IMPACT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION ON BANK LENDING

(A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC OKPARA AVENUE MAIN BRANCH)

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 2500 NAIRA OR $10 , WITH THE SOFTWARE 30,000 NAIRA

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.  

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

ABSTRACT

Commercial banks perform numerous functions.  One of the most profitable investments of the commercial banks is granting of loans and advances to those customers that need such including business organization as loans are always needed to enhance profitability of such organization and help them execute such projects, which their capital cannot finance.  These are factors, which banks do consider before granting such loans.

The research work is geared forward finding out the role which financial accounting information plays in lending decision making of the banks.  The objectives amongst others include to know whether the banks do demand for financial statement from their customers while making lending decision, the extent to which they are influenced by such statements, the extent to which adequate use of accounting information has led to reduction an incident of bad debt.

A work of this nature will be of help to different groups including commercial banks, other lending institution credit analysis the government etc.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction                                                                       1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of problems 5
• Objective of the study 6
• Research question 7
• Significance of the study 8
• Delimitation (Scope) 9
• Definition of terms 10

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of related literature 12
  • Functions of commercial banks 12
  • Lending principles and practices 13
  • Management of lending                                                     13
  • Role of accounting information on bank lending decision 14
  • Analytical document 14
  • Limitation of accounting data 14

2.7     Lending principles and practices                                        16

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology and design 34

3.1     Research design                                                                 34

• Area of study 34
• Population of the study 34
• Instrument for data collection 35
• Validation of the research instrument 36
• Method of administration of the research instrument 36
• Method of data analysis 38

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation, analysis and interpretation 39

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Finding, recommendations and conclusion                        52

• Summary and findings 52
• Conclusions 54
• Recommendations 54
• Limitation of the study 55

Reference                                                                                     57

Appendix                                                                                     59

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Every organisation targets the attainment of its desired objectives.  The organisation therefore aims towards efficiency and proper effectiveness in conducting its affairs.  However, the level of the efficiency and effectiveness of any organisation or the extent to which it is able to achieve its desired goals to a large extent depend on the quality of available information and on how the organisation utilize the available information.  The organization always makes use of information in allocating scarce resources in different alternative used.

For any business to succeed in today’s rapidly changing environment, the management must update itself with every relevant and current information that will be beneficial towards achieving the predetermined objective.  It can therefore be seen that management must plan the course of action of the organisation, identifying the medium and long term goals based on detailed analysis of feasibility, bearing in mind the socio-economic and political situation around.  Not only will plans be formulated, the actual performance and the end result should be compared with the plans to see whether the goals are being achieved or not.  This helps the management to report appropriately as well as improving the entire process of development.  A proper look at the planning process will reveal that proper information as well as its utilization is needed for the attainment of the organizational goals.

A great deal of useful information comes from accounting functions as it provides data which when processed, serves as useful information to the management in its planning process.  The information provided by the accounting functions serves as important and effective tool in the budgeting or planning as well as operations of the management.

There are three basic types of accounting information which management needs in the information of its policies and plans.  They are score-keeping method of information, attention directing information and problem solving information.  The score-keeping information involves the accumulation and allocation of data collected for the purpose of performance appraisal and position evaluation.  Attention directing information deals with highlighting and investigating the differences between plans and actual for proper corrective action.  Lastly the problem solving information focuses on analyzing and recommending the best course of acting among competing alternatives.  It is therefore associated with the management decision making process and useful in the implementation stage.

The commercial bank as business organisation that need to plan greatly need not just any information but much of relevant, current and useful accounting information for the purpose of operating their business effectively and efficiently towards the attainment of their objectives.  Much of the business of the commercial banks revolves round grating of loans and advances to their customers.  In fact it should be realized that the most profitable business of banks is lending.  The profitability of the banks is therefore a function of how prudent the banks are as well as how effective they utilize the accounting information sourced from accounting data provided by the customers for the purpose of borrowing.

