THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN THE PRESENT NIGERIA ECONOMIC SITUATION (A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY) I.M.T

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

ABSTRACT

Budgeting have a role to play in this present economic development of Nigeria.  Budgeting which is defined as “A financial statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of true of the policy to be purpose of attaining that period for the purpose of attaining a given objectives is primarily a process of planning and control.  A well prepared budget provides management with a planned programme based on research by the entire organization.  In addition, a carefully planned budget, provides owing to co-ordination the various actions of the organization.  Budgeting is the most comprehensive financial technology widely used within an organization.  When it is properly applied as a management process and toll it unites all parts of the institution and all aspects of management task into one complete management approach to profitability.

Budgeting positions one’s mind of the actual result or outcome with the predetermined plan.  In other words, with good budgeting, the result of every effort can be forecasted.  Through a good budgeting by exports there will be a standard economy, Budgeting reduces wastage of manpower, it also reduces wastage of finance.

Therefore, in order to avoid problems in carrying or preparing budget, budgeting should be carried out exactly there way it is being laid down by the experts if there is any correction or variation to be made in future, the experts should be involved.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                 1

1.1     Background of the study                                                   3

1.2     Statement of problem                                                         4

1.3     Objective of the study                                                        7

1.4     Hypothesis/Research Question                                           8

1.5     Significance of the study                                                   8

1.6     Scope/Limitations of the study                                           9

1.7     Definition of terms                                                            10

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature                                                          13

2.1     History of Budgeting                                                         13

2.2     Early History of inflation                                                   15

2.3     Control of inflation                                                            18

2.4     Accounting views in I.M.T                                                20

2.5     Different views in Budgeting                                             20

2.6     Budgeting process                                                             23

Reference                                                                           25

CHAPTER THREE                          

Research design and area for the study                                        27

3.1          Population of the study                                                      28

3.3     sample and sampling procedure                                         28

3.4     instrument for data collection                                             28

3.5     method of administration of the instrument                       29

3.6     Method Of Data Analysis                                                 29

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation                                                                         31

4.1     Data Analysis                                                                    32

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation.            58

5.1          Summary of findings                                                         58

5.2          Conclusion                                                                        59

5.3     Recommendation                                                               60

5.4     Suggestion for Further Study                                            60

Research methodology                                                      27

Research design and area for the study                                        27

3.2          Population of the study                                                      28

3.3     sample and sampling procedure                                         28

3.4     instrument for data collection                                             28

3.5     method of administration of the instrument                       29

3.6     Method of Data Analysis                                                  29

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation                                                                         31

4.1     Data Analysis                                                                    32

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation.            58

5.3          Summary of findings                                                         58

5.4          Conclusion                                                                        59

5.3     Recommendation                                                               60

5.4     Suggestion for Further Study                                            60

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The world generally had been in a state of permanent economic crisis for quite sometime, every government and organization (public and private) round the globe is faced with the issue of how to combat economic depression and stablize their economic affairs.

In Nigeria presently, there has been the problem of unexecuted plans and abandoned project by the federal and state governments and industries not because there was no completion fund to compound these project to completion, but because of lack of well certiculated plans and control measure coupled with scarcity of resources.  Institute of Management and Technology for instance have such projects, which have been abandoned for years such as the uncompleted building in campus 11, the research institution (Bakassi) and many others.

Because of the above mentioned the researcher has decided to vary out her project titled “The role of budgeting in the present Nigeria situation”.” Budgeting evolved to and management optimize scarce resources which  have alternative uses.  Tertiary institution being a non – profit making organization requires stability and order units affairs in the face of inflationary  economic situation facing Nigeria currently.

There has been to be a more certain long to improve the management function of planning and control so as to be able to find its activities and projects adequately, this is on explanation for the growing interest in the role of budgeting.  Although, budgeting has been scourced by some as exercise in futility because of is depending upon the fore casting future events which cannot be fore told with precision is yet being found by most business executive to be the best to find a tranquil harbour in the storm battered world economy.

Budgeting which is defined as a financial statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of time of the polving to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining of given objective.  (Moore, C. L. and Jaedike, R. K. Managerial Accounting 5^th ed. (USA; S.W. Publishers (1980): is primarily a process of planning and control. A well-prepared budget provides management with a planned programmed based on research by the entire organization.  in addition, a carefully planned budget provides away to co-ordinable and various actions of the organization.

