BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL AS A TOOL FOR ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE:

• Introduction

1.1     Background

1.2     Objective of the study

1.3     Significant of the study

1.4     Statement of the problem

1.5     Hypothesis formulation

1.6     Scope and limitation of study

1.7     Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO:

• Review of Related Literature

2.1     Budgeting and Budgets

2.2     Typology of budgets for planning and control

2.3     Features of Budgets

2.4     Fundamentals of Budgeting and Budget Administration

2.5     Preparation of Budgets

2.6     Budgetary controls

2.7     Innovation in the area of budget

Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)

• Enugu State Housing Development Corporation

Historical Background

 

CHAPTER THREE:

• Research Design and Methodology

3.1     Source of data

3.2     Research Population

3.3     Sampling method used

3.4     Questionnaire Design

3.5     Description of respondents

3.6     Method of data analysis in the questionnaire

3.7     Analysis of Hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FOUR:

• Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.1     Presentation of data

4.2     Analysis of questionnaires

4.3     Testing of Hypothesis

• Interpretation of Result

 

CHAPTER FIVE:

• Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Discussion of findings

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

Bibliography

ABSTRACT

 

Government and private establishment prepare estimates of income and expenditure which are planned by an organization for a specific period.

Consequent upon this, we aim at finding out how budgets both organized private sector and in government are prepared, used/or applied for effective decision making and for enhancement of profit maximization so to say.

In a bid to achieve good result from the study, it became necessary to work in chapters.

Chapter one: introduction, the research work stated the problem associated with budget and budgetary control in government parastatals, listed the objective, significance of the study, its scope and limitation implying on the study.

Chapter two: reviewed the existing literature in relation to budgetary and budgets.

Chapter three: presented the sources of data used by the researchers.

Chapter four: presented various data collected and their analysis.  The hypothesis was listed using CHI-SQUARE METHOD.

Chapter five: presented the summary of finding, made certain conclusion and suggested various recommendations and measures to improve the budget and budgetary control in government parastatals.

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION:

1.1     BACKGROUND:

The efficiency and effectiveness of the operations of a business depends on the control available to managements in almost every business organization, there are a number of activities going on at the same time such as producing purchasing, distributing, selling and financing a product.  These are interrelated in such a way that they affected the attainment of the organization goals.

The Institute of Cost and Management Accountant (ICMA) defined budget as a financial or quantitative statement prepared and approved prior to defined period of time of the policy to be pursued during the period for the purpose of attaining a given objectives. It may include income, expenditure and the employment of capital.

Therefore, in order to achieve these objectives or goals, the organization must economize resources and discover the means of achieving these goals.  These goals can only be realized when the properly planned use of available resources are controlled and co-ordinated effectively.  Thus a system of managing a business by making forecasts of the different activities and applying a financial value to each forecast becomes imperative.  These forecasts are guided by the formulation and adoption of planned systems such as techniques in budgeting, variance analysis, etc.

Tubbi, J. A. 1982 defined budgetary control as the establishment of departmental budgets relating the responsibilities of the executives to the requirement of a policy, and the continuous comparison of actual with budgeted results either to secure by individual action the objective of that policy or to provide a firm basis for its revision.

It is therefore, germane to say that the level of importance that is attached to this plan and effort made in controlling the variance differ in organizations.  Once the goals are set, which must be based on the detailed analysis of feasibility within the content of the political and social value then the tactical plans will enable it to strive towards its attainment.

Often than not when these plans are put into operation, conditions prevail which tends to cause deviation from the plan and corrective measures are always taken to steer the business back on the right track.  The process already mentioned as it is applied entails budget and its control.  And to lend credence to goal congruence suitable techniques should be applied to specific areas that need special attention hence the measurement of budgeted with actual to arrive at the variance cannot be over-emphasized.  A business is said to be on the right tract if the outcome of the budgeted estimate is favourable as against the actual.  The little that is said concerning this project has not encompassed all avenues in which the subject can aid management decision, rather it should be seen as a guide for people in business.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The primary purpose of this study is four fold.  These are:

• To find out the importance of budgeting and budgetary controls in government parastatals, which has the maximization of profit as its principle business objective.

