PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF FINANCIAL CONTROL SYSTEM IN ENUGU SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Statement of the problems
• Hypotheses formulation
• Scope and limitation
• Definition of terms

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Definition
• Budget
• Financial Regulations
• Cash Accounting
• Local Government Reform
• Local government accounting functions
• Sources of revenue to the local government
• Rural development functions

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design & Methodology

• Research design
• Area of study
• Population
• Sample and sampling procedure
• Sources of data
  • Interview method
  • Questionnaire method
• Procedure for data analysis.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Analysis of Data

• Presentation
• General data
• Test of hypothesis
• Analysis of survey results

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusions

• Summary of findings
• Recommendation
• Conclusions

Bibliography

Questionnaire

 

ABSTRACT

One of the most researched and least understood variables of public sector accounting is how the accountability and stewardship of financial control is conducted.  People have been speculating on how the funds generated are managed but now researchers have conducted systematic investigation of funds and leakage in local government revenue system.

Even with this, there is still an increasing difficulty and doubts in establishing the fact that the revenue generated are put in good use.

There is also an evaluation of the source of revenue to the local government, and the impact of financial control system in the local government revenue system particularly the revenue collection points where all derivable revenues are kept for safe custody.

Secondly, to find out if really there is grant from the federal and state government to the local government areas and how it’s being spent.

Finally to know the reason, the local government cannot employ their resources in funding projects.

Findings and recommendations have gone a long way to establish proper financial control system in local government and it’s improvement

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

Public sector is that sector of the economy established and operated by government or agencies distinguishable from the private sector organized on behalf of the whole citizens.

The public sector is devised despite the privatization and commercialization of some government agencies and parastatals; the sector is still large.  Almost all the activities in the public sector have to do with political choice, which plays a vital role in resource allocation.

It is a government accounting. It is also defined as composite activity of collection, analyzing, recording, summarizing, reporting and interpreting the financial transaction of government units.  The government either provides services on natural scale or else redistributes funds, which are managed on semi-autonomous basis.

In Nigeria for instance, public sector accounting is based on the principal of fiscal federalism.  This implies that the fiscal structure o the government is a reflection of its federal and political structure.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of three levels of government namely Federal, State and Local governments otherwise known as the three tiers of the political structure.  All the three tiers of government are guided b the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria form which the government decides on who gets what and how.  Allocation of resources to the three tiers of government is granted and this is executed through the process of budgeting.  Unique thing about public sector accounting is that legal instruments demand and delimits the form the financial statement should take; many a time they follow budgeting classification.

In public sector, we have the federal government accounting, state and local government accounting respectively.  The accountings in the federal and state level are the same in that both are made up to the same ministries, parastatals, agencies and departments.

The 1976 local government reforms and the 1988 implementation guideline on application of civil service reforms in local government service established a standard or uniform multi-purpose single tier government structure throughout the federation, consequently, each local government account system is a replica of the other in terms of personal position and functions accounting system.  Financial information flow budgeting and budgetary control system approved source of revenue and general administration significantly, a local government is allowed only six departments viz: Personnel, Works and Housing and Transport, Health and Social Welfare, Education, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Financial and Supplies, Planning Research and Statistical Department, out of the six departments, only the finance department headed by the local government treasurer is authorized to collect and keep all the revenue.

According to financial control management Act of 1958, which charged the federal ministry of finance as the only government department that is responsible for making the finance of the federal republic of Nigeria.  Financial management control Act 1959 also empowered the federal ministry of finance to issue finance regulation, which are binding on other units.

The economics of government has shown that a government can be described as a group of people statutorily mandated to generate public funds and convert such funds into social goods and services (public utilities) so as to bring about socio-economic and political development in their area of control.  The extent to which a government is able to provide public goods and service depends on the amount of revenue generated both internally and externally over time.  This is why a government should devote enough revenue generation and improve its committee to the provision of infrastructural foundation to the development.  However, to carry out its functions and achieve its objective effectively, a government must be viable.  Its total expenditure must be less than its total revenue so that the remaining revenue may be channeled towards capital profit development.

In Nigeria the government income earnings management is such that each tier of government has its own exclusive source of revenue as spent out in the constitution, with the state and local government receiving the major part of the annual revenue from the federal government and the local government as well gets revenue allocation from the state government purse.

From the above, local government source of revenue can be derived and classified into two external and internal.  The external source is from the federal and state government revenue allocation, which are made according to revenue sharing formally adopted at the time internal source of local government revenue are as stated in 1979 constitution where the local government is directly responsible for its revenue policy, strategy, revenue collection and expenditure.

