Category Archives: accounting project topics and material preview

best accounting project topics and materials website in Nigeria, what is accounting project topics and materials in nigeria

accounting project topics and material preview, computer science project topics and materials with abstract

COMPUTER AN IMPORTANT SYSTEM IN THE PROCESSING OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

1 Comment

ABSTRACT

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

WITH SOFTWARE FOR UNDERGRADUATE COST 20,000 NAIRA

A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

CALL Help Desk ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

Abstract

          This project is on computer an important system in the processing of accounting information the question is, to what extent is computer recreant in the processing of accounting information. Technology affords better ways of doing things. No one doing serous business today will claim to be totally oblivious of the importance of computers are vary helpful and generally time saving, some business can still so without it.  Therefore while considering if to get computer one should be rational and really should evaluate the benefits derivable from a computer by the business visa-vis the planned investment outlay.

It is against this background that the major concern of this research was made to identify desirable from computerization of accounting information system.

Chapter one, is the introductory chapter.  It gives an over view of the research.  It examines the research problem the statement of problem the purpose of the study significance, scope and limitations of study, research hypothesis and definition of some terms.

Chapter two provides a working definition on related literature. The following were considered.  The computer, organization of accounting information system, impact/ relevance of computer in processing of accounting information planning for a computerized accounting system, benefit / cost of computerization in an organization and doing business without computer.

Chapter three examines the research methodology used in the study, it describes research design, analysis procedure, source of data, collection of data, population and description of questionnaires.

Chapter four presents the result of the data analysis and the testing of hypothesis.  Chapter five discusses the research findings based on data analysis.  The conclusion of the research findings and recommendations are made in this chapter.

It is hoped that this study will stimulate more research on related topics.  Finally, it is hoped that the findings from this study will add to the existing knowledge in administration.

DEDICATION

          This project is dedicated to God, the solution to all my life’s questions.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            Introduction                                                                            1

1.1     Background of study                                                     1

1.2            Statement of the problem                                                        6

1.3            Research hypothesis / question                                               8

1.4            Significance of the study                                                         10

1.5            Scope and limitation                                                      11

1.6            Definition of terms                                                                  12

Reference                                                                       15

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            Review of related literature                                            16

2.1     The computer                                                                16

2.2            Organization of accounting inf. System                         19

2.3            Impact/ relevance of computer in

processing of accounting information.                                    21

2.4            Planning for computerized accounting system               26

2.5            Cost and benefit of computer to an organization           62

2.6            Business without computer                                           66

Reference                                                                       72

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Research design and methodology                                 73

3.1     Research design                                                             73

3.2            Population                                                                     73

3.3            Sources of data                                                              74

3.4            Data collection                                                               76

3.5            Data analysis procedure                                                          76

3.6            Description of questionnaire                                          77

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Data presentation & analysis                                        79

4.1     Data analysis                                                                 79

4.2            Testing of Hypothesis                                                    92

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Findings, conclusion & recommendation                       115

5.1     Summary of findings                                                     115

5.2            Conclusion                                                                     117

5.3            Recommendation                                                           118

Bibliography                                                                  119

Appendix i                                                                     121

Appendix ii                                                                    128

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The basis for financial planning and analysis is the financial information financial information is needed to predict, compare and evaluate the firms earnings ability it is  also required to aid in economic decision making investment & financial decision making.   The financial information of an enterprise is contained in the financial  statement or accounting report.

Accounting is the guide post for management every enterprise should know the activities carried on by it and the financial implication of its operations.  The financial score of an enterprise is kept by the accounting system accounting information unit in business context is a unit in an organization that processes transaction to provide score keeping.  It points out the problem faced or likely to be faced by the enterprise.  It also brings to the notice of the firm the opportunities that are likely to arise.  It indicates possible action, when needed.  Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit judgment and decision by users of the information.

Accounting information could be classified under two heading or three headings.  Under two headings.  It is classified as.

  1. Financial accounting which provides information about profit and loss and financial position of the organization at a given period and  management accounting which provides management information needed for planning and control in an organization.

Under three heading.   It is classified as:

i.        Routine – Internal report:  That is day to day reports to management for planning and control of the organization function for instance performance report financial reports and accounts.

  1. Non-routine report:  This aids management for examples budget forecast, estimates and projections and articulation of computer organizational goals.  No lay down format
  2. External report :  this is for external interest groups like government and creditors.

In the present country, the accounting information system has improved tremendously owing to advancement in technology.  The development of computer has been acclaimed as the most important technological development of the twentieth centaury

Davis (1981-88) defined computer as a machine that is capable of manipulating or processing data under its own control without the need for being.  “I computer has an electronic device that has the ability to accept data, internally score and automatically execute a program of instruction performed mathematical logical and report the result.

Computer is the latest craze in Nigeria today and it will continue to be relevant as the country develops. It has gained acceptance in all sectors of the economy.