The banks are therefore interested in financial accounting information, which will enable them research initial loan decisions, and also help to monitor progress after advances have been made.  The information so needed are those that deal with solvency, liquidity and profitability, the firm’s financial stand and long term viability.

The banks will therefore assure themselves that the customers (companies or firms) are capable of paying interest accruable as well as repaying the loans as and when due.  Some other factors are also considered concerning loan application for instance, on the duration of the loan; if it is a short term loan, the banks are interested in estimated net cash inflows over the next few months, for a long term loan the banker satisfies himself that the company is financially stable.  Such that adequate profit will be earned in the foreseeable future.  Similarly, the ability of the borrowing to repay both the principal and the interest should be the prime consideration of the bank.  Where it cannot be guaranteed, the advance should not be made.

The Nigerian economy received a great blow, which was as a result of the financial distresses in the banking sector.  These distresses were as a result of lack of proper use of accounting information by the lending banks.

It can be seen that this research work is timely hence the interest and attention of the researcher have been caught by it.  The work therefore assess extent to which commercial banks in Nigeria do utilize accounting information presented to them by the customers in affecting loans and advances  proposal.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

(1)     Bank managers allowed their personal interest to conflict with overall objectives of the bank when loans are advanced.  They consider personal benefits derivable from customers than protecting the banks interest.

(2)     The managers did not emphasis on the collateral rather than on viability of the project for which the loan was being sought as a result defaulters escaped unapprehended.

(3)     The bank managers failed to consider the reliability of the customers with regards to loan repayment schedule profile evidence.

(4)     The profit and loss account as well as balance sheet of the intended borrower was not properly considered by the banks in lending decision.

 

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN A PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Abstract

The mismanagement of every organization emanates from the ability of the financial accountability to administer the financial undertaken in order to achieve its profit maximization.

 

Business collapsed, is characterized by negligence to adhere to effective control system, which primarily comes from internal control.

 

An organization encounters problems, which often times result to financial impropriety, which has made many firm to collapse. Some of these problems lie largely outside the control of the organization. These are the problem to be solved by the financial accountability in the interest of effective control system of the organization while other problems arise from the organization’s limitation in his financial undertakings.

 

An analysis of factors that contributed to this fact would be highlighted and useful recommendation towards resolving these problems would be made.

 

This researcher is optimistic in view of the fact that if these recommendations are adhered to, they will go a long way in achieving the objectives of this research work.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1     Statement of the study

• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Statement of hypothesis
• Scope of the study
• Limitations of the study
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Review of related literature

• The Network of the internal control system
• Internal checks and Auditing practices
• Responsibility sharing as a control system
• Accountability and general economic growth.
• Enhancing financial accountability by human resources planning.

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research design and methodology

• Sources of data

• Primary data
• Secondary data
  • Sample used
  • Method of investigation

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data presentation and analysis

• Data presentation and analysis
• Test of hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation

• Findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

Chapter one

1.0     introduction

Accountability as seen by Iwumenne (1982: 56) is the sole of any business continuity. A mismanaged economy cannot sustain her subjects. In the micro sense, a mismanaged firm is for failure. The main aim of business is profit maximization. This cannot be achieved if the financial mismanagement is endowed in any form. In any business setting, the priority of management is to enable the firm to continue to finance its undertakings. This cannot be achieved without due regard to the prudent financial administration.

 

According to Muoha Otanka (1975:4)². The spirit of continuity of a business is the careful administration that well administers the financial undertakings. Really, the issue of financial importriety has made many a business, collapse. There are many ways to check the menace in both public and private life. Any method used in subsumed in effective control system which primarily cue’s from internal control.

 

According to Jonah Jenny (1982.12)³, internal control can be perceived in the following ways.

• Good record keeping of all transactions in the factory.
• Good stock control system.
• Well co-ordinate channel of raw material procurement.
• Efficient redundantly control.
• Good personal administration
• Avoidance of waste.
• Control of acquisitions
• Effective trade union administration.

