1

1.2     Statement of the problem                                                   3

1.3     Objective of the study                                                        3

1.4     Scope of the study                                                             4

1.5     Research question                                                              4

1.6     Research hypothesis                                                          5

1.7     Significance of the study                                                   6

• Definition of terms 7

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature                                                          9

• Definition of Distress/failure of a corporation 9
• Causes of Business failure 12

2.3     Summary of related reviewed literature.                            28

CHAPTER THREE

Research design and methodology                                               30

• Research Design 30
• Area Of Study 30
• Population of the study 30
• Instrument for data collection 34
• Validity of the instrument 35
• Reliability of the instrument 35
• Method of administration of

the research instrument                                                      36

• Method of data analysis 36

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and results                                                       38

Research question 1                                                                     41

Research question 2                                                                     43

Research question 3                                                                     46

Summary of results/findings                                                        49

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion of results, conclusions

Implications and recommendations                                              51

• Discussion of findings 51
• Conclusions 53
• Implications of the study 54
• Recommendations 54
• Suggestion for further study 56
• Limitation For The Study 56

References                                                                         57

Appendix A                                                                       59

 

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

TABLE 3.1                      Sample size Determination and Allocation

of Questionnaire …………………………35

TABLE 4.1                      Factors responsible for non-achievement

of objectives by NITEL Ltd

TABLE 4.2                      Analysis of the first Research hypothesis

TABLE  4.3                     Factors responsible for

Fraudulent practice in NITEL Ltd

TABLE  4.4                     Analysis of the second

Research hypothesis

TABLE  4.5                     Factors responsible for

Ineffective internal control system

In NITEL Ltd

TABLE 4.6                      Analysis of the third

Research hypothesis

TABLE 4.7                      Impact of assessment of factors

In fraud Elimination/minimisation

TABLE 4.8                      Analysis of the fourth research

Hypothesis

 

ABSTRACT

The study is concerned with an investigation into found and financial Malpractices as a leading factor in Business failure – A case study of Nigerian Telecommunication Ltd (NITEL)

By way of background, the study commenced with an overview of the business environments and its effects on business growth and survival.

Using NITEL as a case study it was established that in spite of its privatisation. NITEL is still saddled with the problem of bad image arising mostly from fraudulent practices

With the above stated problem, the specific objectives of the study were.

I         To ascertain why NITEL Ltd is still saddled with problem of fraudulent practices.

Ii        To determine whether there is  significant weakness in NITEL internal control system.

Data collection were analysed using weighted mean and standard deviation suing T-test statistical analysis.  Majors findings of the study were.

I         The study revealed that the NITEL is unable to achieve its objective

Ii        It was also revealed that found and financial malpractices was the most important factors that has contributed to poor performance of NITEL.

At the end, the following recommendations were made:

I         NITEL management should design appropriate policies.

Ii        The organisation should  also strengthened its internal control system.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In all human endeavours and activities there are usually stories

of successes  (achievements) and failures.

Businesses are therefore no exception.  Initially, a motive for setting up a company is for economic reasons which are usually taken to be profit maximization.  In periods of booms as was experienced in the mid – seventies during the oil boom, many businesses including the public sector organisations thieved in an era of abundance and squanderminio

In such an era, employment, production and income were at their peak levels and governmental expenditures at all levels rise considerably without any corresponding rise in productivity.

During this period also, no one complained, and managers of our various businesses did not think of means of survival and substance

Efficiency and effectiveness in the use of sources resources were never thought of and there were total absence of resource control mechanisms

Economic planners in such periods makes unrealistic projections and assumptions as they plan to build high – ways , sky – scrappers,  organisation now think of lost reduction and minimisation of fraud and financial malpractices which hither to plunged such organisation into distressed conditions.

The adverse macro – economic conditions in Nigeria today has attained a dimension that can best be described as “crisis” level.  This has led to some drastic measures or programmes being initiated by the government to keep the nation afloat.

