ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHMENT.

(A CASE STUDY OF UNTH, ENUGU)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                             1

• Background of study 1
• Purpose of the study 5
• Statements of problem 5
• Research Questions/hypothesis 6
• Significance of the study 7
• Scoped of study 7
• Definition of important terms 8

CHAPTER TWO

Review of Literature                                                          9

• Introduction 9
• Assessment of internal control 10
• Internal control objectives 14
• Internal control techniques 19
• Internal audit 23
• Budgetary control 27
• Independent of auditors 30

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology                                                                               32

• Design of the study 32
• Area of the study 32
• Population 32
• Sample and sampling procedure 32
• Instrument for data collection 33
• Validity of the instrument 33
• Reliability of the instrument 33
• Method of data collection                                                 34
• Method of data analysis 34

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis                                          35

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings and Discussion for Result                                             41

• Discussion of the findings 41
• Conclusion 42
• Implications of the study 43
• Recommendation 43
• Suggestions for further study 44
• Limitations of the study 45

References                                                                         46

Appendix                                                                           48

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

The primary objective of this project work is to discern the impact of internal control system assessment in government establishment using university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu as a case study.  Many people think of internal control system as a highly technical field which can be understood only by professional Auditors.  Actually nearly every establishment practices internal control in one form or another on an almost daily bases.

However, internal control system therefore could be viewed as a firms or organizational plan including all methods and measures taken to:

1. i) Safeguard its assets

1. Ensure the accuracy and reliability of its accounting data

• Promote operational efficiency and

1. Encourage compliance with the organizational policy.

These are the main concern of this research work efforts have been made in this research work to explain the normal governmental internal control systems, and its usage as an aid to asses government establishments.  Also, the two categories of internal control are discussed.  Various internal control procedures being practised in university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital are identified.

The findings were that internal control system needs urgent attention so as to ensure strict compliance to management  policy.

Finally, in this research work, there is a constructive explanation of scope, objective, basis concepts and principles of internal control applicable in government establishment as an aid to solving the problem of expenditure control.  The researcher therefore conclude that for internal control to be effective, emphasis should be placed on the accountability morality, integrity, Honesty, ethics and behaviours of the officers operating the system.

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The chartered institute of Public and finance accountants (CIPFA) states that the internal control system comprises the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by management in order to carry on the business of the organization in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence to management policy safeguard the assets and ensure  as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of the records.

Individual components of internal control system are known as “control i.e Internal control”.

The Canadian institute of chartered accountants, Exposure Draft of proposed auditing Recommendations describes internal control as comprising of the plan of an organization and all the co-ordinate systems established by the management of the enterprise to achieve management objectives by ensuring as far as is practical, the orderly and efficient conduct of its business including the safeguarding of assets, the reliability of accounting records and the timely preparation of reliable financial information.  Internal control system, therefore canto be viewed as a firms organizational plan including all methods and measures by the firm takes to

• Safe guide its assets
• Ensure the accuracy and liability of its accounting data
• Promote operational efficiency and
• To encourage compliance with company policies

This is my abridged definition:

It is the responsibility of management to determine the internal control which is appropriate to the organization.  The nature and extent of controls will vary between organizations and also from one part of an organization to the other.

The controls used will depend on the nature, size and volume of the activities and the degree of control which management are able to exercise personally, geographically distribution and may other factors.

Internal control can be divided into two main categories financial controls which are primarily concerned with legitimacy of expenditure and the security of assets and income and other controls mainly administrative which are created and maintained by management the ensure that an activity is relevant to the needs of an organization and is carried out in the most effective manner.  These categories are independent and should be regarded in isolation as both have an impact on the performance of activities and their consequent cost and value to the organization.

 

Accounting and Financial Controls

These consists of all accounting, financial and monetary control techniques and systems built into the internal control system to promote and encourage the attainment of the objectives on internal controls.  Generally, accounting and financial controls consists.