The local government has power to fix rate and fees payable by the people in its jurisdiction and to determine how the fees are collected.  Although some local governments are more viable than others in terms of financial base, the full realization of a local government revenue generation and collection depends on its effective management.  Unfortunately, most local government lose about sixty percent (60%) of their internal generated revenue that is more than three hundred and fifty million (N350m) annually to leakage in the collection and management present.  It is not perplexing that in spite of the unalternative salary structure in the local government system and most repellent working environment, professionals and unskilled persons still strive to gain employment in the local government system while those already employed state anything to remain in service.  This is why some concerned and nonpolitical local government chairmen and other officials to beef up their local government revenue are usually frustrated by unscrupulous revenue collectors.

Most local government however either by omission or commission neglects otherwise highly viable sources of revenue while they clamuor continuously for increased statutory allocation.  Within this set-up, it is convincing that the local government can actually generate and spend more funds on capital project development if roper managerial concept is adopted by the chairmen and more so where a stable federal government system is in place.

However, one of the major reasons for this is the persistent political instability in the country such that both appointed and affected local government chairmen serve their tenure of office in a situation of high uncertainty, which negl

LIQUIDITY PROBLEMS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN ENUGU STATE

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

 

 

This study is aimed at appraising the liquidity problems in commercial banking in Enugu state with a view of determining how these problems affects commercial banking business, as well as determining whether the policies imposed by the central bank has actually solved the liquidity problems of commercial banks or not.  In doing this, we want to classify the period under review (1980-1980) into want to pre-sfem period and the post-sfem period.  In order words, the study intends to discuss the pre-sefem and post-sfem experiences of banks and offer useful suggestions as to how their problems could be alleviated if not eradicated.

For this purpose, empirival survey and history research was carried out and the statistical tool used is percentages.  The source of data for this study are both primary and secondary where the primary soruce consists of questionnaires and oral interviews, the secondary source is in the form of books, journals and news papers.

The research revealed that prior to the introduction of the structural adjustment programme with the second tier foreign exchange market (sfem) as its main feature, the problem has been that of excess liquidity, however, the introduction of the structural adjustment programmes (SAP) brought about the present liquidity crunch in the banking system.  It was further found out that both excess liquidity and shortage of liquidity affect the banks loans and advances as well as their profits.  Further more, it was observed that the policies imposed by the central bank has not solved the (excess and shortage of) liquidity problems of commercial banks.

As a result of these, it is suggested, among others, it is suggested among others, that banks should intensity their efforts towards acquiring more deposits drive for deposits (as it is popularly known) in order to alleviate the present problem of liquidity shortage in the system.  Moreover, there should be effective supervision of the policies imposed by the central bank to combat the liquidity problems of commercial banks to ensure that the policies are adequately implemented.  Other measure to alleviate either the excess or shortage of liquidity problems include adjustment of interest rates, adjustment of liquidity ratio, diversification of commercial banking services, establishment of more rural banks to mobilize rural savings and so on.  The essence of these is to maintain adequate liquidity and at the same time make enough profit for the shareholders.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Liquidity is the word that the banker uses to describe his ability to satisfy demand for cash in exchange for deposits.  It can also be defined as the capacity of the bank to meet promptly demands that it pays its obligation.

A bank is considered to be liquid when it has sufficient cash and other liquid assets, together with the ability to raise funds quickly from other sources to enable it to meet its payment obligation and financial commitments in a timely manner.  In addition there should be a sufficient liquidity buffer to meet almost any financial emergency.

How much liquidity to hold and in what forms to hold it are a constant concern of bank management.  Banks are required to comply with legal reserve, requirements.  In addition, banks need liquidity to meet seasonal and unexpected loan demands and deposit fluctuations.  The majority of the transactions can be anticipated in advance and met from expected cash in flows from deposits, loan repayment or earnings.

Cash reserves also are needed to take advantage of unexpected profit opportunities, or for what might he termed aggressive purposes.  When a business firm that the bank has been working to secure as a customer finally presents a loan application, or a particularly desirable investment develops, the bank must have funds available to seize these opportunities.  During periods of expanding economic activity, banks are frequently presented with attractive loan situations which can only be met if banks maintain adequate liquidity. To determine the liquidity a bank needs at a particular time is to find the ratio of loans to deposits.  The higher the ratio is, the less willing banks will be in lending out and vice versa.

In Enugu State, commercial banks activities are regulated strictly by the banking act of 1969 as amended under the control of the central bank of Nigeria.  As a result of these regulation by the central bank, the commercial banks are required to hold specific assets equal to a certain percentage of their deposits and certain liabilities in liquid form.  This is known as the legal reserve requirement.  In the legal reserve requirements are liquidity ratio requirement, cash reserve requirements, stabilization securities issued by the central bank and special deposits.