There are many write-ups in books, journal, magazines and newspaper on budgeting both this project will critically examine its examine its role in non-profit making organization, especially to institution of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu.

1.1          BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The Institute of Management and Technology came into life as a result of the merging of two schools – institute of Administration and college of Technology in April, 1972.

In October of the same year a provisional council of the proposed new Institute was appointed by the cast controls state government.  the council was commissioned to determine and recommend to the government the Institute that would produce high quality technologists as well as Professional Managerial Manpower in subject areas directed by the state and national needs.  The council submitted its reports in early April, 1983.

On 31^st May 1973, ediction No. 10 of 1973 titled “The Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu (Source Senior Staff Establishment of IMT Enugu).

1.2          STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Polytechnics and other Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria or edicts by the government as a non-profit making organization most of their capital and recurrent expenditures are being financed by the federal and state government.  And they are regarded as government parastatals.  Financing, Tertiary Institute in Nigeria requires a huge human and material resources especially with their ever increasing number disciplines students, and staff coupled with the recent economic situation the role of funding the tertiary institute has become too heavy for the

THE ROLE Of AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK IN NIGERIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

1.1     Objective Of The Study

1.2     Significance Of The Study

• Slope And Limitation Of The Study
• Definition Of Term

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Financial Institutions And Economic Development

2.2     Rationale For Development Of Banking And Expected Roles.

2.3     Role Of Development Banks

2.4     History And Operation Of ADB

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     Summary Of Funding

3.2     Conclusion

3.3     Recommendations

Bibliography

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

The urgent need to establish a financial institution that will carter for the development of various sector of the African economy brought about the emergence of the African development bank. Also when the African government realized that the central bank are commercial banks could not provide bring financial developmental services, the development banks were specially established to bring the gap.

The objective of the research is to appraise the activities of ADB and highlight the efforts that ADB plays in acceleratory the economic development in Nigeria and African in general.

The study examined the banking history the evaluation of mechanism of credit from the civilization of antiquity to its organization as in banking toclary was examined.

Thus the researcher recommends among others that capital of the bank be increased by regional members and should cease from tending to countries who persistently refuse to pay their debt.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Economics development has always constructed a major concern of most of government in both development and developing countries.

In achieving this economic development, the setting up of financial institution is always the first step to be taken having recognized the importance of finance in economic development.

The mainstream business of banking enterprise retune banking and practiced by specialist institutions. While these categories of banks share a common role of facilitating the mobilizational conversion of resource into invertible funds they differ in their economic objective and investment policies. Where as the commercial and merchant banks are propelled and sustained in the investment activities in the drive towards profit maximization for the benefit of a social subgroup comprising shareholders, worker creditors and associated interest.

 

1.2     THE OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The sole aim of this study is an extensive research into the whole system the bank (ADB) in order to identity the constraints to optional operation the bank and to recommend solution to it.

1. To appraisal if the activities of ADB and highlight the effort that it play in accelerating the economic development of African countries.
2. What recommendations could be made in order to enable the bank to better meet its mandate.

iii.      What are problems facing the bank

1. What are the performed by ADB in order to accelerate the pace of African development in Africa:

 

1.3     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          The dominance of the banking industry in the financial system and relative importance to the health of the economy

A SURVEY OF THE HIGH RATE OF FAILURE IN SHORTHAND IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SECRETARIAL STUDIES (IMT) ENUGU.

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

CHAPTERT ONE

• Introduction
  • Background to the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • The objective or purpose of the study
  • Scope or Delimitation of the study
  • Research Question
  • Hypothgesis
  • Significance of the study

CHAPTER  TWO

• Literature Review
  • Mastery
  • Basic skills
  • Aural comprehension
  • Method of teaching

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology
  • Research Design
  • Area of study
  • Population of the study
  • Sample and sampling produce
  • Instrument for data collection
  • Validation reliability of the research instrument
  • Method of administration of research instrument
  • Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and result

Summary of result finding

 

 CHAPTER FIVE

• discussion, Implication, recommendation
  • Discussion of result
  • Conclusion
  • Implications of the results
  • Recommendations
  • Suggestion for further research
  • Limitations of the study

References.

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This dissertation is concerned with the survey of the high rate of failures in shorthand. This enables the researcher to have a broad and elaborate knowledge of the problem faced by shorthand students and how they can be tackled.

Shorthand, formally known as phonograhy is an art; a time saving system of writing by sound. The advantage can be blurted due to the excessive rate of failure.