To determine if there is a connection

APPRAISAL OF FRAUD CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS ( A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK NIGERIA PLC)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION 1
• A SHORT BACKGROUND HISTORY OF FRAUD 3
• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 6
• RESEARCH AND OBJECTIVES 7
• RESEARCH / HYPOTHESIS 8
• RESEARCH / QUESTION 9
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10
• SCOPE / LIMITATION OF STUDY 12
• DEFINITION OF TERMS 14
• REFERENCES 19

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE                          20

• CONCEPT OF FRAUD 21
• CAUSES OF FRAUD 25
• TYPES OF FRAUD 44
• EFFECTS OF FRAUD
• CONTROL FOR FRAUD 61
• REFERENCES 75

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY              78

• POPULATION AND SAMPLE 79
• SOURCE OF DATA 85
• INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION 86
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS 87
• METHOD OF ANALYSIS 88
• RESEARCH QUESTION                                                 88
• METHOD OF TESTING HYPOTHESIS 88
• REFERENCES 89

CHAPTER FOUR

• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 90

4.1     RE – STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                         91

• MAJOR FINDING 92
• DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE AND COLLECTION
• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS FO QUESTIONNAIRE 119
• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF ORAL INTERVIEW119
• TEST FO HYPOTHESIS 122
• REFERENCE

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     SUMMARY OF FINDING , RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION                                                                           134

• SUMMARY OF FINDING 134
• RECOMMENDATIONS 136
• CONCLUSION                               140

APPENDIX                                                                       143

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                       144

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          The bulk of fraud required by the investing sector of most  developed and developing business economics of the world is provided by the bank industry in the main, the service of mobilizing fund from the saving that is simples to the investing  sector provided by the banking industry accounted for the high status the banking industry is place in the development of any economy the rate of economic development of the nation has hence been very closely associated with the effectiveness and efficiency of the banking system of the nation.

Commercial banks as a case study of this research work provided services like acceptance of deposit, size keeping of valuables offering of pieces of advice like on investment, credit create and other business published in the gizatte by the governor of Central bank designated to mean commercial banking business of all the components of the banking system. Incidence of fraud occurrence fraud is also found in other spheres of life in government in commerce government, in commerce and industries.

Special organization have been formed to control it. Interlope tries to deal with it at the international level but it has not been rechecked to the barest minimum neither has it been full eradicated .

Fraud is a complex universal phenomenon, it is rampant in both development and developing countries and varies across time and placed in its magnitude, its effects on administrative, performance development, political economical social culture and attitudinal factors combine in contributive and circular and they extend beyond the boundaries of nation state..

Fraud is matter of individual choice and opportunity. Being human, can individual usually take the advantage sees. The opportunity and he is reasonably convicted he can get always with it the banking sector provides such opportunity in abundance as they deal with cash and near money instrument.

• A SHORT BACKGROUND / HISTORY OF FRAUD IN FIRST BANK

In the history of Nigeria banking. If total of 185 bank were registered by the financial secretary to the colonial administration to carryout banking business. From 1892 –1952 was know as the era of free for all banking. Between this point banking  business blossomed, there were high expectation that trend will continue to improve as a matter of time, but because high expectation never observed. As in the first half of 1950s the industry collapsed. Many banks folded up and involved in frauds in commercial banks alone rose to N1,3777-15 million in 1993  whereas the actual / expected loss from N68.8 million to N241.0 million.

We are aware  that frauds out across all sectors of the  economy an that the size of an enterprises usually determines the value of fraud penetrated we are also not unaware manpower and manpower training poor internal control system inadequate incentive and unsuitable legal framework for dealing with offenders playing the perpetration of frauds.

In addition to these lack of commitment on the part of staff  and the employment pollicies of some banks tend to make frauds and forgeries.  Attractive.

Br that as it may , we consider the higher rate of fraud in bank as clearly unacceptable,  some thing Adriatic ought to be done so urgently stem the tide in view of its image implication for the banking industries and the crises of confidential which it could engender bank customers.

We  therefore large executive and to management of bank to as a mater of urgency to adopt strategies that will block all loopholes that encourage frauds in their organization.