• Budgetary Control: This refers to formulation of plans of future activity, which by down carefully determined objectives and programmes of activity and provide yard stick by which deviations from planned achievements can be measured.  It is defined as “the establishment of departmental budgets relating to the responsibilities of executives to the requirements of policy.
• Legitimacy of Income and Expenditure: All income and expenditure should be in accordance with the policy of the organization should be properly authorized and written in law.
• Security of Assets: Assets of the organization should be kept in properly custody and not wrongly applied either by error or intent.
• Accounting control: All transactions should be correctly recorded processed and control account should be maintained.   It is in the bid to discuss those internal control systems that this work is carried out.

 

 

 

 

1.2     PURPOSE OF STUDY

Here the researcher intends to

1. Identify the various internal control procedures being practiced in university of Nigerian teaching hospital

THE EFFECTIVENES OF STANDARD COSTING AS A CONTROL TOOL FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

(A CASE STUDY OF ANNAMCO EMENE ENUGU)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

 

The direction towards on efficient production of good and services curled be as a result of an effective control of cost of production. The study of standard cresting as an aid is production cost control is very imperative especrahy in an economy with  high rate of inflation and where prices of grads and service are constrarthy increase with no hope of reduction with the effect that th real value of mey in the consumer hand is lower than its face value.

This being the case the consumers only have little to spend there fore  what ill be uppermost in their minds  is to buy product: of cheaper rate when compared wish other products of the same quality.

So this research hoke into ho effective standard costing is in the control of production cost and performance appraisal with reference to the Anambra motor manufacturing company (ANAMMCO) Enugu.

It is the believe of the researcher that for the company to meet one of its goals of producing at reduced cost but consistent quality for customers satrafaction. It have to establish measure to effectively monitor and control production cost standard costing is one of the measures of achieving this.

In order to achieve this p upose backround of the stuy statement of peoblem objective  of the study signitance study was shown in chapter one

 

TABLE OF CONTENDS

 

 

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• 0bjective of the study
• Significance of study n
• Research question
• Formulation of hypotheses
• Research Method
• Scope are and limitation of study
• Definition of terms.

 

CHAPTER TOW

LITERATURE REVWIE

• Meaning of standard
• Types of standard
• Scope of standard costing and variance analysis
• Setting of standard
• Cause of variance
• Use of standard costing and variance analysis
• Purpose of standard cost and variance analysis
• Merit and demerit of standard and variance analysis
• Problem of standard cresting and variance analysis

30. Basic variance analysis.

Reference

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESGIN AND METHODOLOGY

• Introduction
• Sources data
• Population and sampling
• Analytical tools

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

• Introduction
• Presentation and demographic analysis
• Analysis of question
• Test of hypothesis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDING CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Summary of handing
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Boliographi Reference

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Civilization sincerely is a welcome phenomenon. The business world is not left out in its resultant effect. Thus, the degree of complexity and sophistication of situations obtainable in the present days business has called for not just experience but effective and formidable managers. The practicality commitment and inefficiency of every manager could be measured based on his ability to plan organize, direct, cirutrol, co-ordinate meteorite and evaluate his business activities these function centers on the resultant checksum makings the process of which are route which   have no close substitute as far as the profit making and progress of any business is concerned.

Hence it is early detached that the profit making to cover the cost and the survival o every industry has informatively become an increasingly difficult task therefore  mangers are faced with entire managerial decision making crises. Sequel to that the ability of every  management to have the managerial decision making process .  under control become pertinent as such industry strive to push and present  its product is a position it could be preferred to the products of other firms in the same line of business. This gare rise to management accounting which improved from the old quantitative approach to accounting to encompass the quantitative  approach to accounting practices (Nweze 1999: 158) management  and cost accounting is one of the largest part of the entire business  management is essentially an embodiment of product costing planning and decision making activities toward the enhancement of the product quality and evaluation of the performance of the various employees geared toward  the attainment of the overall objective of the organization or industry, it is all accounting in the broadest sense (Size 1979:15) This product costing which encompass standard costing aims at the ascertainment of the cost of that product

Nevertheless the efficiency of every manager hers in his ability to manipulate and harness successfully all the factors needed for effective production. This creates the need for development of certain measured for the control of activities of subordinate with respect to cost volume of output and profit. However cost is the most crncral because its may sometime assume a limiting factor. Mores, it affects profit and its central lead to profit realization (Brown 1975: 172). According to Keller (1996:172) every firm which aspires for efficient productive additive and long term profitability should plan and control its cost of production. In line with this firm should aim quality specification and other representation made to the customers.