This dissertation covers the background of the study problem and signification of shorthand. It discusses some of the concepts that will be of immense help to the writer such as mastery, basic skills, aural comprehension and method of teaching research methodology and   design used by the researcher in this study is also discussed.

The and  it is of the data collected were also presented. A survey of the high rate of failures in shorthand were also enumerated.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

BACKROUND TO THE STUDY

Shorthand is the art of representing spoken sounds by written signs pitman shorthand  provide a ways of  representing every sound heard in English words.

Samaha (1973: 112)  defines shorthand as a method of writing rapidly by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols for letters, words or phrases.

Isaac pitman published the first edition of his shorthand system in 1837. He spent half  a century improving it, and the great work has since been continued by several generations of expert writer and teachers.

Millions have used this system as a means of earning a livelihood, and today, throughout the world wherever accurate and immediately  legible recording of  spoken English is reguired in parliament and congresses of every size.

Isaac pitman devised his system after profound and epock making study of the phonetic structure of the English language. The system is a result of his scientific analysis. Systems before pitman and even systems in use today, could achieve speed only through the laborious memorization of hundreds of special forms and arbitrary abbreviations. In pitman shorthand speed and facility of writing and safety of   reading are achieved by following a coherent and comprehensive scheme: each individual sound has its signs and  sounds of the same family have signs with an appropriate family likeness, after a little practice the signs seen to produce  themselves like snapshots from the sounds and the sounds themselves seem to speak from the written page.

Historians date the beginning of shorthand with the Greek historian xenophobe, who used an ancient Greek system to write the memos of secretes. In the fourth century B.C Marcus Tulluis Tiro, a secretary to the Roman Orator cecero, invented a  shorthand system called Tiroman According to stoddard and scalter good (1983:93) the time that Tiro invented his system was not quite clear and some people so as far as to say that he stole a system used in Greece. However, most  agree that  Tiro’s notes were the first organized system that enabled a writer to  take down notes as fast as they were  said.

Although, shorthand writing has undergone many modifications since its invention, the gregg and pitman methods are the beast known system using symbols. About 1913, shorthand  written by machine was introduced and Gregg simplified version of shorthand written by machine was introduced in 1949 revised in 1963) and in the latter part of 20^th century, the use of shorthand machines became widespread.

In 1973, institute of management and technology started offering secretarial study as a course.

In 1989, the N B Y E introduced advanced transcription in the curriculum and course specification studies lectures in this department relied on dictation and general principles and techniques of writing and subsequently transcription in type writer. Shorthand and has been the bare of most students. Shorthand as the name suggests spells terror and doom to the students with exeption of a far.

The pitman organization has carried out series of research and emerged with some teaching methods, techniques and even the publication of books, programmed to enable students so through this course with minimum rata of failure. However   the government  infura approved several commercial schools and colleges where shorthand is being taught attend extra classes in the   evening. Like institute of management and technology, students are being divided  into groups to create attentiveness  and interest from the students.

Inspite of these the problem of high rate of failures in shorthand still persist.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Shorthand in business today is basically English. Writers/ students in this country have had to endure lots of problems in the writing of shorthand due largely good facilitators ignorance on the part of student etc. this leads to the high rate of failures in shorthand.

The problem of shorthand is not hinged on the subject propert. Most students come in with already ill convinced belief that shorthand is a difficult subject; every subject is difficult, and there are experts in all subject. This has been identified as contributory toward students high rate of failures in the subject, shorthand like mathematics is expected to have its peculiar methods and problems among others. Student ill-convinced motion that shorthand is a difficult subject inflicted a lot of psychological damage to their understanding of shorthand. It gave rise to many needs and imagined problems which hinder the much desired progress in shorthand. Some students are interested in the course but when they encounter minor problems, their interest fizzle out, the high rate of f

 

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF BANK FRAUD AND MALPRACTICE IN NIGERIA

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AFRIBANK, UNION BANK AND UBA PLC.

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

ABSTRACT

Frauds and Malpractice are gradually becoming rampant and a daily occurrences in our banking industry while the bank management are busy working out means of detecting, checking frauds and malpractice, the frauders on the other end are busy designing new methods of circumventing those measures in conjunction with some dishonest bank staff. It should be pointed out that the effect destabilizes banks not only that, hinders growth of banks and attaining their aims and objectives or goals. Hence we have good number of distressed banks now in our country.

The menance ranges from falsification of entries, forgery of signatures of account holders, spurious letter of credit, theft and bank cashiers and outsiders, telex fraud to mention but a few.

