The problems in the practice of standard costing and budgetary control system in the manufacturing firm,. A case study of flourier Nig border

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• SIGRIFICANE OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• SUMMARY

REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LIERATURE

2.1 ORIGIN OF STANDARY COSTING

2.2 MEANING OF STANDARY COSTING

2.3 TYPES OF STANDARY COSTING

2.4 STANDARY COSTING IN PLANING AND CONTROLLING OPERATIONS

2.5 VARIANCE ANALYSIS

2.6 BUDQETARY CONTROLS

2.7 OBJECTIVES OF BUDGETING SYSTEM

28 ADVANTAGES OF BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEM

2.9 COMPUTERIZED   BUDGETARY CONTROL SYSTEM

2.10 HUMAN BEHAVIOURAL ASPECT OF BUDGETARY

2.11 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CGAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1INTRODUCTION

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

3.3 DESCRIPTION OF POPULATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES

3.4 QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN

3.5 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

3.6 STATISTICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS

3.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 JABULATION OF DATA

• TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
• SUMMARY

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDING

5.3 CONCLUSION

5.4 RECOMMENDATION

5.5 SUMMARY

BIBLOGRAPHY

 

 CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Most businesses use planning and budgeting procedures to prepare for the future. Manufacturing firms need to understand the relationship of sales revenue to product costs, selling expenses and administrative expenses as yearly as possible in product development. Therefore, the practice of standard costing and budgetary control system has been a crucial area of concern for manufacturing firms in Nigeria it is known that in this technological age, that for an organization to make a tremendous progress, there must be standards set in the various operational areas.

As a consequence, the importance of standard costing and budgetary control system in manufacturing firms cannot be over emphasized budgetary control assist the manufacturing firms to monitor their progress towards the pre-determined aims and objectives.

A standard costing system through its control process ensures an effective and efficient attainment of a company’s goal producing high quality products. It attempts to inform management of the pre-determined cost set before the product is manufactured or service rendered. Asechemie stated that one advantage of standard costing is the speed with which we know the cost of material used, because in standard costing we do not wait but record material etc used as soon as possible.

Standard costing serve management in cost reduction. They provide a means of communication between top management and line supervisors. Standard set goals, which help to develop cost consciousness in the employees. These standards are motivating fore to encourage the operators to improve their performance.

Batty 19975:9 defined standard costing as a system of accounting which is designed to show in detail how much each product should cost to produces and sell when a business is operating at a standard level of efficiency and for a given output. According to the definition given by the chartered institute of management accountants CIMA budgetary control on the other hand is the establishments of budgets relating the responsibilities of executives to the requirements of a policy and the continuous comparism of actual with budgeted results, either to secure by individual action the objective of that policy or to provide a basis for its Revlon.

Standard costing and budgetary control are interrelated because when standard costs have been determined, it is relatively easy to compute budgets for production costs and sells. When actual costs differ from standard costs the resulting differences cost variances provide a basis for control reporting.

Budgetary control is applied to the system management control and accounting in which all budgeted expenditure

THE ACCOUNTANT, THE FINANCIAL MANAGER AND THE TAX OFFICIALS CONCEPTION OF DEPRECIATION AND CAPITAL ALLOWANCES IN BUSINESS OPERATION.

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

 

ABSTRACT

The research work attempts to determine the nature and purpose of depreciation and capital with respect to long use assets of enterprises and organizations and determining ways of optimizing these purposes for the benefit of these enterprises and organization.

The research study will be of benefit to enterprises and organization that have standing depreciation policies as it provides recommendations on how to improve on these policies and other enterprises that do not have any depreciation policy apparently because they do not have the where withal or have not grasp the purposes and role of depreciation with respect to long use asset and profit recognition.

A write-up has been done in chapter 2 to illustrate the calculation and other accounting treatment of selected depreciation method and capital allowances for the benefit of enterprises and or persons who may not have had a proper understanding of them.

The research study was carried out in Enugu and its environ and may move appropriately reflect the trend in Nigeria. The problems identified and recommendations made may not have been one hundred percent exhaustive.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Background of the study 1
  • Statement of the problem 4
  • Purpose of the study 5
  • Significance of the study 6
  • Scope and limitation 7
  • Definition of term used 8

CHAPTER TWO

• Related literature review 11
  • Nature , history and development of accounting13

CHAPTER THREE

• Summary
  • Conclusion 24
  • Recommendation 25
  • Bibliography 26

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are few if there is any business enterprises or organization that do not make use of fixed assets in one form or the other in their operations.

