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INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATION

INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF PHCN, OKPARA AVENUE, ENUGU)

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF STUDY

 

According to Oxford Learners Dictionary, Organization can be said to be a group of people who form a business, club etc. together in order to achieve a particular aim. It can also mean two or more people getting together for a purpose. In getting together, they decide to interact with one another to achieve the objectives of the organization (Unamka & Ewurum, 1995:1)

When we discuss organization, we have variclasses among which are service organization and social organization etc. All these organizations have in mind the aim of continuing if not for eternity, a given period of time. (Unamka & Ewurum, 1995 1, 2, 3)

For an organization to carry on its business there must be some factors put in place for the smooth running of the organization management, man-power, materials, money and machines. These need to be well coordinated in order for the success of the organization to be achieved. They are used by a group of persons known as management; neither can management exist without organization- the two are inseparable twin. (Unamka &Ewurum, 1995:65)

 

Good management weaves together the various parts of organization so that all factors function as a united body. Management refers to the group of executives or officials of a company who directs efforts towards common objectives by using available resources (Unamka & Ewurum, 1995:66) management can also be said to be a process of planning, organization to have an intergrated system that will aid the achievement of organization objectives (Musselman & Hughes, 1981)

 

Effective management leads to purposeful, well coordinated, goal oriented and goal directed activities. As earlier social organizations have in mind “CONTINUITY” and “SURVIVAL” as they are being run for an organization to survive and continue existing without going bankrupt, or said to be illiquid, i.e. being its inability to meet up with its responsibilities as and when due, it must ensure the safty of its assets, cash and also the accuracy and reliability of its records, it should ensure that it institutes a system of control, strong enough to ensure such. This system is what is known as INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM.

 

According to WIKIPEDIA, the free encyclopedia, in accounting and organization theory, INTERNAL CONTROL is defined as a process effected by an organization’s people and information technology (I.T) system, designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives. It is a means by which an organization’s resources are directed, monitored and measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization’s resources both physical (e.g. machinery and property) and intangible (e.g. Reputation and intellectual property such as trade marks) the organizational level, internal co9ntrol objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting; timely feedback on the achievements of operational or strategic goals and compliance with laws and regulations.

 

At the specific transaction level, internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (e.g. how to ensure the organization payments to third parties are for valid services rendered)

There are also a variety of definitions of internal control as it affects a variety of constituencies (stakeholders) of an organization in various ways.

 

Under the committee of sponsoring organization (COSO) internal control- integrated framework, a widely-used frame work in the United States, internal control is broadly defined as a process effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: Effectiveness and Efficiency of operations; Reliability of financial reporting; and compliance with laws and regulations.

 

According to Millichamp(2002:85), internal control system is defined as the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by the management in order to carry on the business of the enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence and management policies, safeguard the assets and secure as far as possible the completeness and accuracy of the records. Internal controls are to be an integral part of an organization’s financial business policies and procedures. Internal control consists of all the measures taken by the organization for the purpose of protecting its resources against waste, fraud and inefficiency, ensuring accuracy and reliability in accounting and operating data, securing compliance with the policies of the organization and evaluating the level of performance in all organizational units of the organization. Internal controls are simply good business practices.

 

Internal control according to Osita(2002:106) is the whole system of controls, financial or otherwise, established by management in order to secure as far as possible, the accuracy and reliability of the records, run the business in an orderly manner and safeguard the company’s assets, its objectives being the prevention  or early detection  of fraud and errors. It may include internal auditing.

 

Everyone within the organization has some roles in internal controls. The roles vary depending upon the level of responsibility and the nature of involvement by the individual. The Kansas Board of regents, president and senior executives established the presence of integrity, ethics, competence and a positive control environment. The director and department heads have oversight responsibility for internal controls within their units. Managers and supervisory personnel are responsible for executing control policies and procedures at the detail level within their specific unit. Each individual within a unit is to be cognizant of proper internal control procedures associated with their job responsibilities.

 

The internal audit role is to examine the adequacy and effectiveness of the organization internal controls and make recommendations where control improvements are needed. Since internal auditing is to remain independent and objective, the internal audit office does not have the primary responsibility for establishing or maintaining internal controls. However, the effectiveness of the internal controls are enhanced through the reviews performed and recommendations made by internal auditing.