The objectives of this research work is therefore to carryout survey and investigation on the major causes of frauds and malpractices in the banking industry with reference to Afribank (Plc), Union Bank (Plc), and the UBA (Plc) in Enugu zone.

The project also evaluated various forms of fraud and malpractice that can be existence, relating to this project in examining the problems, the researcher used both primary and secondary data.

In conclusion, the researcher believes that this study has some how achieved its predetermined aims and objectives by identifying various ways by which frauds and malpractice will be reduced if not prevented or even put to a stop by analyzing possible frauds and malpractice and possible ways of preventing them.

Finally, this report is primary a prelude to the student undertaking similar works in related discipline as the writer due to the constraints encountered could not go beyond this scope. This project finally worked out ways of preventing or reducing the above problems.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                              1

BACKGROUND OF STUDY                                                 2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                                         5

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                              7

SCOPE, LIMITATION, DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY        8

HYPOTHESIS                                                                  11

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY                                           12

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE                                                 13

WHAT IS FRAUD AND MALPRACTICE                                13

SOURCES, FORMS AND CAUSES                                       14

THE EFFECT OF BANK FRAUD AND MALPRACTICE             16

CHAPTER THREE

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION            18

REFERENCES                                                                   23

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Banking activities in Nigeria dates back to the free banking era between 1895 when the first bank, the African banking corporation were enacted in Nigeria.

In the free-banking period (1892-1952) there were no banking acts neither were there any ordinances to regulate the establishment and operation of commercial banks in Nigeria, many banks were registered some of which did not mean business while others simply collected customers deposits and vanished. This derailed the economy of valuable funds needed for development and individuals of their herd earned funds. This also brought about loss of faith and trust in the commercial banks by Nigerians.

However, even with the introduction of the first banking ordinance in 1952 and the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) ordinance in 1958 to regulate and control the activities of commercial and merchant banks in the country, fraud and malpractice have increased in size and the method used required greater sophistication by the day.

Fraud in our banks involves summary techniques or forms such as: forgeries of bank instruments like: Drafts, cheque, vouchers, letters of authority, falsification of accounts and records and cash fraud. From past records the assumptions is that dishonest or misappropriation or rather fraud in which ever form, succeed only with the aid of bank employees who conceive with disguised customers wearing innocent faces. Inefficiency and negligence in terms of leadership or supervisory roles on the part of the bank officials constitute yet another headway through which dishonesty, fraud parse prevail or succeed in our banks. This can manifest as prescribed by the industry.

Presently, with the introduction of modern banking proceeding improved communication system, automotive electric gadgets and computers into banking industry, frauds have rather gone nuclear dimension inspite of the wonderful nature of the computer and all the precautionary measures taken by banks to prevent fraud in their banks. The amount involved in fraud nowadays have increased in geometric progression. Olaleye Amupiten in his articles on “obstacles to growth of banking industry” said that “it was discovered during investigations that banks now take extra precaution before clearing a cheque because of  rampant incident of frauds and forgeries, which a bank boss placed on the average of N1million per each working day of the year in Nigeria.

Banking in a bid to reduce the incessant occurrence of frauds in their banks, now take adequate precautionary measures before clearing cheque drawn on their customers accounts. Those adequate precautionary measures give rise to another problem facing commercial banks that is the problem of time wastage in the banking halls. Ashimi Kola in his article also said that “customers wait a minimum of about two hours in the banking halls of Nigerian banks to cash their money. This has been one of the most legitimate criticism of the quality of banking services. The checking process is long and by the time a cheque is released to the cashier for payment the customer is frustrated and perhaps had fallen asleep. This calls for an overhaul of the checking and control system.

The above gives light of the general situation of things commercial banks. Fraud is therefore a major enemy to all concerned with the growth and development of our banks. The intention of this research work is therefore, aimed at the identification of the causes of fraud in our banks, the effects or consequences of banks frauds in Nigeria economy and also to recommend more functional measures that will help in the minimization and control of frauds.

 

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In recent times, bank frauds dominate the front pages of our daily newspapers, such striking and easily called to the mind headlines include: “cashier nabbed over N80000”, “Accountant arrested and two escaped”, “And three forfeit N3 million, “Men of “419” invaded banks”, “large scale fraud in banks”, just to mention but a few.