A sole proprietorship form of business unit for example a barrier or a retailer has fixed assets in the form of furniture and fittings, sheds or kiosk, mirror etc. The poor woman in the street who runs a retail shop may not find it very possible to manage without such things are shop, a table to display her wares and a chair and benches for herself and her customers.

Even in big business unit engaged in either extracting or manufacturing processes require plants and machineries, furniture and other which constitute fixed assets. Suffice it to say in almost every productive venture.

Prudent management of business therefore requires that contributions made by these fixed assets when employed directly or indirectly in generating income or revenue for an enterprise be adequately recognized. Equally important is the need to recover fund expended on these fixed assets which may if possible be used in replacing such assets when they are finally put out of use because of one reason or the other. All these and others are depreciation recounting aims at fulfilling.

Depreciation may therefore be defined as “the loss in value of an asset due to wear and tear and deterioration, usually the loss in value is due primarily to wear and tear”. But it does sum to the researcher that financial analysts including of course the accountants regard depreciation as a systematic procedure of allocation not an accurate mathematical measure of the cost or value of a long use asset (fixed asset) over it’s useful life.

In other words depreciation is provision against conducting the business during the effective useful life of such asset and is not depended on the amount of profit earned. One may say that it is somewhat arbitrary computed and charged against income or revenue as other expenses.

This form of expense (Depreciation) apparently because of its nature is not allowed by the Board of Inland Revenue as deductible form profit for tax purposes. Capital allowances are rather allowed and deducted from profit, which will eventually be taxed.

The reasons for non-recognition of depreciation and its replacement with capital allowance as discovered were enumerated.

Capital allowance in definable as, allowances claimable by traders or self employed persons in respect of capital asset s which they use in their business, trade or profession in earning business income and which have suffered diminution in value during an accounting period”.

Capital allowances are uniform for each class of capital asset depending on cost of acquisition depreciation policy and method adopted.

 

1.1   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• This study entitled “the accountant, the financial manger and the tax official conception of depreciation and capital allowance as regards profit recognition by enterprises as regards profit recognition by enterprises organization.
• To examine what financial analysts including accountant lookup to depreciation and capital allowance as serving.
• To determine to what extent these purpose are being achieved, and ways of improving on them.
• To determine the place of capital allowance in payable by such enterprises.

To determine whether depreciation and capital allowances serve the same purpose and if determine why one concept has not been discarded for the o

EFFECFTIVE INTERNAL CONTROL AS THE BASIS FOR PREVENTION AND DEDECTION OF FRUAD IN BANK IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF AFRIBANK. PLC ENUGU)

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
  • Background of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Purpose of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Research questions
  • Limitation of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of related literal control
  • Organization of internal control
  • What is fraud of in banking industry
  • Sources form and causes of fraud in our banks
  • The effect and danger of fraud in our banks
  • The law relating to and the legal process of protecting fraud in bank
  • Common fraudulent practices
  • Technique of internal control
  • The plan of a typical bank
  • Authorization recording and custody procedures
  • Managerial supervision and review
  • Audit quality control measure
  • The main objectives of audit quality country summary of related review. Literature

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology
  • Research design
  • Area of study
  • Population for the study
  • Sample and sampling procedure
  • Instrument for data collection
  • Reliability of reason instrument
  • Validation of research instrument
  • Method administration of research instrument
  • Method of analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data presentation and results

• Summary of result (Finding)

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion conclusion and recommendation
  • Discussion of result
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations
  • Reference
  • Questionnaire

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE (4.1) Table showing respondents opinion on effective of internal control at Adri bank

 

Table (4.2) table showing the adequacy of respondents attitude and perception of banking operation and transaction

 

Table (4.3) Table showing respondent opinion on the extent of loan losses and bad debt occurrence in Afr bank

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Even since the inception of the first three successful indigenous banks in Nigeria, the National Bank of Nigeria established on February 11^th 1933, the Agbommagbe Bank (now wema Bank Nig Plc) in 1945, The African continental Bank Plc in 1947 and others subsequently established in the country  during the period from  1952 when the first banking ordinance was enacted to regulate  and control the activities of commercial banks in the country till present day, prand have remarried a permanent feature in our banking industry.