 

The institution of internal control system is an organization is not without a purpose; these purposes will be discussed later in this sturdy. One of such is to ensure that the organization survives, continue to exist, grows, become vibrant in whatever environment it might be existing or located. It is against this background that this sturdy seeks to unveil and look at the place, importance and inevitable nature of internal control system on the survival and growth of an organization.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

When we refer to internal control system, we talk of a system which will enable an organization achieve its objectives, we talk of a system which is very important to the existence of an organization, we talk of a system which will forestall the perpetration of acts that can act as a clog in the wheel to the success of an organization. This system is an all round

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FORENSIC ACCOUNTING AND AUDIT AS A PANACEA FOR PREVENTING CORPORATE FRAUD IN NIGERIA

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FORENSIC ACCOUNTING AND AUDIT AS A PANACEA  FOR PREVENTING CORPORATE FRAUD IN NIGERIA

 (A CASE STUDY OF DIAMOND BANK PLC, AWKA,

 ANAMBRA STATE).

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work concentrated on forensic accounting and audit as a panacea for mitigating / preventing corporate fraud in Nigeria. The purpose of this research work, is to fight / curb the increasing rate of fraud in the Nigerian Banks. The significance of this study is to determine the root causes of fraud and misappropriation in banks and recommend ways to curb or country these corrupt practices. Research questions and two hypothesis were employed. Simple percentage was used to analyse the research questions while chi-square was used to test the hypothesis. Based on the analysis of the research questionnaires, and the test of hypothesis, the following findings were made. Carelessness of accounting records my accountant causes fraud in the bank and other business organizations, employment of unqualified staff courses fraud in the banks, employment of forensic accountants helps in discouraging found in banks. Diversified accounting and auditing experience controls found in banks, audit of the financial statement of banks discourages corporate fraud in banks. Finally, it was therefore recommended that management should be mindful / careful of the kind of staff they employ / recruit in banks, a sound and good internal control system should be employed and strictly adhered to, management should set the tone at the top by creating healthy friendly organizational climate so as to aid the organization their objectives, proper authorization limit and control of transaction is necessary so as to help stamp out frauds in banks.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0     Key words / introduction

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of problem
  • Purpose of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Research Question
  • Hypothesis one and two
  • Scope of the study
  • Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO:

Review of Related Literature

  • Theoretical framework of the study
  • Redflags and nature of co-operative fraud
  • Sources and causes of co-operative fraud
  • The role of forensic accounting in co-operate environment
  • The Techniques in forensic accounting
  • Need of forensic Accounting
  • The role of Auditors in co-operate environment

 

CHAPTER  THREE:

Research Methodology

3.0     Introductions

3.1     Design of the study

3.2     Area of the study

3.3     Population of the study

3.4     Sample of the study

3.5     Instrument  for data collection

3.6     Validity of the instruments

3.7     Distribution and Retrieval of the instrument

3.8     Method of  data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR:

Presentation  and Analysis of Data

4.1     Presentation, Analysis and interpretation of data

4.2     Findings

CHAPTER  FIVE:

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS / CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • Summary of Findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendation
  • Limitation of the study

References

Appendix 1

Appendix  II

Questionnaires

 

  

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     KEY / INTRODUCTION

i         Forensic

ii        Accounting

iii       Audit

iv       Panacea

v        Preventing

vi       Corporate

vii      Fraud

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Forensic accounting integrate accounting, auditing and investigating skills. It is a specially practice area of accounting that describes engagement that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation. Forensic according to the Webster’s dictionary means, belonging to, used in, or suitable court of judicature or to public discussion or deliberate, it therefore means the forensic accountprovides accounting analysis that is suitable to court of judicature or to public discussion or debate which will form the basis for dissension, debate and ultimately dispute resolution.

In the words of filmer (2003) forensic accounting is seen as a method of investigating financial transaction and business situations in order to obtain the truth of and develop an export opinion regarding certain fraudulent activities.