There, he said are not exhaustive, it is whom management recognizes the necessity of effective internal control system, management of materials and resources is very much possible.

 

Akinloye Oyibanji (1999 : 86)⁴ observed that many factors contributed to the reason why banks failed. The banks collapsed due to lack of financial prudence which is a clear out example of management incapacitation.

 

To have effective control of materials, men, and machine, management needs grassroots control affected through monitoring of any financial disbursement. The issue at stake is that good internal control is a necessary condition for efficiency of any organization.

 

To state it differently, any organization that opts for a continued business entity must be prepared to timely check the personal, procure the right type of personnel, train them on the technical aspect of the work and teach equity and justice in financial appropriation. The financial manager must be a model of sound background of prudent handling of money.

 

The subject of financial accountability has been a controversial issue even among the early philosophers.

 

Plato condemned using, (i.e. the use of money in trade) according to him, for the attendant “social ills” and “unethical” reasons.

 

In addition to the above, the peculiar nature of the Nigeria economy has made any topic in accountability, financial or otherwise, worth discussing. Nigeria has had her fair share of financial impropriety both in the public and private sector, not quite unconnected with her political set ups, the history of the evolution of her financial institutions and level of the country’s development.

 

The research has therefore been reduced to the firm (micro) level and Nigeria breweries Plc, Enugu has been carefully selected to be used in drawing a line of parallel between the level of accountability in the public and private sectors.

Control is an adjunct of accountability. The extent of financial accountability therefore should be reflected to the extent of the working control mechanisms within the particular organization.

 

The fact that both public and private sectors need and make use of control measures is undisputable. The extent to which they employ this and how it has improved their finances is called to question. The effective means, by which they employ internal control to safeguard assets, collect debts or pay creditor, etc is the issue at stake.

 

In the words of a management experts, “internal control comprises the plan of organization to co-ordinate method and measures adopted within a business to safeguard its assets, check accuracy and reliability of its accounting data, promote operational efficiency and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies.

 

Apparently, the general conception of internal control here is that it should be effective enough to cause probity in all the organizations activities with a resultant disciplined financial atmosphere in the organization.

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Every policy formulated in boardrooms would have been a success, if they were being carried out there too. Unfortunately, adherence to planned policies by employees is the problem of many management of some companies.

 

Peter F. Drucker, noted that management is the act of getting thing done through others. The owner of every business expects a reasonable return on their investment of who executes the policies. The proble

THE PROBLEMS OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BUSINESS GUIDING OBJECTIVES

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     MEANING OF WORKING CAPITAL

2.2     MANAGEMETN

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     SUMMARY

3.2     RECOMMENDATION

3.3     CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

• INTRODUCTION

The sole objective of any business in the private sector is to

make profit, but the uncertainly inherent in today’s economic environment threatens the survival of every business and makes sound liquidity and cash management the local point fro financial management rather than achievement of maximum profit.

The deeper study and in creased analytical approach to business finance has red to an ever growing and importance of working capital and it’s influence on the success or otherwise of business operation. It is concerned with the management of the various elements of working capital which include stock, debtor, cash and creditors.  Other components of working capital include short term securities, bills payable, prepayment and other current assets.  However, working capital management has been variously defined but in a nutshell; it refers directly to planning – organizing, financing and controlling of resources available to the business in order to achieve set of objective or a definite goal.

L.R. Howard puts it this way; working capital may be regarded as the life hood of a business. Its effective provision can do much to ensure the success of a business while it’s in efficient management can lead not only to loss of profit but also to the ultimate downfall of want.  Otherwise might be considered as a promissory concern.

It is certain that if skilled working capital management is not available in amount of finance provided will transform a financially weak company with mediocre performance into a strong and dynamic organization enjoying a scintillating regulation.

This research work is a crucial one in the sense that current asses by their very nature are changing daily, if not hourly and management decision must be made.