The computer system as an important in the processing of accounting information cannot be over emphasized . the complicated nature of decision which must be taken in business organizations and government institution most especially in the area of financial and accounting operation often makes the use of computers mandatory if efficiency and effectiveness is to be maintained. As pointed out by Chukwu D.C.

The intelligent use of computer by the industrialized  nations are led to efficient and effective private and public sectors which produce high quality goods at low cost and are seller able to whether the violent storm of keen foreign competition.

Developing economics like Nigeria enjoy low cost goods and services provided by develop economics and at the same time tries to protect their local industries from stiff foreign competition goods and services provided by these developing communities are inferior and dearer compared to that of developed countries.

Speed and accuracy of services are the watch word in most computerized industries mainly in fully industrialized. This makes it possible for them to realized their ultimate objectives (i.e. wealth maximization)

Through the use of computers economic pictures of the organization could be enhanced by cost displacement. Operational and revenue improved by the introduction of computers in all sectors of the economy. The tread towards representing information in manual dates to Hollezith (1890). In recent time there has been a move towards doing away with manual record keeping and transmitting the information electronically leading to what is called “ Paperless optice” However, it normally turns out that what goes automated is not the function as it has been performed to do what would normally be uneconomical and in some cases impracticable. Instead one looks for a character of function, typically consisting of transition of current work of a number of people which can be redesigned so that he computer can do something equivalent although usually not identical. Once such a duster of work has been identified and the computer application designed one must also redesign the jobs of the people with whom the computer application will have to face.

The work of some workers will be substantially affected by the introduction of computers it does not mean, for instance that an accountant cases to be an accounted rather, the computer greatly aids his diverse operation as an accountant.

In fact, computer is gradually taking over all sphere of human endeavors especially the processing of accounting and cam perform any function provided information fed into it is accurate, complete and factual

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

In our world today computers are used in large and small business education, science and engineering, health care, sports, in the home entertainment and leisure, artificial intelligence expert system, government and military. Due to the vest use of computer in almost every sector of the economy, the need for controllers or information generated by the computer becomes unavoidable.

One can rightly say that quick customer services and fast accounting operation is far from being actualized in some of our organizations. Quick services and fast operations means move work being done in shorter time. A firm with these qualities will have unrivaled customers attraction.

Musa (1985) noted that information processing probably the most significant industry in the world economy today and in the foreseeable future. It has expanded and continues to expand at a rapid rate. This expansion is in part related to the increase in cost effectiveness of computer hardware. Cost effectiveness has increase by a factor far bout  1000 every decade. As long as this rate charge continues, the rangers of tasks that can be handled most economically by computing is likely to grow rapidly. Since software is the major part of most computer systems, the field of software engineering can expect similar rapid growth

At this junction we look at what is actually the relevant of computer in the processing of accounting information.

According to Mcral C.N. the computer can be used in a wide variety of ways and often it is only the potential user who can appreciate and suggest thes uses. It is impossible that the user will exploit the potentials of the computer of he depends ion experts.

The computer soon absorbs most of the calculation and data processing within an organization. These have traditionally been the accountants responsibility and it is likely that certain aspect such as accuracy and control will remain his responsibility

It is known that overtime duties are common in accounting system as the working hours do not seem to be sufficient to finish a given days job. This of course means extra costs on the firm for overtime allowances and utility bills.

Some areas of accounting are hardly delved into by accountants because of high demands in time and human brain. Untold time and money is spend in rectification of mistakes made by workers in the course of manual processing of accounting information in particular and to business organization in general.

The researcher would also like to know how a business can apply computer, as well as planning for a computerized accounting system to finally to find out why some organization prefer using manual to using computer in business.

1.3     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS / QUESTION.

          RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To come out with a reliable result the following hypothesis will be formulated and tested statistically.

  1. Ho: Computerization of accounting information system does not hinder the effectiveness of the accountant.

H1: Computerization of accounting information system does not prevent increased speed of operation, processing and accuracy of output.

  1. Ho: Computerization of accounting information system does not prevent increase speed of operation, processing and accuracy of output.

H1: Computerization of accounting system prevents increase speed of operation, processing and accuracy of output.

III      Ho: Computerization of accounting information system not hamper the reliability and better storage of accounting information.

H1:    Computerization of accounting information system hampers the reliability and better storage of accounting information.

IV.     Ho: The use of computer does not militate against accounting profession.

H1: The use of computer militate against accounting profession.

V.      Ho: Computerization does not effect the employment of accountant to a large extent.

H1: Computerization affects the employment of accountant to a large extent.