Two areas of expertise make up the field of forensic accounting; litigation support includes business valuation revenue analysis, expert witness testimony and failure earning valuation while instigative accounting is the process of gathering evidence of criminal conduct and sustaining the content of damages.

Forensic accounting is hardly a new field, but in recent years, banks, insurance companies and even law enforcement agencies, the federal Bureau of investigation (FBI) nad Internal REvenue Services (IRS) have increase the use of these experts. A study conducted by Kessler international (a forensic

Accounting and investigation) showed that there is a growing need for experience forensic

Accountants. ABC now.com reports that industry insiders expect more companies to use forensic

Accountants as preventive measures as the demand for trustworthy financial statements increase in the wake of the recent accounting scandals. Todd avery, president of the risk consulting consulting firm and worldwide says, that may executives are paying greater attention to controls and fraud. Prevention today, then they were given a few years ago.

Historically, forensic accountants who work inpublic practices were given often, called, after owners suspected that fraud has been committed. Now recent major corporate scandal have prompted business owners to turn forensic accountant to proactive. Fraud checkups. The frauds these specialists ae looking for are usually two general types namely: financial statement fraud and theft of assets (these two can co-exist in the situation in which management has taken assets and misstated financial statement to cover-up falsification). To uncover financial statement fraud, the forensic

Accounting often analyses the financial statement by using ratio analysis and certain data-mining techniques such as Bedford’s a procedure used to determine the likelihood that data have been altered. Other procedures used include inspection of documents, conduct of interviews with persons who would have knowledge about any fraud that has occurred.

The occupational or corporate fraud committed by employees usually involve, theft of assets. Embezzlement has been the most committed fraud for the last three (3) years. Employees may be involved in kick backs schemes, identify theft or conversion of corporate assets for personal use. The forensic accountants coupled the observation of the suspected employee with physical examination of assets, investigation and inspection of documents and interviews of those involved.

Ekechi (1990) was of the opinion that in order to attain the objective of fraud management, there is need for compliance with established policies, rules and procedures. Also rules that employees should be made about of the risk of attempting to defraud and action expected if caught.

Finally for forensic accounting and audit to serve as technique or panacea for preventing corporate  fraud  in Nigeria banks, the forensic  accountants must possess the required knowledge and skill in advanced and continued education in appropriate discipline, diversified accounting and audit experience, communication skills (oral and written) practical business experience, ability to work in a team environment and people skills and flexibility (Grippo, 2003) in view of this, this study was narrowed down to first bank Nigeria Plc. The bank began operation in 1894. it operates as a universal bank providing wholesales, retail  co-operation, investment and transaction banking services to its customers in the Nigerian market. The bank divided its operation into three major divisions:

  1. a) Retail banking
  2. b) Wholesale banking
  3. c) Treasury and capital market and investment banking services.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The level of corporation fraud in Nigeria today has an adverse effect on our nation.

This epidemic has eaten deep into every aspect of our society and should be given great attention; fraud comes in many ways ranging from embezzlement, poor management of policy and procedure and while the list of possible incidences is exhaustive however, there are certain warning signals which can indicate the occurance of this crime are:

  1. Inadequate regular payment of staff salaries.
  2. Staff of the organization staying longer on a particular job.
  • Lack of proper supervision and control.

With the above examples, one cannot help but state the following problems:

  1. The indepth knowledge and skills on forensic accounting as a tool for preventing corporate fraud in Nigeria
  2. The professional qualification of forensic accountants will help in detecting fraud in an organization.
  3. Diversified forensic auditing experience will service as a panacea for preventing top corporate fraud in Nigeria.
  4. Practical business experience by forensic accountant is a technique for controlling corporate fraud in Nigeria.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purose of this staudy is to find out how forensic accounting and audit service as panacea for preventing corporate fraud in Nigeria. Other purposes are:

  • To find out if the in-depth knowledge and skill in accounting and audit help forensic accountant in preventing corporate fraud in banks.
  • To investigate if the forensic accounting standard in carrying out their duties and fighting the growing rate of fraud in Nigeria.
  • To determine whether the forensic accountants deal with the materials weakness of the internal control system.
  • To find out if forensic accounting and audit took beyond the figure in preventing and detecting fraud in banks.