Precisely the cost incurred by manufacturing firm in their cruise of production most importantly need to be controlled  owing to the sense that they forms the bases for which product cost is analyzed.  These cost include the direct material cost direct labour and factory overhead or indirect manufacturing costs.

Many organization prepare their budget annually usually at the beginning of a fiscal year. This budget is expected to cover all the organizations phases of business activities and more so acts as a guide for measuring their overall performance. This budget is a total concept and might not make any meaning to the  component departments of the organization. It is then broken to a unit concept which is what standard cost is associated with for the purpose of control and performance appraisal. Standard costs are part of as overall operating budget of an organization that has been elaborately and carefully defined; in that they are developed in such minute details that any derivation from such standard can be traced to its source and responsibility for such derivation established.

At this point it become necessary to point out that for standard costing to operate efficiently as a control, cost centers must be established with clearly defined areas of responsibility so as to cover only those matters which clearly comes within the control of its supervisor. It may be a location equipment or items so that deviation  can be traced directly to the cost centers from where it occurred without muddling up the control structure of the firm or industry. This study centers on the use of standard costing in the production cost control and performance evaluation in manufacturing industries, but because of time and cost involved in covering the number manufactures. The researcher. Focus his attention to the Anambra state more manufacturing industry (ANAMMCO)_ Emene Enugu.

 

• BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY

Knowing that a standard is an establish basis or measure against which actual result of performance is bench marked. Standard cost is a predetermined or established cost, or target or goal which the management of a firm or industry aims  at achieving given a  conducive operating condition with a view of attaining maximum efficiency in its production. I is a pre- determined or forecast estimates of cost to manufacture a single unit or a number of cost to manufacture a single unit or a number of units of product during a specific immediate future period (Keller et al 1966: 171) There fore, standard costing is a costing technique which compares the standard cost of a units of product with the actual cost to determine the efficiency of operations with the ultimate intention of carrying out any remedial action whenever necessary.

Based on the fact that they are pre- determined units cost estimates deviation are bound to occur and these are pin pointed in that they represents measures of performance. These deviations are termed variance, and are isolated for an in-depth analysis to reflect in the variance aids to the initiation of corrective and control action, so as to direct the operational activities  of the firm to conform with the standard cost as determined prior to those activities.

One basic principle is that standard cost (whatever type) is used as a control of production cost, employees excesses and thus ards to the performance apprcrisal bearing in mind the over all objective of the firm or industry. As opined by Ama (2001: 7) the task of control accounting is to produce data at regular interval in a standard form so that the  firms actual performance can be compared with plans and budgets and differences analyzed by causes. By implication the progress of every manufacturing firm cannot be achieved on a total neglect of this cost control technique.

The Anambra motor manufacturing company Ltd (ANAMMCO) a manufacturer of automobile  engines is not an exception to these assertion. For cost reduction and minimization it is necessary that firms adopt standard costing and make effective use of it as a cost control measure with which to evaluate its performance

The Anambra motor manufacturing company limited the case study of the researcher was established by the federal military government of Nigeria in its effort to move the country forward the attainment of industrial development and technological advancement and independence. This in 1975 started with as inter aha negotiation of joint venture agreement with among other manufacturing of vehicle  DAMLER BENZ AG OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GRRMARY. This partnership agreement between the federal military government of Nigeria and Daimler Benz AG was signed on the 12^th December 1975. On duly 8, 198

MORTGAGE BANKING AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

A CASE STUDY OF HARVARD TRUST SAVINGS AND LOANS LTD

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

This research work is believed is another contribution to Mortgage Banking literature which will be very useful particularly to future researchers on this topic and those already engaged in the banking industry.

The idea behind this project research work entitled Mortgage banking and contribution to Housing Development in Nigeria is inherent from the crucial and very important nature of housing to every right thinking human being.