During the free banking era (between 1892 and 1952) there was no form of banking act or ordinance to regulate the stabilities shipment and operation of commercial bank. There are as it is presently supervised. Many bank were registered. Some of did not open their doors for  business ever for a day while some simply collected customers deposits and varnished. This had resulted to the deprivation of our economy an as a whole the much needs fund for development and  depriving individual the hard earned funds, this also brought about loss of faith trust on the commercial banks by Nigeria and the subsequent under developed banking habit in the country

However, with the introduction of the first banking ordinance in 1952 and the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) ordinance in 1958 to regulate and control the activities of commercial banking in the country fraud in commercial banks have rather increased in size, and method used by fraudster acquires greater  sophistication day by day. Presently with the introduction or modern banking procedures ie improved communication system, automatic electronic gadgets and computers networks into our banking system coupled with various precautionary measures taken by banks. To prevent fraud in the banks fraud have rather taken unclear dimension and the six and form involved increase in a geometric progression. Other Amptiam in his articles obstacle o growth of baking industry saw that it was discovered during investigation that bank now take extra precaution before clearing a cheque because of rampant incident of fraud and forgeries the form of fraud has placed banks loss on the average of # 1m per each working day of the year in Nigeria Asimi kola in his own article “The cash economy phenomenon” also observed that fraud has become sophisticated as to make forget cheque book good the owner to confirm it as his own signature recently in the bid curb the grand fraud, CBN issued a directive to bank to increase it capital base to # 25 billion. Previously section a of the decree 1990 state that, the minimum paid up capital for bank is #50 million for commercial bank. This directive come up after several bank has been discovered to have defrauded it is customers mostly foreign investors. In this required .

Bankers in a bid to reduce the size and rapid occurrence of fraud in their bank now take adequate precautionary measure before clearing cheques drawn their customers accounts. These precautionary measures bring into  focus another problem facing commercial banks,. The problem of time wastage in the banking hall. Ashimi Kola in his article also said that customer waits a minimum of about two hours in banking hall  of Nigeria banks to cash their money. This is one of the  most legitimate criticisms of the quality of  bank services. The checking process is long and by the time a cheque is released to cashier for payment, the customer is frustrated and perhaps Rast asleep among feering crowd. This calls for an overhaul of the checking and control system. E above being the general situation of things in commercial banking fraud is there fore number one enemy to all concerned with growth and development of banks., the intention of this research work therefore aimed at identification of the fraud on Nigerian economy in general and on Afribank Nigeria plc Enugu in particular  and recommend more functional measure that will help in the prevention and to reduction of fraud in commercial bank in Nigeria.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The focus of this study is to provide evidence bearing on the nature and factors leading to ineffective management in bank, also it actually evaluates the uneremental effect of FRUAD and finally shows INTERNAL CONTROL as a basis to prevention and detection of fraud.

 

• INADEQUATE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Owing to perculias nature of banks in trading on financial asset and liabilities, there is high  propensity towards fraudulent manipulation by both employees and those outside the bank to install internal control system that will help to eliminate stop and arrest fraudulent tendencies and ensure effectiveness in performance of its functions. It is the  function of the internal control

Unlit to assist management in achieving effective. The  consequences of lack of adequate internal control system in direct and financial term can not be over whelmed. Thus

THE EFFECT OF FISCAL POLICY IN DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA ECONOMY

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

Economic policy i.e. dominated by monetary and fiscal policies. Other policies include income, prices employment, trade and industry, money supply and government expenditure are two cardinal tools of monetary and fiscal policies respectively.

Fiscal policy i.e. defined as the use of government expenditure, taxes,

Borrowing and financial administration to further national economic objectives, government uses it’s expenditure and revenue activities to effect desired change in income production prices and employment, these changes concern national economic objective, which are targets at monetary policies using as many at their respective tools as may be deemed efficacious and appropriate.

These i.e. consensus that fiscal and monetary policy, jointly and individually affect the level of economic activities on which policies focus. The degree relative superiority at one instrument over the other in achieving these objective has varies among policies makers and economics, and tentative resolutions and attempted empirically for different countries and different periods and circumstances.

Therefore this paper is made up of three sections including the introduction. Section two deals with presentation at 1999 fiscal year. Data end evidence. The paper concluded in section three with the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND

The economics on any country negates of its structure i.e. largely regulated by certain policies developed by the government. It could be either economic policies or social policies among the other policies. How ever the economic policies are more fundamental due to its contribution both individual and firms.