1.4     SIGNIFICNACE OF THE STUDY

Since fraud has give rise to failure in accounting and accounting restatement of justified earning, with litigation and prosecutions taking place every day in our society, it is paramount to highlight the significance of the study which include the following:

1        To determine the cause of fraud and misappropriation and recommending ways to counter these corrupt practices.

2        To determine the role in which forensic accountants and audit plan towards accountability and control of the public fund.

3        To determine the possible way of detecting and preventing fraud as a challenge role of the auditor.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions guided the study:

1        Does the in-depth knowledge and skills of forensic accounting and audit a tool for preventing corporate fraud in banks?

2        Does forensic accountant commonly use statutory requirement in accounting standard in preventing corporate fraud in banks?

3        Do you think the forensic accountant is responsible for any materials weakness of the company’s internal control system?

4        Do forensic accounting and audit look beyond numbers in detecting and preventing fraud in banks?

1.6     HYPOTHESIS ONE

The following hypothesis were formulated for the study:

Ho:    The utilization of accounting, audit and investigative skills posses by the forensic accountant does not help in detecting fraud in the organization.

Hi:     The utilization of accounting, auditing and investigative skills posses by the forensic accountant help in fraud in the organization.

Hypothesis Two

Ho: The forensic accountant does not comply with statutory requirements and accounting standards in preventing corporate fraud in banks.

Hi: The forensic accountant comply with statutory requirements and accounting standards in preventing corporate fraud in banks.

Hypothesis Three

Ho:    The forensic accountant and auditors are not responsible for any material weakness of any company’s internal control system.

Hi:     The forensic accountant and auditors are responsible for any material weakness of any company’s internal control system.

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

A research work of this, is a researcher boundary. The researcher delimits its scope of study to forensic accounting and audit as a panacea for preventing corporate fraud in Nigeria ( a study of first bank)

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TEAMS

Some terms associated with the research are explained to enhance understanding of the research. Hey are as follows:

  1. Forensic investigation: The utilization of specialized investigation, skills in carrying out an inquiry, conducted in such a manner that the outcome will have application to a court of law: A forensic investigation may be ground in accounting, mediocre, engineering or some other discipline (Aroh N.N. 2010).
  2. Forensic Audit: An examination of evidence regards an assertion to determining its correspondence to establish criteria carried out in a manner suitable to the court (Aroh M.M. 2010).
  3. Internal Audit: An audit performed by an employee who examine operational evidence to determine whether prescribed operating procedure have been followed.

4        External Audit: This is where independent persons are brought inform outside an organization to review the account prepared by management (study pack accounting technician scheme west state).

5        Litigation support: It provides assistant of an auditing nature in a matter involving existing are pending litigation. It deals primary with issue relate to the qualification of economic damages.

6        Investigation Accounting: It is often associated with investigation of criminal matters. An example would be investigation of employee theft, securities fraud, insurance fraud, kickbacks and proceed of crime investigation.

7        Fraud: It is a deliberate or intentional act by a privileged individual or group of individuals within or out side the organization which results in a mass representation of financial statement. Journal of forensic accounting auditing fraud and taxation published B.R.T. Edward.

 

 

 

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THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN AGRICULTURAL FINANCING IN ENUGU STATE

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THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN AGRICULTURAL FINANCING IN ENUGU STATE

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name:3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

 

The object of this study is to determine the vital role played by commercial banks in Agricultural financing in Enugu State which has been a major handicap to agricultural development today.

The study arose from the fact the guest to achieve self sufficiency in food production which is the greatest and highest priority area facing most of the world’s people today. Apart from the role of oil economy today, agriculture still remains the major stay of the Nigeria Economy as it provides majority of the populace with employment, income and food.

 

As a business venture, it cannot be executed extensively unless funds is available for replacement and capital equipment procurement to enhance a quicker, clearer and more comprehensive of the important of this study. This work is divided into three chapters. Chapter one deals with statement of problem, brief history of Afribank PLC purpose and significant of the study scope and limitation of the study and definition of terms

 

Chapter two deals with review of related literature which includes policy and means to boost agricultural scheme, types of loan factors and risk in agricultural financing and costly constraints to agricultural financing

Chapter three deals with findings recommendation and conclusion.

