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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BUDGETARY CONTROL: ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN A NON PROFIT MAKING ORGANIZATION

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BUDGETARY CONTROL: ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN A NON PROFIT MAKING ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF N.C.R.I BADEGGI)

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

 CHAPTER ONE:  Introduction          

  • Purpose of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Objective of the study
  • Scope of the study
  • Research question
  • Research hypothesis
  • Limitation of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATUREE REVIEW

  • Budgetary control in a non profit organization
  • Background information
  • And administration of budgetary control
  • Budget preparation
  • Budget implementation and control process
  • Reasons for production of a budgetary control system
  • Problems associated with the budgetary control system
  • Organization structure

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • Research design
  • Area of the study
  • Population of the study
  • Sample and sampling procedure/ technique
  • Instrument for data collection
  • Validation of the instrument
  • Reliability of the instrument
  • Method of data collection
  • Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESETATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS

  • Presentation and analysis of data
  • Testing of hypothesis
  • Summary of result
  • Interpretation of results

 

CHAPTEWR FIVE SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • Discussion of results and findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendation
  • Suggestions for further research

Bibliography.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

The  essence of budgeting is to provide an essential element of control in an organization  in order to facilitate the achievement of set objectives .The control process is the fundamental   organization       link between the manager and the other people in an  organization   in  a non profit making organization output various with the objective with which they were established. The objective of public organization could be social and or development in nature

. however this does not  means  that public organization can not make profit if government policy changes to   privatizing or commercializing them. The main structural problem of these type of organization is the sacrifice of the organization  profitability for social efficacy which must be achieved in research  institute Badeggi falls into this category.

With the use of budget as a control tool, there is Ned for planning a the performance of an organization.  Planning  as  defined by C.I.M.A is  an the establishment of objective and the  formulation evaluation and selection of the formulation of the policies strategies  tactics and action required to achieve these objective, by planning activities in advance more economical use is made  of the  organization resource and facilities and a fairly accurate estimates of it s future resources requirement can be determined.

One of the outstanding features of budgetary control is that policy plans resource s and activities of the organization are coordinated integrated   and controlled to achieve the desired objectives.

Budgetary control is a means of providing some centralizing control where activities and also responsibilities are decentralized.

It is also the use of budget for assigning responsibilities planning and controlling performance and guiding managerial and other activities of the firm towards the achievement of organizational objectives. It involves, setting out clearly defined  forgets of output , income and expenditure for each section of the organization .Embodying these forgets of performance in sectional divisional and departmental  budgets co0mpariing these budget standards with actual performance .identifying deviations or variances from the budget and taking corrective action or bringing performance in line with budget targets .this is because all the heads of departments in the organization are involved in the preparation and implementation of budgets, while management5 control the whole activities of the organization.

Budgets are prepared as a result of committee work .Each cmmittee constituting of representatives of various departments and functions to be controlled .the heads of departments are  responsible for the respective department budget

Each executive or manager can then fully appreciate his responsibilities ,as they are reflected in his department budget .Any deviation of the actual result from the estimate and  forecast are traced back to the department head or manager.

 

1.1     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Most of the non_ profit making organization in Nigeria are  governmental in nature, this is because they are mainly set up for social and developmental purposes, this usually leads to a poor planning and control measures. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the budgetary control system as a planning tool in non_ profit making organization using National cereals  Research  institute as a case study. This research work intend to bring about clearer understanding of the need for an effective and efficient budgetary control in a  nonprofit making organization which will also  be of benefit to other similar

Organization leading to an improvement in government owned organization budgetary control system.

 

  1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

public sector  and other nonprofit making organization are often noted for inefficiencies  and poor management, which is as a result of poor  planning through repetitive budgeting. Recent studies in the area of budget and resources allocation have shown lack of proper analysis. There is a general lack of the concept of why we have a budget at all. This issue calls for immediate  investigation of budgeting as a tool for resources planning and performance control and to recommend how it can function properly.