As B. Chizen puts it this way, that is the imperative of sound management of working capital has assured critical significance in the face of the deteriorating market situation consequently on the unavailability of foreign exchange, essential raw material and other inputs badly required for the optional functioning of the management sector.

It is therefore necessary that available resources of which capital is the most important in any business be optionally utilized, since an established test for the ability of management of an enterprise is  the way and management mangers the scare resources entrusted to it.

Excluding over draft, accounting to him overdraft should be excluded because it is revolving liability of non-current nature.  Lucy defined management as the direction of enterprise, through the planning, organizing, co-operating and controlling of its human and material resources towards the achievement of a predetermined objective.

Relating to the issue at hand working capital management can then be said to involve the directing, planning, organization, co-coordinating, financing and controlling of resources available to the  private and public sector in order to achieve a set out objective or definite goal.

 

INEFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL

The following is the description of the inefficient which generally influence the working capital requirements of the organizations

1. NATURE AND SIZE OF BUSIENSS: The working capital requirement of a firm are basically influenced by the nature of its business.

Trading and financial firms have a very less investment in working capital.  Take for instance, retail stores which carry large stock of goods to satisfy the varied and continuous will be a the minimum and debtors almost non existent on the other hand large firms carry heavy inventories of raw material and working-in-progress and their debtors are likewise usually quite substantial.

This size of business also has an important impact on its working capital needs. A firm with large of operation will bread more working capital than small firm.

 

2. INTERNAL POLICY: These can be grouped into two:
3. production Policy: Due to seasonal changes in the demand for the firms product constant production may be maintained by the firms in order to resource working capital problems.

As steady production policy will cause inventories to accumulate during the of-season period and the firm will be exposed to greater inventory costs and risks.  Thus, the organization may adopts the policy of varying it’s production schedules in accordance.

 

1. Credit Policy: It affects the working capital by influencing the level of book debts.  The credit term to be granted to the customer may depend upon the normal of the organization.  An organization can shape it’s credit policy within the constraints of individual practices.

 

CAUSE OF FAILURE OF SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA

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Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

1.3     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.4     HYPOTHESIS

1.5     LIMITATION OF STUDY

1.6     DEFINITION OF THE STUDY

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

3.1     RECOMMENDATION

3.2     CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Whenever a business fails, we tend to point at different type of internal reasons like failure of major product, a bad investment decision, structural rigidity or management incompetence as the root cause, business failure could also result from external factor

Like competition, change in government regulations, scarcity of raw material etc.

Whatever may be the reasons, it is relevant for manager to get to know them with a view to optimizing then for their company advantage.

Apart from the general know reasons, some factors are peculiar to some organizations and entrepreneurs; some of these are most times environment-driven.  The ability of organization to prevent such failure depend on whether management align and see the factors in the context of their business strategy, hence there could be full optimization of their respective risks.  Such factors among others include the following:

Failure to change and adopt due to past success.  It is a wrong action for anyone to describe his organization or business as failure – proof no matter what the level of the past achievement was.  Most of the business that collapse in the recent times are dose we have described as excellent in the past.  They have failed not because they lack the strength to sustain success but due to their insentivity to changes around them and therefore get trapped by their past success.

Let us take a walk around some industries estate in Nigeria especially in Enugu, one would find several of these organization that have won different performance awards in the past but are no longer doing well today.  This is an unfortunate consequence of their rigidity and management styles.

Whenever an organization losses touch with it’s environment, it becomes less sensitive to competitive demand, thereby operating in an imagined environment.  Enron and double A of united state are good example of such organization.  For instance, when we are young, we heard of the financial myth and strength of organization i.e. Dommo, AG Leventis, UTC, UAC, CFAD, Odutola Industry, Adebowale Industry etc.  But today, not many of these organization can compete favorably with international counterparts, their positive past performance seems to be a major stumbling block in their process of strategic re-orientation.