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction
  • Statement of the problems
  • Brief history of Afribank plc
  • Purpose of the study
  • Significance/importance of the study
  • Scope and limitation of the study
  • Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • LITERATURE REVIEW
    • Introduction
    • Policy and means to boost agricultural finance
    • Agricultural credit guarantee scheme
    • Types of loan available in Afribank plc
    • Agric insurance scheme
    • Factors and risk in agric/ financing
    • Constraints

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   Recommendation

3.2   Conclusion

3.3   References

3.4   Bibliography

3.5   Appendix

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture can be define as the science or practice of farming i.e. cultivation and integration of live-stocks and production of raw materials for industries. It is well known that farming is the oldest occupation in the world and indeed it remains till date, one in which the largest number of people are engage. The vast majority of the population of the world, depends on its more complex since, agriculture is basically concerned with the production of food which is basic necessity of life.

 

The problems of capital scarcity in agricultural production in most developing nations are generally giving cause for involvement. As of the huge capital elopement, subsistent agriculture now cultivate crops only for their selves and their immediate families, hence the need for commercial bank to participate actively in agricultural financing materials for key industries and a major foreign exchanged earners has further added to its prominence among all human occupation. As a business, it cannot be carried out intensively unless funds are available for maintenance, replacement and capital equipment procurement and other expenses.

 

THREE TYPES OF CREDIT ARE USUALLY REQUIRED.

  1. Short Term Credit to financial yearly planting operations, seeds, fertilizers and farm expenses until the crop is sold. The amounts involved here might not be large, but inadequate of this type of credit is most predominantly felt by small farmers who have little or no savings upon in which to hang on.
  2. Medium Term Loan (longer than one planting year but less than three year). This is need for acquisition a breeding stock and cheap with relatively short little.
  3. Long Term Credit necessary to acquire major machines and equipment repairs and maintenance of farm lands building, storage facilities etc. the role of credit finance in promoting development in the country is well known in recent times, government has devoted lot of financial resources to the agricultural sector in order to boost food production through it’s lending policies to commercial banks as well as the establishment of certain agricultural schemes.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

In this age of expanded business activities around the world especially in Nigeria Agriculture is more than ever needs financial assistance in form of bank loans to meet the increasing need for food production. Obtaining such loans however has not be easy for farmers. Largely as a result of collaterals security, lack of  proper accounting records and management among other limiting factors.

 

Inspite of the importance of oil in the economy today, agriculture still remains the main stay of the Nigeria Economy as it provides the greatest avenue for employment, income of food for the Nigerian populace. It’s internatic position as a source of raw materials for agricultural credit.

 

Agricultural credit therefore is a necessary ingredient in agricultural practices and in farm productivity especially if supplied on sufficient quantity and efficiently used. However, credit is only one of the “essentials for expansion and modernization, for credit parse, is not entirely inevitable, but a necessary key to a more prosperous future.

 

The commercial banks on their part has been placed what might be an optimal level in banking lending. The customers who has over

 

 

 

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INVENTORY VALUATION, MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION

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INVENTORY VALUATION, MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LIMITED, ENUGU)

 

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Account Name: 3059320631

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ABSTRACT

 

The need for holding inventories is inherited in any business organization. The space of the inventory will be proper controlled so that the objectives of carrying or maintaining adequate inventory levels at minimum cost can be realized.

 

The study therefore, examined the system of stock valuation, controlled and management in Emenite limited. Considering the nature of the study and the company, a lot of data were generated from questionnaire administration and proposal interview conducted on staff of the industry.

 

Based on the method of data collection, the researcher found out that the system of inventory control is adequate in design and effective in operation as regards the determination of stock levels which could be attributed to the use of scientific method in deterring the quantity and time to order.