Professor Abraham Maslow in his “hierarchy of needs”- a most widely accepted description of human needs of the general population classified food, shelter and clothing as the basic needs of every man.  Every human being is born landlord; therefore house ownership is a birthright that must be enjoyed bye very man.

The contributions of mortgage banking to the development of housing in Nigeria cannot be overwhelmed.  The federal mortgage bank of Nigeria (FMBN) the primary mortgage Institution (PMLs) and other institutional bodies involved in housing delivery have performed numerous functions in the general effort to provide affordable residential houses for the Nigeria population.

However, a remarkable bottleneck facing the Nigerian housing finance sub-sector is the delay by the apex mortgage institution to disburse the National housing fund loan through the primary Mortgage Institution for on-lending mortgagers.  To increase the available housing stock, the apex Bank (FMBN) should ensure the constant supply of loans to Nigerians for the purpose of buying building or improvement of residential houses.

The research study therefore is going to show the actual contributions of mortgage banking to housing development in Nigeria.  It will equally show the problems faced by the (PMLS) in their housing finance and delivery effort.  In trying to state the problems and prospects the researcher utilized both primary and secondary data.  The work is structured in time five distinct chapters and written in simple language to enable readers secure a true picture of the information transmitted.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                       1

• Background of study 2
• Statement of the problem 10
• Purpose/objective of the study 12
• Research questions 15
• Research hypothesis 16
• Significance of the study 17
• Definitions of terms 18

 

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature                                                          22

• Mortgage banking in the colonial period 22
• Mortgage banking during the post independence period24
• Institutional frame work for housing delivery 29
• Housing finance in Nigeria 34
• The present institution of mortgage banking in Nigeria41
• Structure of the Nigeria mortgage market. 41
• Building materials and construction costs 44
• Low income Housing 47
• Land use Act and mortgage banking Lending 48
• Salient points in mortgage lending 53
• Hindrance to the contributions of mortgage

banking in Housing Development in Nigeria           55

• Prospects mortgage Banking in the

Development of housing in Nigeria                                   57

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design and methodology                                              59

• Population 60
• Population of study 60
• Sources of data                                                   60
• Primary source of data 61
• Secondary source of data 61
• Method of Data collection 62
• Sample and sampling Techniques 63
• Method of Data analysis 64

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis                                           65

CHAPTER FIVE

Findings recommendations and conclusion                       79

• Discussion of findings 79
• Recommendations 81
• Conclusion 84
• Suggestions for the further researcher 86
• Limitations of the study. 87

Reference                                                                           89

Appendix                                                                           91

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Nigerian Building Society (N.B.S) was established in 1956 as a federal savings schemes for members of the public.  Under the popular savings scheme, the saver was required to deposit in the account on initial sum of N5 (five naira) at opening.  The save may subsequently deposit in the account as much as he can from time to time.

The popular saver received interest of four percent on the account and could draw, up to four hundred naira (N400.00) per a month.  Larger drawing would required a month notice to the society.

Other special packages were equally handled by the Nigeria Building Society.  One important service rendered by the NBS was home purchase mortgage loans.

Under the loan scheme the NBS enabled Nigerians to acquire houses with loans payable over many years up to maximum of twenty (20) years.  Applicants who benefited from the loan were expected to immediately bear  a small portion of he cost of buildings the house, while repayment at 61/2% interest was spread in such a way that the beneficiary completes the repayment in not later than the age of 55 years.  Repayment was usually in monthly installments.

In 1977, the Nigerian Building Society was reconstituted and renamed the Federal Mortgage bank of Nigeria (FMBN).  The duty of the federal Mortgage Bank as the sole institution at the federal level for encouraging the flow of funds from various sources to the housing industry through the primary mortgage institutions (PMIS).

 

• BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF HARVARD TRUST SAVINGS AND LOANS LIMITED

Harvard Trust savings and loans limited is the result of years of research into the best ways of channeling funds towards the provision of housing needs of every Nigerian.

The Company was incorporated in December 1992 with a mission to set a pace in Mortgage financing.  A lot of reasons necessitated for the use of Harvard trust as a case organization.  Buying or building a residential house can be one of life’s most stressful experiences.  Every right thinking person needs a place to call his own home, a roof over his head.