The industry has continued to witness increased number of frauds and malpractice with varying degree of sophistication. It was reported by the Nigeria deposit insurance corporation (NDIC) that “Banking industry has lost about N1 billi

PROPER ACCOUNTING AND BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ENUGU STATE

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

ABSTRACT

As regards the rapid increase in the socio economic problems of this nation, the wastage of millions of naira at project sites and the collapse of our economic sectors especially the financial houses, the writer decided to survey the avenues in which these wasted funds could be curtailed and our economic problems ameliorated.

Based on these assumption most of these problems arose as a result of poor budgetary and economic policy implementation. On this note, the writer introduced the study in chapter one of this project with a clear statement of problems inherent in poor budgetary plans and implementation.

In chapter two which is on review of related literature, there was effort made in definition of budget. All definitions have one thing in common that budget is an estimate and refers to future.

Chapter three states the design and methodology which include the sources of data, interview questions samples used and method of investigation.

 

Chapter four is the data analysis collected, the questions and questionnaire are analysed with number, percentage and degree of respondents affirmed to a particular answer.

The chapter five and last chapter contains findings, conclusion and recommendations.

In conclusion, it is hoped that our planners and policy implementers should learn a lot from the write up and change the phase of our economy in Enugu state to a right and benefiting system.

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION 1
  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2
  • STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS 4
  • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 10
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 11
  • HYPOTHESIS 13
  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 14
  • DEFINITION OF TERMS 16

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 21
  • MEANING OF GOVERNMENT BUDGET21
  • OBJECTIVE OF BUDGET 33
  • CONTENTS OF BUDGET DOCUMENT 35
  • BUDGETARY PROCEDURES 37
  • REPETITIVE BUDGETING 47
  • EFFECTS OF INFLATION ON BUDGET 51

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
  • SOURCES OF DATA 53
  • INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 55
  • SAMPLE USED 57
  • METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 59

CHAPTER FOUR

• PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
  • TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS 62

CHAPTER FIVE

• FINDINGS
  • CONCLUSIONS 90
  • RECOMMENDATIONS 92

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                    96

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                98

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Proper accounting: The word proper means strict decorous of decent. It could be actual in conformity to the expected rule. Then accounting entails responsibility, answerable for or held in charge. Therefore merging these two words proper accounting we can coin them to be decorous or decent responsibility.

In this case, the question may be is there any proper accountability in our private and public sectors from the very beginning of our independence till this very moment. These few words proper accounting have been very vital in the restructuring of any economic system of any nation. The cause of every coup detats in Nigeria and the world at large is nothing but mainly for the sales of proper accountability. General Buhari and general idiagbon aggressive came into power for the quest of proper accountability. And general Abacha crowned the whole thing up by his wide speed of improper accountability.

 

The doom in our banking sector and other financial institutions are matters of attention. Is it the failed contracts, failed parastatals and even the external and internal crisis in our business sectors? All these and many other embezzlement problems that rake the counting have made the writer to probe into some of the matters and look for possible solutions.

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For the past ages, man as a rational and devine animal, has been struggling with procurement of a reasonable standard of living the ways of managing his perpetual inadequate human and material resources to give him its expected maximum utility. The eventful development of a well organized society gave birth to the institution of government.

During the 15^th century, when mercantilism was the order of the day, government had the right to interfere with the economic process to protect the interest of the nation as then seen in the view point of international trade mainly.

During the 18^th century, Adams Smith and other great authors came out with the system of lasses faire”. The system suited its own period but the general depression of the 20^th century showed  that it was not after all an economic panacea ( i.e. economic universal cure) people have to look for other economic solution. At this point, the economic scientists have to enter into the field and researches.

Thus, it was during this time that Keynes out with his own postation. To be precise, during the 1930’s Keynesian economics development and emphased the cyclical movement of economic and the need to tamper such movement by artificially manipulating the through and depressions in the cycle in order to facilitate a better economic order.

In fact, it was policy implication of Keynesian economies that have contributed to the trends which led to economic planning and budgeting as a tool in political administration.

Presently Nigeria as a nation is moving towards the 50^th age of independence. Within the previous 39 years, so many budget have been pronounced and many of them are policies. All these budgets and polices were made to enhance the Nigerian standard of living which is presently nothing to talk about. We had fully experience the poor living standard of the citizens from the date of the nations independence till the present as government promisingly budgets.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Since independence, so many budgets have been made ranging from the federal done to state and local government areas. These budgets when made follow a technique and formulated method of implementations. Another problem is to know if the implementations are the proper ways to follow.

The means by which funds for the realization of this budgets are sourced, the source of this funds and the rendering returns on stewardship rotating to the