 

The researcher strongly believe that proper and accurate recording of the him cards, the use of scientific method in stock level determination will enhance the inventory control system of the company.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                     1

  • Background Of The Study 1
  • Statement Of Problems 3
  • Purpose Of The Study           4
  • Scope Of The Study 5
  • Research Questions 6
  • Research Hypothesis 6
  • Significance Of The Study 7
  • Limitations Of The Study 8
  • Definition Of Terms 10

          References                                                                         13

CHAPTER TWO:

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                  14

  • Purchasing Procedure 20
  • Receipt Of Material 22
  • Accounting Treatment 23
  • Stores Routine 25
  • Inventory Control Terminology 26
  • Stock Cost 28
  • Inventory Control Terminology                                        30
  • Types Control System 32
  • Method of Valuing Materials. 43

Reference                                                                           49

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research Design 51
  • Area Of Study 51
  • Population Of Study 51
  • Sample And Sampling Procedure 52
  • Instruments Of Data Collection 52
  • Reliability Of The Instrument 52
  • Validation Of The Instrument 53
  • Method Data Collection 54
  • Method Of Data Analysis                                                 55

          References                                                                         57

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Presentation And Analysis Data 58
  • Testing Of Hypothesis 59
  • Summary Of Result 70
  • First Null Hypothesis Testing 71

Reference                                                                           78

CHAPTER FIVE          

Discussion Of Result / Findings                                                   79

  • Findings 79
  • Conclusions 81
  • Implications Of Research 83
  • Recommendations 84
  • Suggestion For Further Research 85

References                                                                         86

Appendix                                                                           91

Bibliography                                                                      92

 

 

 

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URBANIZATION A PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.

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URBANIZATION A PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.

A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

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PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

  • Background of Study
  • Statement of Problem
  • Objective of Study
  • Scope of Study
  • Significant of Study
  • Research Question

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature Review
  • Agriculture Products Distribution Markets
  • The Signs of Agriculture Backwardness
  • Price of Food Crisis in our markets
  • Urbanization And Food Supply Easis

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • Research Methodology

3.1     Research Design

  • Area of Study
  • Population of Study
  • Sample and Sampling Technique
  • Instrument for data Collection
  • Valuation of Research Instrument
  • Sources of data Collection
  • Method of Data Collection
  • Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Results, Analysis and presentation of data

4.1     Table of facilitators

  • Table (A) Questionnaire number Distributed
  • Table A/ Participants
  • Table (B) Questionnaires distributed and returned from participants.
  • Table (C) Analysis of age brackets of participant group.
  • Table (D) Qualification of Interest Groups
  • Table (E) Responses of respondents Opion on Causes and spread of Urbanization.
  • Table (F) Causes effect to Food production and Agricultural development
  • Table (G) Testing the level of awareness.
  • Table (H) Testing level of Participation.
  • Testing of Hypothesis.

 

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

  • Introduction

5.1     Discussion of findings

  • Causes effects of urbanization
  • Effects Urbanization to food Production man and his environment
  • The Failure of Agricultural sectors
  • Recommendation and Conclusion.

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

 In this research on Urbanization – A problem to Food Production and Agricultural development in Enugu State, effort were made to address issues that are related to the problems, cause, effects, challenges, practice and solutions to the future management as it Concerns man and his environment and his economic system, health security as well as food through agriculture and its related sectors.

However, urbanization has been the problem of the world today especially in Enugu State it has taken its stand through the regional development which was enhanced by Evolution of Industrial Technologies, coupled with migration population movement of the people, which contributed grossly to the problem facing food and Agriculture in the state.

These has been found as the major causes of food scarcity, disease, hunger and other related environmental hazards across the state.

Furthermore, there is need for an legend attention to be given as to arrest its havoc and by may doing.  Create a good system of equitable redistribution of technological method to agricultural sector, and provide funding to all the sectors.  And to check mate the raising harzard which Urbanization Constitutes in our environment today.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

In this study, we are focusing on two major issues, which are closely related to one aspect of development that has posed a great threat to the other and can easily engulf it.  If adequate attention is not given to arrest and manage each problem as it concerns the other.

In this topic, the problem here rests on urbanization-a PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ENUGU STATE.

 

In definition, the word Urbanization are derived from the former word urban, which were mainly known as a place where different people with different interest from other parts of the services in Country or state exchange goods and services in Common, with higher concentration of people dwelling in such place for their enormous activities.