The economic factor are crucial because it also serve as a foundation for the successes of the other policies at the government. The constitute element of these economic polices need to be manipulated and most of them simultaneously for the designed results. It also followed that the techniques of manipulation of economic factor play vital role in determining the effectiveness and efficient implementation at the policy strategy in achieving the desired goal. One of the essential aim of economics policies is the fiscal policies [as it elates to government source of revenue and expenditure] serves as means of planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating the tempo at activities in the economy. Fiscal policies in itself  can be said to be made up of specific course of action involving the formulation at ten structures and expenditure patterns. The direction of these expenditure and taxes are specific in nature for designed result or changes.

Fiscal policies as a key to economic resulting and development as been in existence before the world was many economist had advocated theories as a means to economic prosperity from the destruction at the world war. But in the early 20^th century Lord Maqnard, John keys put forward an articulated and constructive solution to solving economic problem. Lord keys in his book explain that the revamping of an economic could be achieved through the redirection at government expenditure from war machines to soft loan to increase investment, generate employment and consequently increase aggregate demand as a means of getting hold on the hyper inflection that exist after the second world war.

In Nigeria, the earliest known from at fiscal policy were those established by the British administration as for bank as the 19th century, the political structure at them was complex due to existence of the indigenous government under crisis, obasi, obonyis, obi’s etc along with the colonial masters.

The situation there that was payment  for administration of the country were made to the British government. The British government’s policy on revenue for development was adopted from

Dr Larl Grey report in 1952 in which he advocated economic development  amongst on civilized people through self determination under the British supervision. The policy seemed to suit Nigeria because of the existence of local authorizes and this led to an in directive rule policy.

The revenue generation method which was based on duties paid on imparted goods was pursued because it avoided the distruption of the indigenous social land economic system and its incidence did not directly affect the average Nigeria. In addition to revenue form duties, the British government supplemented with annual and direct grant to Lagos. The financial however began to divide due to increased public criticism in British against the spreading at British influences in west Africa. It stopped in 1810 after it educed from 5,000 to 2,000 in 1862,1863 and 1865 respectively.

The expenditure was solely directed towards improving and comfort at the British officers and maintenance at law and order. The revenue and expenditure reforms also increased considerably well into the 20^th century.

However, in these modern times, fiscal policies as a not developed/ formulated isolation. They are formulated and Implement with an aim of having a synchronized approach to tacking economic problems. The generally accepted fiscal policy measures incorporate well economic of a means at reducing adverse effects that may arise thus reducing the standard of living of the citizens at the country.

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The problem at the study is to determine at the general note and problem and prospects at the effect of fiscal policy in developments at general economy and implementation at the structural adjustment program was still on the main problem and the year fiscal policy of the developments at Nigeria economy.

• OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

• To examine the fiscal policies formulated in Nigeria from 1996-2000
• To identify the roles they have planted in the development of the Nigeria economy.
• To determine if these role have seen consist with stated objectives of the government.

To determine the extent at implementation at formulated

THE IMPLICATION OF NIGERIA VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) ON THE PAYERS.

A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE.

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ABSTRACT

 

A  research  into the implications of Nigerian value Added Tax [VAT] on the payers [ a case study of Enugu State ] cannot be over –emphasized .

In pursuance of this investigation , the research used both primary source  of data collection , like oral  interview as well as secondary sources such as textbooks , Journals ,Magazines and professional bodies . The data collection were then analysis using simple percentage , pie chart and the chi- square .

It will be noted that any VAT depends  on the value Added and there is no way VAT could  be attempted in isolation of this value Added. Since VAT also depends on income and profitability of individuals and companies, the quest for VAT should be planned and coordinated

Effect was made in this research work to investigate on the constraints encountered in the imposition of VAT and also in the recommendation were given the way of overcoming them .

This study is obvious if we should realize that this work will enable us to know this contribution from VAT has helped in the Nigerian general economy so far and know if it worth it or not.

The project is divided into five chapters in which the first chapter deals with the introductory part , statement of the problem, purpose of the study , significance of the study, research hypotheses , scope and limitations and definition of terms.

Chapter tow deals with review of related literature as related to VAT  and as it affects the tax payers, definition of VAT. The evolution of Value Added Tax , why modified value added tax in Nigeria , sales tax and value added tax , value added tax in Nigeria and the implication of VAT don the tax payers .

Chapter three deals with  research design and methodology  used , primary , secondary, sources of data analysis , population and sampling procedures.

In chapter four was discussed , define presentation and analysis and testing of hypothesis

Chapter five finally deals with findings , conclusion and recommendation.