Harvard Trust is in business to help translate the people’s dreams of funding residential homes to reality.  They do this by creating professional innovative and efficient financial engineering environment in which trust and experience are delicately balanced.  In other words, they exploit all legitimate and professional means to make tenants become landlords.

STRATEGIC OUTLOOK

The company is emphasizing public trust and dependability as basis for building a sustainable mortgage finance business in Nigeria.

To achieve this, there is emphasis on:

• Solid capital base
• Customer oriented services
• Experienced staff
• Friendliness
• Effective use of modern technology
• And well-informed and versatile board.

It is always seen as the duty of any responsible government anywhere in the world to put in place facilities that will make delivery of decent housing for her citizens easy.  It is on the basis of this that the federal government came up with two public bodies crucial to housing matters in the country.

These bodies are: the national council on housing and the housing policy council.

Experience has shown that the greatest problem militating against the effective delivery of a coordinated and sustainable housing system in Nigeria is and has been lack of funds t affordable interest rates.  Therefore, the creation and re-organization of the federal mortgage Bank of Nigeria, the activities of the Primary Mortgage institutions (PMIS) the provision of the new National housing Policy an the inauguration of the National Housing Fund (NHF) loan scheme are welcome development geared towards reversing the lack of funds syndrome.  It is against this background that the birth of Harvard Trust saving s and loans limited with its headquarters at no 2 Red cross way, opposite main market, Enugu is a good step in the right direction.

Delivery style

The concept of Harvard Trust was born out to find solutions to the problem of channeling funds for individual and corporate housing needs, thereby contributing to the housing development of Nigeria.

To this end, the company addressed some vital issues which are fundamental to the sustenance of viable mortgage institutions.

The

THE IMPACT OF THE OIL SECTOR ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

(A CASE STUDY OF DELTA STATE)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

This research was prompted by the obvious dominant role of the oil sector in the Nigerian economy. The urge to know the extent to which this sector affects the economic life of the people, led therefore to the analysis of the impact of the oil industry on the Nigeria economy.

 

The economic impact which was categorized into positive and Negative on the bases of their economic contribution was thus revealed by the result of the regression analysis.

 

The study discovers therefore that though oil contributes significantly to revenue, foreign exchange, production and per capital income, it also plays significant role in terms of its contribution to rising prices, imports and inflation. Therefore what the sector gives in one form is withdrawn from the economy in another forms, more – or – less, the economy remain stagnant, thus the irony of the impact of the oil sector on the Nigerian economy.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE:

• INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT TITLE
• CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION
• PROBLEM DEFINITION
• OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
• SCOPE OF STUDY
• LIMITATION OF STUDY
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE OIL SECTOR IN NIGERIA

 

REFERENCES

CHAPTER TWO:

• REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
• GENERAL STUDIES ON OIL
• STUDIES ON OIL ON NIGERIAN ECONOMY
• THE IMPACT OF OIL PRODUCTION IN DELTA STATE

 

REFERENCE:

CHAPTER THREE:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FOUR:

• DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
• INTRODUCTION TO VARIABLES
• HYPOTHESIS / MODEL SPECIFICATION & EXPETATION
• SOURCE OF DATA

 

REFERENCES

CHAPTER FIVE:

• FINDINGS

 

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     RECOMMENDATIONS

• CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

• INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT TITLE

Nigeria is a major of crude oil, and the importance of this commodity has been highly manifested in the nations economy. From the early 70s, the petroleum industry has become the dominant sector in the economy. Following quickly after agriculture (the dominant sector before the discovery of crude oil). It has dictated the pace of economic, political social and cultural progress in the country.

 

Despite the present travails of oil in the world Alli (1987) asserted that oil still holds the key to the nation’s economic future, and the prospects of any successful economic restructuring hands heavily on this all important commodity. Hence, its importance in the Nigerian economy.

 

The world’s oil industry is described as the only international industry that concerns every country of the world. It is infact said to concern virtually the world economy; oil has successfully divided the world geographically into regions of major production and regions of high consumption.