It is not worthy to mention that  most successful business set up today may collapse in future going by their style and management attitude to strategic failure.

To understand why their success today may bread failure tomorrow, because they may need to look at how the organization are using their success.  It is suppose to be a learning experience for future growth, but they have programmed their organizational successful strategies to attract no further success.

During successful business period, some organization create some expensive culture, norms and belief that may turn the organizations resistant to future change the culture also reduces their flexibility to respond to competitive change.

 

• PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION

My research work reveled that the continuous failure of

small-scale industries negates the struggle by the government to revamption of the economy.  The effects of this on the economy are – food scarcity unemployment, increase in social ills, adverse balance of payment position experience by the country reduction in per capital income etc.  These problems if not adequately checked may result to a total collapse of the economy.

In almost every country, small-scale industry constitutes a greater part of all industries

ACCOUNTING PROCEDURE IN HOTELS

(A CASE STUDY OF ZODIAC HOTELS LIMITED ENUGU)

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CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Scope and limitation
• Research question
• Definition of term

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review

2.1     The accounting concepts

2.1.1  Business entity concepts

• The money measurement concept
• Dual aspect concept
• The going concern concept
• Historical cost concept
• The realization concept
• The accrual concept
• The matching concept

• Accounting conventions
  • Prudence/conservatism convention
  • Consisting convention
  • Materiality convention
• Organization of accounts
• Accounting practice/procedure
  • Preamble
  • Cash management
  • Cash receipts and payment
  • Purchase of Goods and services
  • Store keeping and stock control
  • Sales income
  • Preparation and payment of salaries and wages
  • Financial reports and statements
• Chart of accounts
  • Journals books
  • The general ledger

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology

3.1     Population and sample size

• Source of data
• Nature of data analysis

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis

4.1     Preamble

• Hypothesis testing

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary of findings

5.1     Recommendations

• Conclusion

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTROCUTION

The practice of accounting came into existence many years ago though, there was no acceptable definite record as to when accounting developed.  It should be noted that with the advent of colonial rule in Africa, the European system of accounting was introduced in most of the African countries such as Nigeria.  Then, different kinds of people were employed to take care of farms and properties of the Whitman and after that, they have to account for their success so far to their masters because there is a saying that “for every responsibility, there is a saying that “for every responsible, there is always an accountability”.

So if the origin of accounting system is to be trace, if should start from the time people started giving accounts they used in those days cannot be or is not the same as the method we use in this our modern days but can be seen as a base for the modern days account system.

Many definitions have been put forward by various authors of the subject and all seems to have the same meaning.  One of such definitions is that by the American Accounting Association which defined Accounting as “a process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by the users of such.

However, the definition could be extended by seeing accounting as “the art of recording, classifying and summarizing, analysing, interpreting and reporting on the financial transactions and position of an organization to interested persons”.  From the definition, it can be observed that all accounting activities involve the use of documentation.

Companies, organizations, institutions and other establishments require the services of accounting information to understand what is going on n the numerous branches, to educate the effectiveness of companies policies on operation and impact of government’s fiscal and monetary instruments.

Accounting information also helps potential investors to put their investments into optimal uses by providing adequate feasibility reports to guide  would be investors.

Now, let us look at the need for accounting information in an organization like Hotels, you will find out that it helps in revealing the amount of profit or loss made and it also deterines the true financial position of the hotel.

Accounting information also helps in dealing on the type of labour to be acquired and the amount to be paid to labourers as their salaries and wages.  It also helps in providing a guide to future policy.  This then leads to the necessity for accounting as underlined by the existence of an accounting department in any organization.

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

          Major problem

This research study entitled “Accounting procedures in Hotels will try to look into the nature, process, system by which various hotels in Enugu state operate will use of accounting systems and techniques taking a case study of ZODIAC HOTELS LIMITED ENUG.

Sub problem

As we all know that accounting is a living, practical course, there is need to know the pre