Liquidity problems, for the purpose of this study, are looked at as the problems encountered by bank managers who are responsible for liquidity management, when there is either excess liquidity or liquidity squeeze in the banking system or in commercial banks.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE STUDY OR PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

There is no gain-saying, the fact that prior to the introduction of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) of which the second-tier foreign exchange market (SFEM) is the nucleus, the commercial banks in Enugu state have been wallowing in excess liquidity.  Consequently, they maintained excess liquidity ratios and were in the habit of refusing, deposits from the public.  These may be accountable to some deficiencies in the management policies of the central bank of Nigeria and the overall under developed nature of the entire economic system.  However, the structural adjustment programme with SFEM as the chief feature changed the trend.  The situation became that of shortage of liquidity or liquidity crunch, as it is popularly called.

In any case, for the purpose of this treatise, the liquidity problems of commercial banks have been identified from two perspective.

One is that they had excess liquidity before the advent of SFEM.

THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORTING ON THE MANAGEMENT OF A BUSINESS

(A CASE STUDY OF EMENITE LTD)

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

Effort is made to access the effect of formal accounting reporting on the management of  a business financial accounting covers those activities related to the preparation of certain reports which are known as financial statements. These statement report the financial status of a firm at a particular time. The firms activities and resulting profit/losses during the most recent period and the flow of resources occurring within the firm during the same period.

I draw my research from the work of many authors. Such work done have included textbooks in all forms, magazine and Encyclopedias.

Apart from extensive use of literature, other method of research include (a) interview with businessmen. (b) Questionnaires have been designed and distributed to some businessmen (especially at trade fair). The questionnaires have been designed for officers  in management cadre in public and private companies, shareholders, staff, partners and owners in sole proprietorship

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1
  • Statement of problem 3
  • Purpose of the study 3
  • Significant of the study 4
  • Statement of Hypothesis 5
  • Scope of the study 6
  • Limitation of the study 7
  • Definition of terms. 8

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Review of Related Literature 11
  • Accounting as a language of business 11
  • Users of accounting information 13
  • Characteristics of good information 17
  • Management of information 19
  • Basic accounting concept 25
  • The financial accounting branch 25
  • Other accounting branches. 27

CHAPTER THREE      

• Research design and methodology 30
  • Sources of data 31
  • Sample Size 32
  • Method of investigation 32

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis. 36
  • Data presentation and analysis. 36
  • Test of hypothesis. 43

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation. 50
  • Findings 50
  • Conclusion 51
  • Recommendation 53

Bibliography                                                                         55

Appendix                                                                              57

CHAPTER ONE

 

  INTRODUCTION

Financial accounting covers those activities related to the preparation of certain reports which are known as financial statement. These statements reports the financial status of a firm at a particular time the firms activities and resulting profit or losses during the most recent period and the flow of resources occurring within the firm during the same period.

This statement made by A. THOPSON MONTAOMERY gives us an idea on the meaning of financial accounting. However the question arises what are the efforts of these financial account reports in the management of business? The answer poses a problem which the paper will seek to solve. Not all business persons understand the impact of financial accounting information on the management of their business, some manages business intuitively. Other, like traffic defaulters who disobey road signs, disobey the warning of communicated by financial accounting information and end up in a “Business Accident”

There are other sources of information which have impact on the management of Business and the combination of these sources give an information system in the complex nature. As FARM WOOD puts it, “it must not be thought that accounting of any form is the management control system. Instead it is part of it”. But accounting information is the only system through which both mangers and external users get a picture of the organization as a total entity.

Moreover, financial accounting information usually comes in the disguised form by “wearing” the cloak of technicalities. Such technicalities include calculation which need expert knowledge in its interpretation. But when some business because of low financial layout, cannot employ such experts hands, they tend to ignore financial accounting information system which has an effect on the management of any business concern. The problem is: Do all businessmen know this? This is the question that the researcher seeks to answer also.

 

 

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

          Is very important for the functioning of any business. The finacial accounting system in most business organization do not potrary fully the principles of accounting systems. The flow of information, the cost of collecting any information and the internal control procedures have some loops holes.