RESEARCH QUESTION

accounting project topics and material preview

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ON ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC SECTOR  

Leave a comment

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ON ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC SECTOR  

(A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   HOW TO PLACE ORDER

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Pay online 

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

The impact of public sector accounting on accountability in public sector, a case study of Kaduna Polytechnic Kaduna. Accountability is the obligation on a person delegated with authority functions on fund to explain his actions. The study of accountability in the public sector is important since all government department and parastatal receive allocation from the Ministry of Finance hence there is the need to protect the interest of tax payers that makes available this funds. The major ways of encouraging public accountability is to make offices in government department to realize the significance of accountability. Through this study and other related studies. The study is significant because it determines the relationship between the various techniques of accountability in public sector. therefore the importance of this study cannot be overemphasised. The aims of this work is to acquaint public officers especially those given the responsibility of designing accounting system in public sector and other related organization as relates to public accountability. And to evaluate the level of accountability in the public sector and other similar organizations, it was however discovered that accounting system adopted by any public organization determines it efficiency and productivity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction – –        –        –        –        –        –        –        1
    • Background of the study –        –        –        –        –        1
    • Statement of the problem – –        –        –        –        –        2
    • Objectives of the study – –        –        –        –        –        –        5
    • Research hypothesis –        –        –        –        –        –        6
    • Significance of the study –        –        –        –        –        6
    • Scope of the study – –        –        –        –        –        –        7
    • Historical background of the case study – –        –        –        7
    • Definition of terms – –        –        –        –        –        –        10

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature review – –        –        –        –        –        –        11
    • Accountability as a tool for progress – –        –        –        11
    • The role of internal audit – –        –        –        –        –        15
    • The role of internal control – – –        –        –        –        17
    • Effect of Accurate record Keeping as a technique

Of Accountability in the Public Sectors –         –        –        –        22

2.5    Procedure in Public Auditing         –        –        –        –        –        27

 

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research methodology –        –        –        –        –        31
    • Introduction –        –        –        –        –        –        –        31
    • Population and sample size – –        –        –        –        —       31
    • Sampling technique –        –        –        –        –        –        32
    • Sources and method of data collection – –        –        –        32
    • Method of data analysis – –        –        –        –        –        33
    • Justification for the choice – – –        –        –        –        34

 

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data presentation, analysis and interpretation – –        36
    • Introduction –        –        –        –        –        –        –        36
    • Presentation of Data – –          –        –        –        –        36
    • Testing of hypothesis –        –        –        –        –        –        35
    • Summary of finding –        –        –        –        –        –        47

 

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Summary, conclusion and recommendations – –        –        50
    • Summary – – –        –        –        –        –        –        –        50
    • Conclusion – –        –        –        –        –        –        –        51
    • Limitations of study – –        –        –        –        –        –        52
    • Recommendation –        –        –        –        –        –        53

Reference

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of fiscal accountability, there is first of all the auditor general whose position, powers, security of tenure; impartiality and independence are guaranteed by the constitution. It is his duty, through to regular auditing of accounts, to ensure that government department/parastatal and other public establishments spend funds appropriated for them in a proper manner, for the purpose for which the funds were appropriated and in accordance with government rules and regulations. He can surcharge offenders, refers cases of fraud and misappropriation to the policy and by yearly reports, left the legislature know how the funds that it had previously were appropriated and used.

 

Nigeria for the federal and state governments, are bodies known as the public accounts committees of which the auditor general duty is to scrutinize the accounts and establishment to question or examine those responsible and report to the legislature which appointed them. There is the legislature itself which are the sole sources of money supply for public, must scrutinize all elements of funds to carryout public service.

The budget sessions afford every sector effective:

  1. Are the internal control measure adequate to ensure public accountability
  2. What are impact of public accountability in Kaduna polytechnic
  3. What problems likely to be encountered as regards to effectiveness and economy

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

More often than not, public state and reactions addressed to how government resources are managed accounted for in the public sector organization have left much to be desired such statements and reactions have unfolded many impressions. Bill before examining these impressions let us look at what Dr. Bamye Akipa of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria put together as public statement in the New Nigeria of Tuesday 25th June 1991. Occasionally one runs into statements either in the mass media or conversation in respect of public resources such as follows:

  1. For all the taxes we are forced to what value we are getting for the money
  2. Government should not have approved the location of that project there, it is nothing but a white elephant project
  • That contract price was unduly inflated
  1. How could that equipment cost that much
  2. It is government property and therefore feels free to use it anyhow you can
  3. Why are you bothered about this work, don’t you know it is government work?

 

This researcher was privileged to have personal experience of the situations at Kaduna polytechnic and think the situation there like a typical public organization would attract the same verdict as had been collated together by Dr. B. Akpa.

 

The major emphasis of the reformed civil service of 1988 was an attainment of efficient and expedition administration, reduction in expenditure and improvement of economy to the fullest extent consistent with efficiency in the implementation of policies and programmes to the fullest extent practicable. The emphasis on economy efficiency and effectiveness in executing government programmes has constrained every government organization to set into motion internal system to enhance the desired result. This in effect brought to bear on the internal audit units of Kaduna polytechnic the responsibility of proper internal auditing which will in turn advance effective internal control system to conform to the new government policy. All these developments call for dynamic processes of investigation and verification of activities to enable management monitor control and measure the rate of its performance output, bearing in mind the cost in terms of resources inputs.