In specific terms we  counsel that banks should critically examine option for prevention and timely detection of fraud and forgeries as these are  likely to scare would be perpetrator’s adequate internal control such as re-deployment of staff and adequate internal without notice should be put in place . Staff should be kept abreast of sophisticated and other development through continuous training.

Bank staff should be adequately remunerated and novitiates to give the best while working with satisfaction.   Poorly remunerated in a banking environment may constitute a menace to the system as temptations are likely to be quited and the urge to a succumb becomes irresistible.

I believe that computerization can go a long way as a strategy for internal control in banks I therefore urge all bank to embrace and install computers in their organizations. Banks must always build into their plans at the beginning of the year. Based on their experience, the  expected amount of loss through frauds during the year in order to anticipate and geared against destabilization of their operations.

No effort should be spared in the fight against this hydraheaded phenomenon in order to reduce to the barest minimum the crisis of confidence that fraud occasion.

 

 

1.3     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          Fraud in bank has become so recurrent in the headlines of our daily paper in such a profuse manner that  they have ceased  to be good captions on these paper in going through paper on flip over pages with headlines of fraud. That not with standing fraud committed has direct or indirect effect on individual or collectively, on the while fraud has contributed the liquidation of so many banks.

Many bank employees have been deprive of their benefits and in liquidation situation, total less of their job is observed on the contrary deposition loss their money as well, the shareholder of the bank loss their money.

Along side, the great role of the banking industry play (which is being challenge by frauds through loss of fund and liquidation of bank) with the degree of fraud observe now if allowed to thrive without the development of new control techniques to prime down the incidence of fraud occurrence in the banking system, the

THE CONCEPT OF COST CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FUNDS.

(A CASE STUDY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF ENUGU STATE MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING).

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

Cost consciousness in the management of public funds is aimed at x-raying the degree to which cost consciousness contributes to the judicious handling of the public fund. This is a job, which is left in the hands of administrators, legislators, Investors as well as the general public. Precautions must therefore be taken to avoid Wastage’s of public fund as a result of wrong planning and execution.

In conducting research on this topic, the researcher hopes to visit the Enugu State Ministry of Finance and  Economic planning and admin ister questionnaire to the top ranked civil servants and administrators in a bid to collect  proper information. This will be based on oral Interview after which critical analysis follows.

So sadly, certain factors would prevent the researcher from getting the whole Information which he requires to write extensively on this topic. Lecturers will be going on in the class thereby making it Impossible for him to go out of school everytime, money is scarce to visit the whole destinations he deam fit, will provide him with much Information’s.

In conclusion therefore, the researcher will suggest that effective management of fund in Enugu State is achievable if; cost monitoring unit is established in the ministry priority is given to profects meant to improve public lives, and reinforcement of the use of warrant in authorization of express from the government treasury.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Research question
• Significance of the study
• Objective of the study
• Statement of hypothesis
• Scope and limitations
• Assumptions
• Definition of terms

References.

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Cost Consciousness and Public Expenditure in Enugu State Ministry of Finance.
• Nature and Process/Framework of Public Sector Accounting.
• Financial Control System in the Public Sector.
• The Budgeting, the Focal Point for Management of Public Funds and Cost Control Compliance with Budgeting Provisions and Recordings the Budget.
• The Use of Financial Warrant in Expenditure Control.
• The role of Internal Audit in Management of Public Funds.
• Investment Criterion and Profect appraised of public sector.
• Cannons of Expenditure in management of public funds

References.

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Sources of Data.
• Sample used.
• Method of Investigation.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF DATA

• Presentation, analysis and Interpretation of Data.
• Analysis of Data.
• Test of Hypothesis.

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINANCE, RECOMMENDATIONS AN D CONCLUSION

References

Bibliography

Appendices.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.

It has been said that government is the largest single industry in every country. This is because, it covers a wide range of human activity. The main purpose of government everywhere in the world is to give some services to prepare who live and  work in the state. how well a government serves its citizens determines the degree of the acceptability and continuity of it. This quest ion of being responsive to the needs and requirements of the governed can be assessed by  the degree of honesty backed by a tested practice of public accountability and prudence in the management of public funds. In a nutshell, it is the government responsibility to see that the publics money is not wasted; that it is used with the greatest  efficiency and is applied only to the purpose which are authorized by law; to achieve this is to b e cost conscious. Strict control over spending of public money should be emphasized if the need is achieved.