In reality, it would be impossible for the researcher to study all the information system in all or even one of the organization. The study therefore involves a study of some typical financial accounting reporting on the management of a business. The researcher will carry out an empirical study and appraisal of a business financial accounting and see whether there is room for

FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

(IMPLICATION FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA)

Download our android mobile app for more materials

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST #3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT
Financial intermediation is the process by which financial institution accept saving from house hold and lend this saving to business organizations.
Since high level of financial intermediation has been associated with high degree of economic development e.g Nigeria has allegedly been said to experience low level of financial intermediation.
The objective of this study
1. To establish the extent of financial intermediation in Nigeria and the likely effect on economic development.
2. To reveal the economic development position (as measures by Gross National/Domestic Income) of countries that have comparatively the same level of financial intermediation are relatively high.
This proper will also look into the following problem. In Nigeria there has been a comparatively low level of financial intermediation demonstrated by the grossly inadequate habits to all nooks and corners of the country. Lack of actual practical indegenisation of bank industry.
The ultimate effect is that the existing financial intermediation find it impossible to effectively mobilize available resources and allocate them enhance the rate of economic development
After examining these problems, recommendation will be made. It will be aimed at increasing the level of financial intermediation in Nigeria. Then conclusion will be drawn.

 

PROPOSAL
Financial intermediation is the process by which financial institution accept saving from house hold and lend this saving to business organizations.
Since high level of financial intermediation has been associated with high degree of economic development e.g Nigeria has allegedly been said to experience low level of financial intermediation.
The objective of this study
3. To establish the extent of financial intermediation in Nigeria and the likely effect on economic development.
4. To reveal the economic development position (as measures by Gross National/Domestic Income) of countries that have comparatively the same level of financial intermediation are relatively high.
This proper will also look into the following problem. In Nigeria there has been a comparatively low level of financial intermediation demonstrated by the grossly inadequate habits to all nooks and corners of the country. Lack of actual practical indegenisation of bank industry.
The ultimate effect is that the existing financial intermediation find it impossible to effectively mobilize available resources and allocate them enhance the rate of economic development
After examining these problems, recommendation will be made. It will be aimed at increasing the level of financial intermediation in Nigeria. Then conclusion will be drawn.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of problem 3
1.3 Objectives of study 3
1.4 Significance of the study 4
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study 5
1.6 Definition of terms 6
Reference: 12

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13
2.1 Bank and Non-Bank financial Intermediaries 13
2.2 Financial Institutions and Economic Development. 14
2.3 Financial Intermediation and Economic
Development in developed countries. 21
2.4 Financial intermediation and Economic Development
in less Developed countries. 23
2.5 Financial Intermediaries and monetary control 26
2.6 Review in increasing the level of financial
Intermediation in Nigeria and the LDC’S 28
2.7 The problems of financial Intermediation 29
Reference. 30

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 32
3.1 Research methods used 32
3.2 Description of Respondents 32
3.3 Sources of Data 33
3.4 Method of Investigation 34
References 36

CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and analysis of data introduction. 37
Testing of Hypothesis. 42

CHAPTER FIVE
FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 43
5.1 Findings 43
5.2 Recommendation 48
5.3 Conclusion 53
References. 56
Bibliography 57
Questionnaires 59

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The concept of financial intermediation and resources mobilization are not new in financial literature, their relationship with economic development has also been widely discussed. Relevant literatures on financial intermediations and resources mobilization have attempted to distinguish the concept of self-finance, direct finance and indirect finance.
Direct finance involves the use of marketing techniques in which primary securities (or the liabilities of ultimate borrowers). In such forms as bonds corporate securities mortgage etc. are distributed among those financial assets. This mode of finance through encourages high savings rate and alertness to new profitable investment opportunities, total reliance on self finance is not probably a desirable long run strategy.
The other form of finance the indirect finance on he other hand involves the existence of financial intermediaries with place themselves between ultimate lenders and ultimate borrowers by purchasing the primary securities of the latter and issuing claims against themselves. Indirect securities for the portfolio of ultimate lenders while self finance makes for a balanced budget the direct and indirect finance which are forms of external fiancé make for deficit financing in which intermediaries solicit for loan able funds from the simple limits and allocate these to the deficit units whose direct debt. They absorb
From the three methods of financing highlighted above writes on this issue identified the indirect finance as the only are that calls for the intermediation by the financial institution following the above conception, gurley and show (1960) attempted the definition of the concept of financial intermediation as intermediating or go between function of financial institutions in purchasing primary securities from ultimate borrowers and issuing indirect debt (secondary securities) of the portfolio of the ultimate lenders by so doing the financial intermediaries establish a link between the borrowers. The deficit units and the lenders the simple units with this linkage they transfer resources from the surplus to the deficit unit.