THE ROLE OF AUDIT FOR THE PROPER ACCOUNTABILITY OF COMPANY’S FUNDS

THE ROLE OF AUDIT FOR THE PROPER ACCOUNTABILITY OF COMPANY’S FUNDS

(A CASE STUDY OF DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES (DPR).

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

This research work was designed to study and investigate precisely the Role of Audit for the proper Accountability of Company’s Fund with special emphasis on Department of Petroleum Resources.

Prudent fund management requires that available resources be equitable allocated to all activities or proposals such that each ill not suffer under over allocation of funds.  How efficient a manager is can be determined by how effective he can account for funds entrusted to his care.

It is expected that available management tools for the purpose of proper accountability be adopted or used by administrators in the discharge of their administrative responsibilities.  Audit which is mostly used as the last resort of company’s managers need to be enforced by any organization to enable it evaluate performance and deviation.

Data for the study was collected form both the primary and secondary sources.  The questionnaire method was used to collect data.  Forty-three (43) respondents were selected using the stratified random sampling techniques.

The simple percentage was used in the presentation of data, while the chi-square was used to test the hypothesis.

The study revealed that:

  • The internal control system is weak.
  • The accounting system is weak.
  • Payments are sometimes influenced by top management.
  • The occasional audits are mainly concentrated on financial matters.

The study finally proffered solution by recommending ways through which organization could achieve their audit objectives.

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • General background of the study 1
  • Statement of problem 7
  • Objective of the study 10
  • Significance of the study 11
  • Scope and limitation of the study 12
  • Brief history of the Department of Petroleum Resources 12
  • The functions of Department of Petroleum Resources 15
  • Statement of hypotheses 17

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                            18

  • Internal Audit 20
  • System auditing 23
  • Accountability 30
  • The auditing interest in client accounting system 31
  • A documentary evidence of an audited account management 32
  • Management 35
  • System management                               40
  • Financial management 41
  • Aids to proper accountability of fund 43
  • Planning 45
  • Control 48
  • Organizing 48

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design and Methodology                                                       50

  • Sources of data 50
  • Research Instruments used 51
  • Determination of sampling size 52
  • Method of data analysis 52

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and analysis of data                                                           55

  • Testing the hypotheses 66

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, conclusion, findings and recommendation                            72

  • Summary 72
  • Conclusion 74
  • Recommendation 76

Bibliography                                                                                78

Appendix.                                                                                    81

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

  • GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The word “Audit” is from a Latin word “Audire”, which means to HEAR.  The practice was known to have first existed in Egypt.

In medieval period, the stewards were responsible for the welfare of their masters, thereby demonstrating the responsibilities of good and efficient stewardships over financial resources provided and entrusted to them for the proper running of their transaction.

Accountability is therefore necessary for managers of company’s funds to ensure that money and other assets entrusted to them are adequately taken care of.  How one is able to account for funds, assets and other valuables entrusted to his care will then determine his efficiency and good stewardship.

There is a belief that auditing is a subdivision of accounting, this is probably because that is how it was introduced considering its origin.  It is true, that every auditor is an accountant but every account is an auditor.

The relationship that exists between auditing and accounting is close but not just the same.  Accounting is objectively concerned with the collection, classification, summarization and communication of financial information.  Accounting has been observed overtime to be “The language of Business” and that big organizations have failed because o lack of adequate accounting records.

Auditing as a phenomenon is the independent examination and investigation of the books of account and vouchers of a business with a view to enabling the auditor to report whether the balance sheet and profit and loss account are properly and adequately drawn up so as to show a true and fair view of the state of the affair and the profit of the business.

The auditor could be said to be an independent critic, for in so far as he is appointed to verify a balance sheet and profit and loss account or other forms of statement of account prepared by others.  An auditor is one to whom the receipt and payment of an organization is read, for him to verify.