This situation in Nigeria has been reported non-handy as regards the management of public funds. Observation an d news of misdirected resources an d misplaced abounded uncompleted profects and the manageably surviving ones may be destined to some awful as a consequence of corruption and Inefficiency in the public sector.

Opere (1986:5) Explained that corruption in Nigeria is a way  to life with most  people pregnant with the spur to get rich quicker. This issue of corruption and inefficiency acceptable is complex.

When one has arisen to position of eminence, there is notably and usually a long line of people looking up to him for assistance. In large part however, the one’s high principle will be subject to radical should he turn his back.

Consequently, since Nigeria Independence in 1960, many government and their agencies have shaven and failed many because of outright squandermania in the systems. Unfortunately, however, financial regulations and economic policies do not only fail to meet the requirement of the modern economy, but also are poorly and Unfidiciously Implemented – resulting in hug e amount of financial loss in the system m. in fact it is apparent from the available data that Nigeria is not under developed but under managed.

From the above, numerous indicators point at  the need to secure the public funds and  judiciously administered to them for possible greatest benefit of the society at large.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The popularity of and ability to attract the allegiance of the governed in our in our modern society is a function of how much of the spirits of stewardship, accountability and prudence with which the authorities look after the resources of the nation.

Achieving cost consciousness in the management of public funds is not only desirable and embraced, but also an area that deserves the best of possible available

THE INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL PROCEDURE IN MANUFACTURING OUTFITS

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    Introduction/Background of the Study                      1

1.2    Statement of problems                                            3

1.3    Objective of the study                                             5

1.4    Significant of the study                                            5

1.5    Scope, Limitation and delimitation of the study         7

1.6    Definition of basic terms and concepts                      9

CHAPTER TWO

2.0    Literature Review                                                    13

2.1    Nature of Inventory                                                 15

2.2    Inventory Control and Management                         15

2.3    Objectives of Inventory Control                                18

2.4    Importance of Inventory Management                      19

2.5    Objectives of Inventory Management                       20

2.6    Critical Evaluation of Inventory Problems                  22

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    Summary of Findings                                               26

3.2    Recommendation                                                    33

3.3    Conclusion                                                             37

• Bibliography 39

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1   INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is difficult to exaggerate the contribution of production to the society wellbeing. Why this is so, is suggested by Alexander Solzcheritzyn in his novel captioned August, 1914. One of the Chief character in that work Suyatosalar lakinfovich Obodovsy a former anarchist, who maintained the following position. As for industry, anyone who has created something with his own hands know that production is neither capitalist nor socialist but one thing only. It is what creates national wealth, the common material basis without which no country can exist. When enough has been built and made. Then even if distribution is less than perfect, no one will be left without this share. With reference you goods, production could be defined as the fabrication of a physical objects, solid or liquid, through the use of labour, material and equipment, adequate and proper utilization of labour materials and equipment will have to be made in order to enhance greater efficiency, since production is very important to any economy whatsoever.

The viability of an organisation can be enhanced through effective and efficient management of material resources. Inventory management control system exists to ensure that proper and adequate utilization of materials are made and that the optimum level of material investment are determined and maintained. This is a notable measure managing material resources. Management of resources covers action taken from the procurement of the resources to their disposal firms the certain measures towards preventing their stock from being in shortage. Pilferage and waste of some of the resources are very effective while others are not.

Bindey, I.M. in his book: “Management defined management as an art and science of achieving the set objective of a business in the most efficient way. Management can be defined as the process of reading organisational goals by working and through people and other organisational resources.

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The goal of every business entity is to maximized wealth. Wealth maximization is achieved when interest of the stock holder can be met only when the business entity make profit. Profit is said to have been cost and expense incurred. Effective Inventory  Controls are important factors in keeping the total cost of maintaining inventories at a minimum and help to increase returns on the investment.

many organizations do not adequately control their inventory, making it possible for losses (through shortage of stock, pilferage, waste of materials, e.t.c.) to pass unnoticed. The stores department is often neglected an equivalent amount of (liquid) cash.