Such measures have come in different names at different times, ranging from the belting tightening of the Shangri administration through Economic Emergency order of Buhari regime to the structural Adjustment programme (SAP).

As a result of these measures, firms, and individuals have found themselves in extremely hard condition to the extent that some have failed completely, others are stagnated and distressed.

What factors are specifically responsible for such state  of affairs of the business firms?  This project is set out to investigate how fraud and financial malpractices can bring is highly profitable organisations into distressed and untimely liquidation.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In spite of the Federal Government privatising the

telecommunication industry,  NITEL Ltd is saddled with the problem of bad image orising mostly from fraudulent management and staff of the company.

There is inherent weakness in the internal control system of NITEL Ltd.

NITEL Ltd management does not consider policy on fraudulent cases as strategic in its decision taking.

NITEL Ltd has not net-up with the expectation of investors as

 

 

 

AUTIDORS ROLE IN REPORTING ON ILLEGAL ACTS

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CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.4     SCOPE OF STUDY

1.5     LIMITATION OF STUDY

1.6     DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATION REVIEW
• REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• WHO IS AN AUDITOR
• DUTIES OF AN AUDITOR

 

CHAPTER THREE

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
• CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0     INTRODUCTION

          In this study the researcher’s intention is to know the auditors role on reporting on illegal acts.

We all know that both private and public or government organizations are involve on one irregularity or the other and nobody checks the organization to know their financial standard.  This makes the people celebrating their positions and at the same time leads the company or organization to it’s grave by winding in up.  That is why an auditor is set up by the law of Nigeria to check the financial statement of all the registered company’s.

The researcher have wants to know the auditors role and other things as provided by the law that enable the auditor to give a perfect report on irregularities in any place he founds himself.

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The practice of an auditing in a primitive form can be traced

back to ancient times accounting existed before the advert of reading and writing in those early stages metal records where adequate demand.  Audit is derived from Latin word “Audire” meaning to “here” the word auditor soon acquired a secondary meaning i.e. one who examines the accounting statement and satieties himself as the truthfulness and fairness of the statement.

Under the method of primitive forth but with the advert of writing and increasing complexity of business activities.  Stewards began to keep some forms of writing records and the master examine such records so that act of book keeping and the practice of auditing involved side by side originally most enterprises where owned by individuals who finance privately and so the capital available to industry was strictly limited, there was therefore no need for audit as it exist today as enterprises greatly expanded and due to the evolution of mechanized factories provision for finance has to increase, as a result of this, men who entered into contractual relationship with one another, there arose the need to ensure the accuracy and liability of the resulting information.

Under the method o limited liability, share holders are usually disposed and majority of them do not have the technical knowledge of understand how there funds are being used.  The share holders appoint a body to which then delegate the day to day running of the business to enable the share holders know the financial positions and performance of the company.

This body know as the board of directors present an account to them at the end of each financial period, a problem was then problem is that of believing that they funds have been honestly and prudently managed to take care of the practice of appointing auditor whose duty it was to verify on behalf of the share holders the account of directors and to report there on to ht share holders developed.

The joint stock company act of 1844 was the first enactment in the UK to require all incorporated company’s to have their annual financial statement audited.  Under the act professional qualification was not a prerequisite to the auditing assignment.  The auditor should also not be independent on the management.

It was the company act of 1990 which first made if legally compulsory for every company to have an independent auditor and provided for him a remuneration, but the auditor was required to report on the “truth and correctness” of the company’s financial affairs as shown in the balance sheet this at recognize the need for him to be professionally qualified.

Auditing is not limited to liability company’s account only, it also extends to government accounts, therefore auditing also has it’s origin form formation of nations and the need to account properly to the citizens who own the resources.  Auditing usually arise when a group of persons handle money or money worth on behave of some other group of persons.  This is done to satisfy  the beneficial owners of the funds that their funds are being honestly and prudently managed.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In this section, the researcher wants to know the following

problems:

1. The auditors role on reporting in illegal acts
2. The things that militates auditors indecency

Audit