Professor settler once said, “Auditing is a managerial control which functions by measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of other controls”.  And according to Arthur W. Holms “auditing is independent appraisal activity with an organization for the review of the accounting financial and other operations”.

Verification of the correctness and reliability of accounting information is an essential process of lending credibility to accounts.  This function is performed by the auditor; auditing investigates and reveals the variance of deviation and provides useful information relating to the sources and usage of funds and assets available to an entity for its daily operation.

Internal auditing is an appraisal of the information flow, for its quality and compliance and is mainly concerned with the reliability and adequacy of the accounting system through:

  • Evaluation of compliance with generally accepted accounting principles and the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990.
  • Protection of assets
  • Detection of waste
  • Prevention of fraud.

Operating within this entity, internal audit is an independent appraisal of the activity for the review of operation as a service to management; it is a measurement and evaluation of the effectiveness of control in the organization.

The system of external audit however is a more independent assessment of financial operations; it is an objective examination of the account with a view to ascertaining whether or not they show a true and fair view of the state of affair.  It is an impartial investigation to confirm that transactions are supported by relevant and reliable documentary evidence.

Auditing is a method of reviewing system, conducting test, comparing the result and reporting the final opinion.  It is this factor that makes auditing a social responsibility, assessing the quality of resources utilized in a financial operation with a view to ensuring the financial management of an organization is free form error and fraud.

An auditor can either be in a statutory form, such as a limited liability company or a private audit such as sole traders and partnership and non-statutory organization audit.

In the case of statutory and that is most relevant in this discussion, the shareholders of a limited liability company pull their resources together to form the company, but some of them have limited management skills hence the need to employ full time managers who will manage their resources in the company for them.  The directors who manage the affairs of this company are therefore agents or stewards of the shareholders.  The stewards, from year to year give account of their stewards to the shareholder of the investment in the company.

However, for the directors’ accountability to be credible, the Companies and Allied Matters Decree (CAMD), 1990 empowers the shareholders to appoint an outsider (in the form of an auditor) to review the management’s accountability and give his

the role of Internal Auditor in Stocktaking

the role of Internal Auditor in Stocktaking

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Many people tend to seriously think that auditing is a subdivision of accounting, probably that is how it was introduced to us and because every auditor is an accountant but every accountant is not an auditor. Auditing has its root elsewhere. The relationship of auditing and accounting is close, but they are not the same. There are business associates.

Accounting is concerned with collecting, classification, correction, summarization and communication and financial information. It involves the measurement and communication of business events and conditions as they affect the peculiar enterprises or entity. The task of accounting is reduced a tremendous mass detailed information to manageable and understandable proportion. Auditing does more of these things.

Auditing is an independent examination and expression of opinion on the financial statement of an enterprise by an appointed or employed auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with the relevant statutory obligation, hence the role of the internal auditors in stocktaking.

Auditing is analytical not constructive. It is critical, investigative and concerned with the basis of accounting measurement and auditing emphasis is to proof of corrective ness

Auditing is also concerned with adequacy in design, effectiveness in operation and consistency in application of such proceedings.

It is also aimed at forming opinion on the truth and fairness of the transaction of an enterprise and also has its principles, rules not on accounting, which is learns for ideas and methods.

Auditing is therefore a discipline independent on logic with accounting as art of its utilities.

Historically, the auditor had the accounts read to him since the term audit originated from the Latin ‘audire’ meaning to hear.

After Luca Pacido published his book in the 15th century, the work of the auditor became more involved, but today, the increased complexity of business units, either by the scope of its own operation or by amalgamation, has now forced the auditor to adopt new methods of approach to his work – the role of auditor in stocktaking.

The auditors duty in respect to stock taking is often regarded as fully expressed in the case of re-Kingston Cotton Mill Co. Ltd, 1896 in which Lindly L. J. stated that it was “no part of the auditors duty to take stock”. But later in the united States, it is the recognized duty of the auditor to make physical stock checks – that is stocktaking – this duty having been imposed upon him after much defalcations as took place in the cause of MC Kesson V Robin (1940) whereby fictitious records affecting purchases, sales and stocks enabled various responsible officials working in collusion to overstate the assets on the balance sheet by some 21000,000 dollars.