 

The latter Urbanization is based on the larger development of certain environment in our society, for example, State, Local Towns and Villages by higher Concentration of people and infrastructures, such as high network roads, school, markets Churches, hospitals offices, Industries, railways and airports factories communication outfits, as well as dwelling places, which were enhanced by evolution of industrial technologies.

 

While the other food production and Agricultural Development were based on natural resources.

 

Surrounding Our environment, for example, rich fertile Soil, Plants crops, animals of all kind and other minerals that system the people in their given environment.

However it has been a problem based on inability to produce enough food materials and to the sustainability of its growth and development in our Society as enough consideration has not been given to our natural and physical resources another agricultural sector.

 

Today, due to high rate of Urbanization in Enugu State and its environs, most natural and physical elements that promote good health and agricultural – occupational development of the economic well being of the people are easily neglected to Urbanization and its socio-politics-economic pursuits.

 

In recent past as the activities of trade merchants increased in certain towns, such places were placed to be the seat of authority, so as to maintain law and order and to regulate rules, which will guide the people, especially for collection of taxes in such areas.

 

Basically, the advent of technology which come to stay completed more people to focus on new ideas of sustaining a living, and people also began to develop by increasing mental knowledge, thereby Greating more easy going jobs.

In any way, this did not go down well especially in Enugu State, because of lack of equal redistribution of technological ideas to different sectors, of the people.

 

Even through among the institutions of higher learning, in the state, eg. Institute of management and technology (I.M.T) Enugu, University of Science and Technology (ESUT) Enugu, University of Nigeria Nuskka etc.

 

In these mentioned institutions there are faculties of Agricultural Science and Engineering, where brilliant students of this state are produced every year for agricultural practices, these brilliant students have been neglected and due to lack of motivation and support, some have gone beyond teaching and joined the train of get-rich-quick syndrome, as a result of failure to redistribute equally the dividends of technology to agriculture for growth and production development.

 

In fact, more reasons than earlier said brought in this problem on food production and agricultural backwardness in the state, to mention but a few, lack of manpower  resources, poor plaint and none recognition of the importance of agriculture by the authority in power.

 

Even the existing places for food and agricultural produce were exposed to environment disasters and insecurity to timber merchants,  through bush burring and deforestation and uncontrolled  erosion took another stage .Rating does into so man heaters of farm lands. Although in Recent past ,there had been a programmes unrich in every state of the awareness on agriculture of all sector.

 

For instance, the operation  Feed Nation were introduced and luched on every state of the Federation on September 1979, by the then Head of States  Gen. Olusegen Obasenjo.

 

The queen revolution also were introduced followed by Operation feed yourselves.  However the activities of this  said programes did not in any way created any impact on food production and Agricultural development in the state because it either ended up on radio broadcast, news papers head lines reports and television broadcast  news, why because it did not touch ground.

 

Infact, it lacked mobilization, motivation, and direction of any aspect.  There were no infrastructure mapped out in place to mutate these ideas being carried out to reach the  people in their different local  localities.

 

Most of the existing farms were only regional farms under Enugu State Agricultural development projects.  Created then by Federal government during the last boad on agriculture sector of economy in early 70’s.

 

These farms were located at Uzouwani Adani (Farm settlement site) Amagunze in Nkanu and Nenwe farm site, respectively.

These farms were located to take care of food production in the eastern part of the country were not adequately equipped to meet the rising demand and supply of food and some agricultural produce.

Migration and political instability has turned these farms into individual efforts on production and subsistensive farming took the role moreover, owing to urbanization and civilization migration of young ones to major cities brought a change into the number one economic foundation of the state and the nation as well.  Going through the state of 14 local government Areas with a teaming population of 2, 124, 974 as at 1991, with a projection number of 2,381, 113 persons as at 2004 population census, a total number in different occupation shows a collective number of 70,567,097 in 5 identified occupations, (U) professional technical and related workers, Administrative and managerial workers.

 

Clerical and related worker, sales workers transport equipment’s operators and labourers, as well as agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers, fishermen, and hunters and other Occupations that cannot be adequately defined Investigation through research shows a  very low rate of peoples participation in Agriculture and its related sectors.

An admiring law rate of about 8, 821,87 number …

 

 

 

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