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1    statement of problem

• Purpose of study
• Significance of the study
• Research hypothesis
• Limitation scope of the study
• Definition of terms

 

    CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 The value added tax defined

2.2 Evolution of value added tax

2.3 Why modified value added tax  in Nigeria

2.4 Sales tax and value added tax

2.4Value added tax in Nigeria

2.6 The implication of VAT on the taxpayers

 

     CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Geographical area of the study

3.2 Target population

3.3 Sampling size and procedure

3.4 Data collection techniques

3.5 Questionnaire design

3.6 Administration of instrument and validity

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data presentation and analysis

4.1 Data presentation

4.2 Test of hypotheses

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations

5.1 Findings

5.2 conclusions

5.3 Recommendations

BIBLOGRAPHY

APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

 

      INTRODUCTION

Taxes in modern economics are the most important source of government revenue. The are compulsory levies that are regularly imposed, and as a rule, not designated for a special purpose they are regarded as a contribution to the general revenue pool from which most government expenditure are financed.

Taxation occupies a principal position in the Nigerian economy as in other countries. Value – Added –Tax was introduced in Nigeria currently to replace the old sales tax. The old sales tax, has been in operation under the federal government legislated decree No 7 of 1986, but it is operated on the basis of residence

However , the newly introduced value added tax is operated under the federal government legislated decree No 102 of July 1993. VAT  is a form of indirect tax whose burden is shifted from the manufacturers through the distribution channels to the final consumer who then bears the final burden

Value added tax came into effect on 1^st January 1994 the tax is a tax on consumption. VAT is a multi stage tax which is impose on goods and services as they pass through the various stages in the business chain. From manufacturing, importation through wholesales to relating.  The payment is borne by the final consumer because it is included n the selling price ,it’s administration involves a credit mechanism system whereby a taxable person who is charged tax on the supplies to his entitled to set off that tax against the tax charged by him is supply to other persons , this making him only accountable for the excess of the tax on the supplies from him over the tax on the supplies to him.

The tax paid or payable by a taxable person on the importation of a business carried on by him is known as his ‘input tax’ while the tax paid on the supplies made by him  is known as his ‘out put tax’. The VAT payable in essence is the output tax , less input tax.

The tax on the supply of goods or services is chargeable only where:-

• The supply is a taxable supply and
• The goods and services are supplied by a taxable person in the course of a business carried on by him and is payable by the person supplying the goods and services .

       VAT in Nigeria is computed at a flat rate of 5% of the price of the goods and services. This is affected on behalf of the government by business and organization that have registered for VAT purpose . VAT is operated by over ,sixty countries including some countries on the west of Africa .

In Nigeria , two agencies of the muted nations organization the international monetary fund [IMP] and the world bank which are closely identified with the establishment and monitoring of the structural Adjustment programme [SAP] had since 1987 been advising that the Nigeria tax system need to be reformed so that the government  will be  less dependant on the petroleum revenue  generation .

In an attempt  to effect this reformation of tax system , the federal government set up two tax study groups in 1991 . The federal ministry of finance and economies development set up one study group to study and make recommendation on the reforms needed in direct taxes in Nigeria . The federal ministry of budget and planning set up another study group which   is more relevant to our study on indirect taxes and inaugurated on 26^th April in 1991 with the objectives of among other to :

-Shift  taxation towards consumption rather than saving .

• Improve the administration of indirect taxes.
• Provide incentives for export production.
• Maintain a fairly ever tax incidence.
• Reduce dependence on oil revenue.

The general guideline for the establishment of value added tax in Nigeria was given by this committee . value Added tax was introduced into Nigeria economy tax  system in January 1^st  , 1994 ,following the elegant provision of decree No .102 of July , 1993 but it has been in operation in other countries before it was  introduced in Nigeria .

In the Nigeria context, it is a consumption tax of five percent [5%] imposed on every vat able goods and services of every stage of production

The buyers of goods and services in the case of value Added tax are taxed and this is country to sales tax where the produces or sellers of goods and services pay the tax .

The final cousumers of these vat able goods and service bear the burden of the tax . AS a result the project topic which form the  center of the study that is the implications of VAT on the payers .

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Much as it is known that VAT will increase the  revenue base of Nigeria , it cannot be free from some problem . In view of the compulsory nature of and strong aversion of tax [VAT] payment effects must be constitute  made to make any tax system as attractive and as conveniently as possible .

This can be achieved by regularly evaluating the tax system with a known set  of criteria  modified to suit the pervading circumstance of time .

The Question which this reseach work aims at answering could be summarized into  the following problem statement :

1Corporate performance could be improved upon under  the value added tax. How realistic is this assu