Unplanned flow of materials is detrimental to efficient production.

THE BANK FAILURE: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.4     OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1.5     LIMITAITONS OF STUDY

1.6     DEFINITION OF THE TERM

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     BANK

2.2     IMPORTANCE OF BANKS

2.3     BANK FAILURE

2.4     CAUSES OF BANK FAILURE

2.5     MANAGEMENT RELATED FACTORS

2.6     OWNERSHIP RELATED FACTORS

2.7     ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED FACTORS

2.8     CONSEQUENCES OF BANK FAILURE

2.9     MEASURES TO EMEDY BANK FAILURE

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

3.1     CONCLUSIONS

3.2     RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          The term bank means a place where money and other valuables are kept for safety.  Modern commercial banking in Nigeria dates back to the colonial period.

The decline in barter system of trade and the rise in financial transactions of the colonial government goes rise to commercial bank for safety and transmissions of funds.  It was for this purpose that African Banking Corporation bead in South Africa was invited in 1892 to open a branch office in Lagos.  In 1894, its operations was taken over by the Bank of British west Africa.  In 1899 the bank of Nigeria was established by the Royal Niger Company which was later absorbed in 1925 by the Bank of British West Africa.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was established in 1957 and it began its operations on July 1^st 1959 with an authorized capital of N1.5m.  This CBN manages the cost, volume, availability and directions of money and credit in an economy with a view of achieving some desired economic objectives.  The industrial and commercial bank was established in 1929 by the business men but it went into liquidation in 1930.  The Nigerian Merchant Bank was also formed in 1931 but it went into liquidation in 1936.

These banks contributed significantly to the economic development as follows: –

• The Commercial Banks helps business sectors and grant credit to small and large scale industries.
• They provide employment opportunities
• They maintain large portfolios of local securities
• The aggressive mobilization of domestic savings
• The Central Bank act as bankers bank, banker to government and bank of issue
• The CBN manages the national debt of the country
• It also controls money and credit in the economy.

 

Prior to the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), the interest rate in banks were foxed by fiat.  At the introduction of SAP, the interest rate was deregulated with this deregulation, the interest rates went as high as 45% per anum while the inter-bank rates went as high as 50%.  However, in December 1992, the average inter-bank rates closed at 46% for commercial banks and 42 to 80% for merchant banks.

These high rates caused the collapse of many banks and companies.  This trend continues until the government formally pegged the rate in 1994 as follows: –

• Savings/deposit rate at 12 – 15% per anum
• Maximum lending rate, 21% per anum.

This is applied to loan and advances, bankers acceptance, commercial paper and rediscounts.  These rates continued to apply until the middle of 1996 when the interest rates were deregulated.  On the long term funds from the capital market, this has been besieged by many problems and failures among banks and companies.

In 1995, 60 banks were adjusted distressed.  In 1996 the number was 47 with 35 banks critically distressed while 12 banks were fairly healthy.

To highlights the issued of bank failure further the managing director of NDIC on 25^th April 1995 during the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria national Award highlighted that: –

• 10 more distressed banks are to be put on sale bringing the total for sale to 16.
• N4billion (cash and assets) have been recovered from debtors of 52 distressed banks. This recovery represents 9.76% of N41billion depositors fund trapped and 6.93% of the institutions net assets estimated at N57.7billion 1996.
• About 48 cases have been prosecuted at the failed bank tribunal out of which to have been concluded
• About N46billion of government fund made up of overdrawn account with CBN, NEXIM, NEFRUND as well as SMS, projects that cannot be justified. This does not include government equity investment in some of these banks and debts owed to government agencies like NITEL, NEPA, Water corporation etc.

These become a source of worry to the public, managers and regulatory bodies like Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) and a problem to the society at large.

This study however, intends to discuss the consequences of this bank failure on the economy of the country and also suggest the possible ways of solving the problem.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Failure is a state of being inadequate, not functioning as it is

expected or required.  A company is said to be technically insolvent if it is not able to meet its current obligations.  This type of insolvent is temporal and is caused by liquidity.  It can be rectified overtime.

On the extreme, a company is said to be operationally insolvent or insolvent in bankruptcy where its liabilities exceed its assets.  In this case, the network of the