 

The act of investigation, verification and reporting are all audit functions. The problem now is to determine which audit approach will be most effective in assisting management to have a better grip of internal control and accountability so as to effect the desired economy. Efficiency and effectiveness for result oriented performance.

 

Experience has shown that hitherto financial audit carried out in Kaduna Polytechnic, emphasis less on economy efficiency and concern has often been to accuracy and conformity with regulations. This is another approach will ensure the measure of economy, efficiency and effectiveness audit (the three Es audit is advocated here.)

 

The problem of this research now therefore, remains to establish if the new audit approach being advocated will enhance better internal control and accountability than the hitherto financial audit. The main problem is therefore stated thus:

Is economy, efficiency and effectiveness audit a better effective management tool for internal control accountability financial audit?

 

The problem is further broken down into small specific problem as follows:

  1. Can the three ES audit enhance the desired system of internal control better than financial audit
  2. Can the three Es audit enhance effective accountability than financial audits?
  3. Can the three Es audit enhance more comprehensive stewardship reporting than financial audit?

 

1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

  1. The aims and the purpose of this work includes; the responsibility of designing accounting system in public parastatals and other related organizations with the need of marking right design and having the right calibre of officers to implement the system in order to achieve the desired results.
  2. To evaluate the accounting system of the ministry of finance in Kaduna State in relation to its scope of activities
  3. To evaluate the level of accountability in the public parastal and other similar organization

 

1.4    RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Ho:    That public sector accounting does not leads to accountability in Public sector.

Hi:     That public sector accounting does leads to accountability in Public sector.

 

1.5    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this research work cannot be over emphasized the reason is that it is a pre-requisite for the researcher to acquired the award of National Diploma in Accountancy.

 

The study is significance to public enterprises management as it will enable them to know the importance of public accounting towards ensuring accountability in public organization.

 

The significance of the study does not only limited to public sector, the private organization can make use of this research work and apply the recommendations made by the researcher to ensures proper accountability.

 

Lastly, the work will serve as a source or reference for future researcher that may be willing to undertaken research on the subject matter.

 

1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is to critically analyze the  impact of public sector  of accounting on accountability in public sector. The research is carryout to covered Kaduna polytechnic as the case study. Also to highlight the role of internal audit, the role of internal control and the effect of accurate record keeping as techniques of accountability in the public sector.

 

1.7    HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY

It is worthwhile to state briefly and objectives of Kaduna Polytechnic. Kaduna Polytechnic was established in 1956 as Kaduna Technical Institute. The first significance report on the proposed establishment of a polytechnic to be built in the then northern Nigeria was prepared by Dr. H. W French and Mr. G. H Wiggles north of the British Ministry of Education (which later known as the department of education and science) in June 1962. The terms of reference for the survey were to formulate and present advice to the Nigeria Authorises on the planning of a polytechnic college in Kaduna in the northern region of Nigeria. These terms were later amplified to include advice on the selection of the site, schedule of accommodation and the grouping of rooms with regard to education, architectural and cost consideration. The site work for the building of the institutions started in March 1966.

 

As a result of the break of the north into six (6) states and the subsequent insistence on roughly equal students representation in the proposed college caused a much lower progress of the building that predicted.

In April 1968, the federal military government in its decree No. 20 of 1968 formally established the Kaduna polytechnic. The official opening ceremony was held 21st November 1968. The opening was done by British high Commissioner from Lagos, Sir. David Hunt, KCMO’s OBE at a large gathering of limited guest including two northern state governors. The buildings and equipment were all gifts from the government of United Kingdom. The first principal of the institute as Mr. F. J. Hawley and Colonel W. Martin was its first secretary.

 

The polytechnic was in the central of the northern states of Nigeria before it was taken over the federal government on 27th August 1991 by Decree 40 of 1991.

 

Objectives

The objectives of the institution have been to provide:

  1. Diverse instruction, training and research in technology, science in technology, science commerce and humanities.
  2. Course of in-service instrument for members of the public service in Nigeria in general and the northern states in particular

Kaduna polytechnic computer of four (4) viz

  1. College of engineering
  2. College of science and technology
  • College of environmental studies
  1. College of administrative and business studies  

 

It now has twenty-eight academic department offering over 120 programmes and the post HND, postgraduates diploma at the B.E.d (technology) Higher Diploma and certificate level. It has student population of about 19,000 and staff strength of 3,580 as at April 2001 ending.

 

The central administration of the polytechnic has various sections viz, establishment. Academic affairs, rectory, works bursary, student affairs and medical center.