1.2 STATE OF THE STUDY
It is general acknowledged fact by economist that high level of financial intermediation is associated with high rate of economic development. This has been experience by the grossly inadequate number of financial intermediaries, inadequate spread of banking habits to all the nooks and corners of the country, lack of actual practical indegenisation of the banking industry. The ultimate effect is that the existing financial intermediaries find it impossible to effectively mobilizes available resources and allocate them to enhance the rate of economic development.
In the final analysis there is low level of financial intermediation in Nigeria which culminate in a disappointedly low level of economic growth and development. These are the problem this study is set to look into which a view to finding possible solutions and recommendations.

 

Complete Material Cost #3000

Order Full Material Here

EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONCEPT OF PROFITABLE AS A GUIDE TO POLICY DECISION

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study
• Research question
• Statement of hypothesis
• Significance of the study
• Scope and limitation of the study
• Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Cost
• Uses of cost data
• Methods of inventory control
• Costing methods
• Costing techniques

 

Chapter THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Area of the study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling determination
• Instrument of data collection
• Validation of the instrument
• Reliability of the instrument
• Administration of research instrument
• Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

 

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS, CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

• Findings
• Conclusion
• Implications
• Recommendations

 

Bibliography

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACK GROUND OF STUDY

According to Harper (1977) the concept of profitability can be defined as the concept which provides management with alternative course of action in accordance with the various degrees of profitability stating clearly in relevant cost account form individual projects which enables management to select the most profitable.

Most of the policy decision of manufacturing industries are generally directed towards profitability. Policy decisions made under this concept has a direct effect of increasing and enhancing the general profitability of the manufacturing industries concerned.

The origin of this concept can be traced back to the era of industrial revolution. Prior to this era, industrial were run as family concerns but with the industrial revolution, most business grew from the usual family arrangement to large groups. Resources were pulled together and handed over to other people to manage for the owner’s.

Naturally, resource owners must expect a profitable returns from the investments, this urgent obligations forced management to seek ways of carrying out their activities so as to make profitable returns to the resource owners. Investment grew in all dimension until the first and second world wars, one would have expected that after the world war industrialization would have been abandoned but as we have seen today, this was fortunately far from being so. Rather a large number of manufacturing industries grew in importance and also in complexity all in a bid to meet the demands and standard set by the developed countries.

Enough quantity of materials had to be bought and at the same time later which is a very vital commodity had to be allowed to operate in a conducive environment so as to enjoy the benefits of hiring labour prior to commencement or an expansion the manufacturing industry must move with the changing technology, meet it social responsibilities, operate under government stipulations, pay tax as and when due and meet the expectations of the shareholders.

High administrative cost, cost of changing technology, fierce competition, scarce resource, falling economy, cost of government restrictions, the need for maximization of shareholders wealth, poor capitalize etc must be accommodated and adjusted in such a way that total cost of manufacturing a product will not only be less than sales renew but give a good profit margin.

This stipulation of operating under many uncompromising variables gave rise to the need for policy  decision on such things as siting an industry.

• Expansion of an existing industry
• Introduction of a new product
• A change in production design
• Sell or process further
• Close down.
• The nature of this research project requires theoretical approach and analysis which will cover the three dimensional focus of the research, the research focus on the three major areas are;
• The economical factor affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to a policy decision.
• The Endogenous factor affecting the concept
• The political factors.

These three combine to give a broader view of the factor affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to policy decision.

The theoretical orient action of what best provides the researcher the framework for analyzing the factors affecting the concept of profitability were.

1. Theory of location of industry which state that nearness to raw

Materials and available of labour affects the profitability of manufacturing industries. The location of extractive industries for instance depend on where raw materials are to be found. Also mining industries depend on geological, surveys. Agricultural industries depend on side condition and climate. Where the required raw materials are heavy and bulk the industry will be set up near source of raw materials in order to reduce cost.

2. Theory of nearness to market: Bulking or heavy goods are expensive to transport. Base on this, the theory therefore states that such goods be produced near the market.
3. Other general economic factors which includes industries requiring thermal heat need to be near local mines e.g. steel industries.

Tensa (1979) said that the endogenous theory which best suite the purpose of the research is the theory of operation management which is of the view that workers have the same objective with that of management which will ensure a responsible attitude towards organization decision making procedure.

4. On the political factors, the instability of government, restrictions on certain industrial activities were also theories which helped to find out factors effecting the concept of profitability
5. The theory of marginal costing were in dispensation tools for research.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

This research work titled an evaluation of factors affecting the concept of policy decision is meant to solve among other things following problems

1. a) Effect of policy decision on the profitability concept in some selected industries.
2. b) Factors of production as a necessary condition for setting up an industry needs to be available.
3. c) How Government policies affect the concept of profitability.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study includes the following

T