On the other hand, stocktaking or physical verification of stock may by means of full count or measurement in case of bulk stock tally with the bin card records stocktaking could be done in three ways stated below: –

  1. Counting of stock at the end of the year or before the year ends or after the year ends.
  2. Counting of the part of the stock by means of interpolating the total statistics.
  3. By means of using continuous stock records.

It should be know that where stocks are material in the enterprise’s financial statement and the auditor is placing reliance upon management stock – take in order to prove evidence of existence, the auditor should attend the stocktaking. This is because attendance of stocktaking is normally the best way of providing evidence of the proper functioning of the management stocktaking procedure and the existence of stock and their conditions.

 

  • STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The nature of the product of Total Nigeria Limited particularly liquids like kerosene, petrol, diesel and oil make it very difficult to effectively conduct stock – taking at any point in time and also to determine the extent to which internal auditors are involved. The statement of problem was discovered as a result of the researchers enquires.

  • Total Nigeria Limited has been going under services of financial problem due to the internal control were not effectively used.
  • The staff do not know whether internal control with regulate its financial constraints of the company.
  • Total Nigeria Limited does not know whether internal activity stocktaking will make good or loss.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON FRAUD IN NIGERIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUION

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON FRAUD IN NIGERIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUION

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 2500 NAIRA OR $10

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR SITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • THEORY OF FRAUD
  • TYPES OF FRAUD
  • CAUSES OF FRAUD
  • EFFECTS
  • FRAUD AND THE LAW
  • INVOLVEMENT OF OUTSIDERS AND INSIDER AND WELL
  • ARTICULATED SOLUTIONS OF FRAUD

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     SUMMARY

3.1     RECOMMENDATION

3.2     CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

In financial institution, the occurrence of fraud have negative

effect on the economy.  No financial institution is free from fraud, it’s just like an agent of lost annually and millions and billions are lost to fraud steer year after year do to thus effect, it becomes difficult or great for the investors to invest there money in some certain sectors of the economy.

To make clear explanation of fraud.  Fraud according to Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary of current English written by A.S, Heorriby, that fraud is criminal deception benefit and it also seen as representation of fake document in the name of getting selfish benefit. Fraud is like a parasite, it eats deep into its host thereby threatening it existence.

The effect of fraud on the Nigeria financial institutions mainly regarded as the life-wire of the nation economy is to say the least devastating fraud cuts across the lengths and breath of the Nigerian financial institutions and has resulted in reducing.

Sometimes fraud occurs in an organization because of leoptides in their internal security net or careless of some officials.  This provides a reason why some strategic position in an organization should be named with qualified officials.

Finally, I believe this works is not the end of this problem but it can put or services as a gateway to further the studies of fraud in Nigeria financial institutions.

 

AN APPROVAL OF PAY-AS YOU EARN SYSTEM OF TAXATION IN NIGERIA

AN APPROVAL OF PAY-AS YOU EARN SYSTEM OF TAXATION IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

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ABSTRACT

 

The purpose of this research work is to describe the practical approach to an appraisal of pay-as-you-earn system of taxation with referee to Nssuka local government area. To guide this study, two hypotheses were formulated. A review of literature was down to ensure solid conclusion for the study. A structural questionnaire was developed and administered by the analysis adopted in this research work was chi-square, this method by researcher to ensure that result obtained were real and not by chance.

Based on the above statement some of the major findings include presentation of data and their analysis. The chapter five is discussing a bout the findings made by the researcher and recommendation as well as conclusion.