 

accounting project topics and material preview

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL ALLOCATION PLANNING AND ITS CONTROL IN AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

Leave a comment

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL ALLOCATION PLANNING AND ITS CONTROL IN AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION (A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA POLYTECHNIC)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

 

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT

This study examines the Federal Government financial allocation, planning and its control in an educational institution. It is aimed at proffering solutions to the challenges of allocation of funds in educational institutions. The questionnaire was used to record respondents’ responses. This is because it is effective in data collection. It was discovered that insufficient student welfare makes it difficult for some students to achieve their aims and objectives. It is also recommended that budget allocation for staff training and development should be enhanced as a tool for motivation.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • General background to the study 1
  • Statement of the problem           1
  • Objective of the study 5
  • Research Questions 6
  • Significance of the Study          6
  • Scope and Delimitation          8
  • Definition of Terms                    9
  • Summary 10

 

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE   

  • Introduction                     11
  • Brief history of Kaduna Polytechnic                                                 11
  • Budget Preparations 16
  • Type of budget in public sector           21
  • Difference between public and private sector budget            23
  • Summary   28

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • Introduction             30
  • Research designs             30
  • Methods of data collection 31
  • Methods of data analysis 32
  • Summary 32

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

  • Introduction 33
  • Presentation of Data 36
  • Testing of Hypothesis 42
  • Findings 43
  • Summary 44

 

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0     Introduction                                                                            46

  • Summary                              46
  • Conclusions 47
  • Recommendations 47

Reference                                                                                 49

Appendix                                                                                50

 

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Higher educational institution especially in Nigeria are known for insufficient allocation of resources from government/stakeholder that set them up and other resources centres. In most instances, management of these institution fall challenges of having to apply in adequate resources to meeting the multi-dimensional objectives in producing good output. This has always been a serious process. This therefore necessitate the need to draw policies that will help in the management of this facilities. Consequently there is a need to also evaluate these policies and its management in order to known its efficiency.

 

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The roles and high educational institutions in achieving national objectives can best be expressed as a series of tasks wich must be fulfilled. They cannot be accomplished over night. These tasks are described as:

 

Passing on the heritage of the past.

  • When a child is born he begins a new personal existence, but he also joins an old established society. One of the roles institutions plays is to pass on to him the knowledge is very great. The present generation is deeply indebted to past generation for all past discoveries, inventions and accumulated experiences that have been handed down to them. Civilization would cease to exist if every the heritage of the past were with held from present. In the past this heritage was past on through the family or by contact between individuals.

 

Today, the increased volume of knowledge and greater number of people acquiring it, requires extra schools in form of private institutions organized by individual and bodies.

 Preparing for the future

  • To prepare pupils for living in the modern society, higher institutions must prepare individuals spirit, mind and body. Decent behaviour must be instilled, useful skills and healthy activities of the mind encouraged. These three things are necessary not just preparing the children for earning a living, but for coping with the problems of the society which they will soon find themselves as adult members and also putting purpose into living.
  • Education gives a satisfying purpose for all we lean and it keeps us from living a life that is purposeless and help us to show the people we teach that our labours in teaching them and their efforts at learning after for a better purpose than just making them skilled, but will help them to become man and woman of real understanding.
  • Higher institutions need to convince their pupils and student that life has purpose and education is worth while.

 

Training the Labour Force

  • Higher institution help the nation in developing low, middle and high level man power necessary for economic development. These higher institutions train a significant number of the country’s labour force such as technicians, accountants, confidential secretaries, typists etc.
  • The top management cannot function properly without the support of these categories of the labour force. They are like the foundation on which a building rests. The wheel of economic progress will not move without the support of these categories of labour force trained by higher institutions.

Without adequate funds, these tasks or objectives cannot be accomplished. The institution runs various courses both at certificate, national and higher national diploma levels. Good financial allocation and control are needed to ensure the success of the courses offered. Financial allocation is needed for planning the scarce resource of the institution, while control ensures that the action of the institution management move to towards the stated objectives. Kaduna Polytechnic has important roles to play in developing the management needed in the country, but this role can be severely limited if the institution is not adequately funded.

  • The problem we wish to investigate is adequate finance being provided to higher educational institutions such as Kaduna Polytechnic in achieving these tasks.
  • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

  1. To examine the federal government financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institutional account.
  2. To identify out the activities of federal government financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institutions account.
  3. To identify the problem of activities of federal government financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institutions accounts.
  4. To identify the possible solution in the problem of activities of federal government financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institutional accounts.

 

  • RESEARCH QUESTIONS
  1. What are the federal government financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational allocation?
  2. What are the activities of federal government financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institution?
  3. What are the problem of federal government, financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institution accounts?
  4. What are the possible solutions to he identified problem in federal government financial planning allocation and its control in an educational institution accounts?

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will be of immense benefit to the polytechnics. In other words, the staff, graduating student and those who want to study in the Kaduna Polytechnic and so on.

It will also benefit the recently proposed polytechnic commission, (NBTE) National Board for Technical Education, (WAEC) West African Examination Council, (NECO) National Examination Council, (JAMB) Joint Admission and Matriculation Board and other examination bodies.