 

The oil industry is also the most important in its contribution to the world’s tonnage of international trade and shipping for these and other attribution of the oil industry it was ascerted, by Odell (1971), that a day sddom passed by without oil being in News. This confirms the importance of oil (which is the basis of this study) throughout the world.

 

It is in this respect that this study – analyses the impact of crude oil (the dominant product of the Nigerian oil sector) on the Nigerian economy with the use of econometric techniques. Econometrics – because of its richness as a measurement tool, as well as the obvious advantages it possesses over other measurement techniques. Hence, the econometric analysis of the impact of the oil sector on the Nigerian economy.

 

1.2               CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS

It is appropriate at this point to make certain clarifications as regards concepts such as, crude oil, oil sector or petroleum industry, gasoline or petrol, etc, that will from time to time be used in the course of this study.

The oil sector or petroleum industry is used interchangeably to refer to the combination of firms dealing on commodities like crude oil, petrol, kerosine, gas, etc.

 

Crude oil is a commodity produced from an under ground reservoir which has not been subjected to any refining or chemical process other than the separation at atmospheric pressure of any gasses which were dissolved in the oil at the greater pressure of the reservoir (ELLIS Jones, 1988).

 

Gasoline or petrol, and kerosine are refined petroleum distillates at different boiling points. Liquefied Natured Gas (LNG) are naturally occurring gas, either co-produced with oil or non-associated, which has been liquefied for ease of transportation and which is regasifined before use; just as these commodities are products of petroleum industry, so are other too which has not been mentioned in this study.

 

However, the essence of this section is to make clear the use to which terms mentioned in this study have been put. Hence the oil sector should not be seen generally as representing crude production alone, as used in this study (see section 1.6), but as an all embracing industry bringing the firms dealing in all petroleum products together.

 

1.3               PROBLEM DEFINITION

One of the surest ways of justifying the comments which have been made on the position the oil sector has placed Nigeria in the international circle is to find out the extent to which crude oil has affected the Nigeria economy.

 

Nigeria’s position as Africa’s biggest oil producer in OPEC according to Synge (1986), no doubt, has considerable impact on Nigeria’s influential role in continent.

TAX AS A SOURCE OF REVENUE TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNEMNT OF NIGERIA, PROBLEMS, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

 

ABSTRACT

          This term paper is to find our how tax as a source of revenue to the federal government of Nigeria is being operated by the government.

It is an attempt to highlighted some of the major constraints in the process of assessment ad collection of taxes which at times leads to low revenue realization.

The chapter one this work, will be dealing on the objective of study; importance of study; scope and limitations of the study; definition of terms.

Further in chapter two, there will be definition tax; origin of tax; functions of tax.

Finally, chapter three is a presentation of summary, conclusion and recommendation.

The term paper when completed will help tax payer to understand the importance of tax.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1.2     IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

1.3     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

1.4     DEFINITION OF TERMS

 

CHAPTER TWO

• DEFINITION OF TAX
• ORIGIN OF TAX
• FUNCTIONS OF TAX

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.2     FINDINGS

3.3     CONCLUSION

3.4     RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

          CHAPTER ONE

 

          INTRODUCTION

• OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This term paper work among others is aiming at:

1. Improving on the techniques of assessment and collection of taxes in the federal government level. This is because, if the techniques are improved, the government will generate more revenue.

 

1. Examining the rate and contribution of taxation in economic development of federal government of Nigeria

 

1. Enumerating the problems confronting assessment and collection of taxes in federal level.

 

1. Offering useful suggestions on how to solve taxation problems
2. Suggesting the methods through which tax can be imposed to enable the citizens to the uses and the values of taxes they pay.

 

• IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

The study of this term paper when completed will help tax

payers to understand the essence of paying tax.

Income tax is one of the major sources of revenue allocation of the federal government in question.  The taxes collected comes back to the tax payer inform of social amenities such as: pipe –borne water, electricity, health centres, building of markets, good roads etc.

All these are what they benefit from the tax they pay.

Also, income tax has social effects to the tax payers such as relief.  The relief affects the social structur