Conclusively, the researcher will add to the existing literature on an appraisal of pay-as-you0-earn system of taxation. Scope of study and limitation talk about the areas the researcher is going to touch when discussing on the appraisal of pay-as-you-earn system of taxation system are place or area that have been unable to by researched upon to time.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE

0.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………

  • Statement of Problem…………………………………….
  • Purpose of the Study …………………………………….
  • Significant………………………………………………..
  • Statement of Hypothesis…………………………………
  • Scope of the Study…………………………………………..
  • Limitation of the study……………………………………
  • Definition of terms……………………………………..
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………

2.1 Definition of Taxation…………………………………..

2.2 Functions of Taxation ……………………………………..

2.3 Ways of Regulating Taxation …………………………….

 

CHAPTER THREE
  • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Sources of Data ……………………………………………

Primary Data…………………………………………

Secondary Data…………………………………….

3.2 Samples used……………………………………………….

3.3 Method of Investigation …………………………………….

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis……………………………

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis……………………………

4.2 Text of Hypothesis…………………………………………

CHAPTER FIVE

  • SUMMARY OF FIN DINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 FINDINGS …………………………………………………

5.2 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………

5.3 RECOMMENDATION ……………………………………

BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………

APPENDIX…………………………………………………

CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

The global economic recession, which started in 1980’s as a result of decline in the economic growth of industries nation, high rate of inflation, dramatics rise in price of crude oil, increase cost of important a massive building-up of liquidity in the international capital market and unusual fluctuation in commodity prices was not fully felt in Nigeria until 1982, when the developed  countries applied a series of restructure monetary and fiscal policies to curtail the a fore-stated problems.

Seventeen years ago, precisely in 1983, the worldbank report that the continuing recession in the industrial world several constrained developed countries growth in 1982. Weakness in the price of oil created difficulties for oil exporting developing countries’’.

Reporting specifically on Nigeria, the bank stated that“ foreign exchange resource declined in 1982 from a level equivalent to three month worth. Investment, equal to about a third of gross domestics product (GDP) in 1980 –1981, has been radically reduced as both foreign exchange and government resource contract (85% of government revenue, both federal and states are direct generated from oil export).

An attempt to wriggle the country out of its financial predicament led to the initially of series of belt-tighten measure since 1982 to date.

These measure include:

Ban on import of a large number of goods, specially taxes on luxury goods, enforcement of trick exchanges control reputation liberalized during the earlier boom, wages and ban on employment in the public sector, increased external borrowing in anticipation of oil income and of late the introduction of value added tax (v.a.t). The impact of the dwindling revenues to the federal government and this ever decreasing portion  of statutory allocation to states, has aroused tremendous interest in other source of revenue. Therefore, the hitherto relaxed tax laws are vigorously being enforced while levies of various descriptions are also being in various state of the federation.

Nsukka local government area of Enugu state is not exempted from this nation economic recession. One of the major sources of revenue to the local government, second to statutory allocation from the state and federal  government, is the personal income tax (PIT) impose on all taxable persons in the local  government. The personal income tax is allocated either through the Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) system in which employers of labour deduct tax due from the income of their employees and remit it to the division

In this study, my interest lies in appraising the effective and efficiency of Pay-As-You-Earn (PAYE) as a system of tax collection. The examination of the weakness interest in the system will be carried out and based on empincal observation, make suitable recommendation as to how loopholes in the system could be plugged especially at this time of wide spread awareness of the great potentials of internally generally revenues.

 

  • STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The expectation of the public from governments (local, state and federal) in the developing countries are such that the later are saddle with responsibilities for the provision of various services. The 1979 nigeria constitution sec.16 (a) state. Quite clearly that “the state shall control the national economy in such manner as to secure the maximum welfare, freedom and happiness of every citizen as the basic of social justice and equality of status and opportunities’’.

It is in an attempt to fulfill these expectation and sometimes constitutionals requirement that government rely on, among either source, the imposition of various taxes, weather direct or indirect on the defined taxable persons in their territory. Such tax and poll tax

These ta