  • An efficient manpower development programme will enhance staff motivation towards acquiring additional qualifications. This in turn will contribute immeasurably towards the overall attainment of the Kaduna Polytechnic objectives.
  • Accordingly, this research work will be of benefit to these groups in the following ways.
  • It will assist the management of Kaduna Polytechnic in updating it manpower development programmes towards meeting the present day realities.
  • It will assist the polytechnic with useful information and guide in the area of utilizing its human resources in the best possible ways.
  • It will further enhance the quality of the products from Kaduna Polytechnic in terms of its graduates. This is so because the quality of manpower in any given organization determines the quality of its output.
  • The employers of labour will benefit tremendously from the enhanced quality of graduates of that will be available for employment.
  • The academic staff that will have their confidence enhanced and their morale boasted.
  • The findings of the research work will also benefit a great deal the ministry of science and technology, ministry of educational and the federal government of Nigeria, and all planning and designing special educational and promotional programmes for Nigerian Polytechnics.

 

  • SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The term study examines the federal governments financial allocation and planning and its control in an educational institution account. An examination on how the activities of federal governments financial allocation affect the planning and control in Kaduna Polytechnic account.

The study equally covers in-depth and possible problem that would be militating against the effectiveness of federal government financial allocation on educational institution account. The research work is rested to Kaduna Polytechnic in Kaduna north local government area not positively correlated with the number of students in the institutions.

 

  • DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

(NBTE): National Board for Technical Education.

(WAEC): West African Examination Council

(NECO): National Examination Council

(JAMB): Joint Admission and Matriculation Board

 

Polytechnic institution: A technical school offering instruction in many industrial arts and applied sciences.

Polytechnic: School providing instructions in many scientific and technical subjects.

Adequate Financial Resources: Refers to the state where a person or an organization is in position of financial adequacy.

Financial Planning: In general usage a financial plan can be a budget, a plan for spending and saving future income.

 

  • SUMMARY

This study is restricted to the growth of Nigerian federal government and also in Kaduna Polytechnic in students’ population, courses offered, fundings, educational institutions of its planning and control in Nigeria.

accounting project topics and material preview

THE ROLE OF AUDITORS AND THE METHOD OF INTERNAL CONTROL IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Leave a comment

THE ROLE OF AUDITORS AND THE METHOD OF INTERNAL CONTROL IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

( A CASE STUDY OF UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN ENUGU STATE)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST #3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT

The subject of this research investigation is “The Role of Internal Auditor and the method of Internal Control in Local Government in Enugu state specifically. The objective of the study is to know whether the function of the internal audit department are performed in compliance with the established standards and policies and how much it have succeeded in achieving the objectives of the local government. The methods of data collection were interviews, direct observation and study of secondary materials. In analyzing the data collected, percentage and some formulated hypothesis were used. The major findings of this study are: That Udi Local Government Area has an Internal audit department, that internal auditing helps to know how well the policies of the management are executed, that the duties of the internal control be performed by either the accounts division or the external auditor who must be statutorily appointed, that all the internal auditors of the local government report to the auditor general, through the executive chairman of the local government area. The researcher hereby recommends that internal auditing should be employed in local governments, because it will help immensely in management control.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the study ……………………………..………………1
  • Statement of problem…………………………………………………2
  • Objective of the study…………………………………………………2
  • Research questions……………………………………………………3
  • Research hypothesis……………………………………………..……3
  • Significance of the study………………………………………..……4
  • Scope of the study……………………………………………….……5
  • Limitation of the study…………………………………………..……5
  • Definition of terms……………………………………………….……6

CHAPTER TWO

  • Introduction……………………………………………………………8
  • Theoretical framework………………………………………..…..…11
  • Current Literature review………………………………………..…12
  • Summary of Literature review…………………………..……..……34

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

  • Research design……………………………..……………………….39
  • Area of the study……………………………………………….……39
  • Population of the study……………………………………..……….39
  • Sampling method…………………………………………..…..……39
  • Research Instruments…………………………………………..……40
  • Validity and Reliability of research Instruments……………………40
  • Sources of data………………………………………………..……41
  • Method of investigation. …………………………………..…..……42

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA PRESENTATION

  • Data presentation and Interpretation…………………………………43

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • Summary of findings ………………………………………………50
  • Conclusion ……………………………………………………..……50
  • Recommendation ………………………………….…………..……52

References……………………………..……………………….……55

Appendix A ……………………………..…………….…………….56

Appendix B……………………………………………………..……57

Questionnaire …………………………………………………..……58

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

The new civil services move with designed to make the service more functional professional, productive and responsive to the socio-economic needs of the nation. The federal government has also recently revamped and restructured the local government system to enable it perform its role of promoting, co-ordinating and implementing community services enhancing citizens participation and maximizing the use of local resources. Enormous amount of money of flowing to the local government form the federation account (    ), the of the state internally generated revenue and the revenue of the local government.

 

The federal government of Nigeria came up with a financial instruction in 1979, instructing all local government to set up internal audit unit in each local government. But the behaviour and attitude of operation of local government system resulted in many local government not setting up internal audit unit or if set up. They were not functional. The federal government in 1988 set in motion a real ware of change. A real frame work of internal auditing in the local government was spelt out in order to make it less difficult for management of the local government as the greatest contributing factor to the poor performances of local government.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

The local government has three broad sources of revenue, they include: direct from the federation’s account, of internally generated revenue of the state government and revenue generated internally by the local government her self. The internal sources available to the local government area include: rents from market stores, royalties paid by some residents company in a local government contractors registration, sales of car/bus emblems, etc.

Since the local government has a whole lot of possible sources of revenue, the problems therefore include,

  1. a) How can efficient management controls be achieved?
  2. b) What is the role of internal auditing in ensuring this control?
  3. c) How can the internal auditing be made a useful tool management control?

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

  1. a) The researcher intends to find out, the role of auditors and the method of internal control in local government.
  2. b) Whether the function of the internal audit department are performed in compliance with the established standards and policies and how much it has succeeded in achieving the objective of the local government.
  3. c) In the end, the researcher shall establish some acceptable benefit that may be derived from effective audit control system

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

  1. a) Do Udi Local government Area have an internal audit department?
  2. b) If internal auditing helps to know how the polices of management were executed?
  3. c) Can the duties of the internal auditor be performed by either the accounts division or the external auditor who must be statutory?
  4. d) Do all the internal auditors of the local government area report to the auditor general, through the executive chairman of their local government area?

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:

In the research work, the following hypothesis were formulated, tested and analysed in solving the research problem.

Ho:    The internal audit department helps the accounting system of the local government.

Hi:     The internal audit department does not help the accounting system of the local government.

Ho:    The internal audit department does not help to prevent fraud and improve revenue position.

Hi:     The internal audit department helps to prevent fraud and improve revenue position.

Ho:    Reporting to the auditor general, through the executive chairman of the local government makes the internal auditor perform his fiduciary duties diligently.

Hi:     Reporting to the auditor general, through the executive chairman of the local government makes the internal auditor not to perform his fiduciary duties diligently.

 

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

This research is on attempt to survey the constructive parts, which internal auditing can play in the local government system in Nigeria with particular reference to Udi Local government Area of Enugu State.

A lot of problems are facing the local government area as not having an effective audit central system one of these problems is the management seems to gloss over the operation of the local government, which are carried out in disorganized manner. The researcher was motivated to choose this topic because of his belief that if management of Udi local government, an efficient management which is pre-requisite for high productivity will be assured.

This is so because an efficient control system will enable the management to monitor the performances of the executives and take necessary and adequate corrective actions to ensure high performances of the executive and take necessary and adequate corrective actions, to ensure high performances at all levels.

 

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The scope of the study is limited to Udi local government area of Enugu state. This is because of the limited time available for the researcher for the submission of the report and the financial involvement of the scope is further widened. Furthermore, from the related literature review, it was observed that there were enough bases for generalising the result of the study.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study has been limited by a number of factors notable among the limitations was our people’s poor reaction to research questions and reading meaning into any attempt at any form of interview.

One of the vital documents needed for this investigation could not be supplied because it was audited account for 2007 and 2008 financial year. The last audited account was in 1988.

It took researcher much effort to convince some respondent, that he is not in anyway trying to find out the well or otherwise they are carrying out their work.

Capital Restrains: This research cost the researcher capital transport fares, buying of materials and browsing the internet to obtain more points.

Ignorance: Most of the respondents were ignorant of giving out information demanded by the researcher, they were ignorant of the research purpose and though it will be used for negative reasons.

Evasion of privacy: Some of the questions that was asked in this study appeared to be evading the privacy of the respondents, for this reason, the researcher did not get all the cooperation he requires in order to conduct a good research

 

-1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS

LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A local government is a form of public administration which in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administrator within a given state (Wikipedia).

EMBEZZLEMENT: This is an act of dishonesty withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more person to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.

APPRAISAL: A valuation of property (i.e., real estate, a business, an antique) by the estimate of an authorized person. In order to be a valid appraisal the authorized person will have a designation form a regulatory body governing the jurisdiction the appraiser operates within.

 

 

 

Complete Material Cost #3000

Order Full Material Here

accounting project topics and material preview

THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCES

THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCES (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED COMPANIES IN

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name:3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This study examined the effect of capital structure on corporate performance with reference to selected companies in Onitsha, Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information from the selected companies in Ughelli, Delta State.  Analysis and observations were made which gave rise to the validity of the conclusion at the end of the analysis, the major finding were:

  1. That this is a relationship between capital structure and cost of capital.
  2. That capital structure have significant effect on corporate performance (in terms of profitability)
  3. That there is a high cost of capital which hinders the companies’ borrowing ability.

 

The recommendations for the study among others were:

  1. That company should increase their efficiency in use of debt capital.
  2. That since cost of borrowing is so high, if a firm should be able to service fixed charges associated with senior securities and leasing, it can borrow.
  3. That for improved performance mostly on profitability, the optimum combination of fund from varying sources which is superior to any alternative combination is necessary.

 

The researcher then concludes that:

  1. The inability of many companies to adopt optimal capital structure has been increasing their cost of capital.
  2. Due to increase in the cost of capital for may firms, they were unable to borrow in order to meet up their capital investment hence the decrease in their performance mostly on profitability.
  3. The optimal capital structure is one in which the marginal real cost (the sum of both explicit and the implicit costs) of each available method of financing is the same.

 

CHAPTER ONE

Background to the Study –       –       –       –       –       –    1

Statement of the problem –       –       –       –       –       –    4

Purpose of the study        –       –       –       –       –       –       –    6

Research hypothesis        –       –       –       –       –       –       –    6

Significance of the study  –       –       –       –       –       –    8

Scope and limitations      –       –       –       –       –       –    9

Definition of terms   –       –       –       –       –       –       –   10

References       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   12

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review   –       –       –       –       –       –       –   12

Introduction     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   13

The concept of capital structure      –       –       –       –   13

Security valuation    –       –       –       –       –       –       –   22

Review of previous studies       –       –       –       –       –   23

Theoretical foundation     –       –       –       –       –       –   35

The Net Income Approach        –       –       –       –       –       –   40

The Net Operating Income Approach       –       –       –       –   41

The Modigliani-Miller Hypothesis (1958)      –       –       –   43

The Traditional Approach      –       –       –       –       –       –   47

References      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   50

 

CHAPTER THREE 

Research Design and Methodology       –       –       –       –   51

Sources of data        –       –       –       –       –       –       –   51

Primary data    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   52

Questionnaire Method     –       –       –       –       –       –   52

Interview Method     –       –       –       –       –       –       –   55

Secondary data        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   56

Population size        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   57

Data treatment and analysis    –       –       –       –       –   58

References       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   59

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis    –       –       –       –   60

Questionnaires analysis and presentation       –       –       –   60

Data analysis and presentation       –       –       –       –       –   80

Test and prove of hypothesis   –       –       –       –       –   81

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion      –    91

Summary of findings       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    91

Recommendations   –       –       –       –       –       –       –    92

Conclusion      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    93

Definitions of terms –       –       –       –       –       –       –    94

Bibliography    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    96

Appendix –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –    99

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

A Corporation, Private or Public need capital to enable it achieves its objectives. Capital structure implies the nature and proportion of elements, which go to make up the capital invested in a business corporation that are in need of funds exchange their financial instruments for the money provided by the intermediaries or direct from savers.  This money the corporations convert to tangible assets as building, land, plant and machinery, motor vehicles etc.  Basically, a corporation uses three main sources of long term and permanent financing viz: common stock, preferred stock and debt financing (bond).  It is the combination of these finances to particular firm that is termed capital structure.

There is need for reasonable balance of different types of securities comprising the capital structure of a firm otherwise the firm will deplete its financing ability or finance at sub optimal cost.  In achieving this, the cost of capital is important for it has a major impact on the investment decision and the financing structure of the firm of which affect the riskiness and size of the firm.  Specifically, the issue has been on whether

or not financial leverage effects the firm’s cost of capital, its value and profitability, hence its corporate performance.

Two major schools of thought (the Traditionalist and Modigliani Miller)  extreme views on the issues in question have been among those involved in the arguments.  According to Modigliani and Miller, in their proposition which states that “the market value of any firm is independent of its capital structure and is obtained by discounting its expected return at a rate appropriate to its risk class”1 in their proposition 2 however, it states that the cost of equity is equal to the cost of capital of an unlevered firm plus the after-tax difference between the cost of an unlevered firm and the cost of debt weighted by the leverage ratio2.

 

Their long standing and unresolved opposite views have become so controversial that it has led many into concluding that the literature is marked by serious confusion and contradictions.  This particular notion is manifested in the words of LINTER “the decision rule which have been proposed for determining the optimal capital structure and reliance on different sources of financing are mutually in-consistent, in the sense that they have led to often substantially different decision under given sets of circumstance”.

 

We are concerned with whether the way in which investment proposals are financed matters; and if it does matter, what is the optimal capital structure.  If we finance with one mix of securities rather than another is the value of the firm affected? This study will be guide by the definition, which sees capital structure as the interrelationships among long term dept, preference share and net worth (ordinary share capital plus reserves and surplus).

 

Finally, this study will ask some staff or selected companies in Onitsha, Anambra State how effective and they think their capital structure have been and what has been the effects on the corporate performance.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The use of debt as part of the capital of a business could either help or worsen the situation of a firm depending on how well the debt was used.  Generally, long-term borrowing is required for purchase of new fixed assets or expansion of production capacity.  Equally, a firm may use its retained earnings, which is shareholders money or raise more money within the organization through the issue of new shares. If loan credit is more than equity capital (owner’s fund) it is wrong and risky because this,

will increase the probability of bankruptcy.  On the other hand,

 

 

Continue reading THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON CORPORATE PERFORMANCES →