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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

This study examines the impact of plant and equipment maintenance on quality Productivity in Nigeria Breweries. The research questions that guided the study were: How does plant and equipment maintenance affect the standard of production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna? How does plant and equipment maintenance affect efficiency and speed of production in Nigeria Breweries? What is the effect of plant and equipment maintenance on quality production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna, and what are the problems militating against plant and equipment maintenance in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna? A survey method was used for this study. The population consists of all the staff in the Production department of Nigeria Breweries Kaduna. Out of the population 120 people, so was selected using the simple random sampling technique? A questionnaire developed by the researcher based on the five liker scale format must used as the sole instrument of data collection. Mean scores was used to analyze the data obtained from the field. Research result indicates that plants and equipment maintenance effect efficiency and productions speed by safe guiding plant and equipments against breakdown which could cause error in production and consequently affect quality. This enhances the quality and as well as productivity in production due to uninterrupted production. In spite of this plant and equipment maintenance is confronted with constraint arising from the used of substandard spare part due to improper inspection of such part by procurement officers constant power out age and regular use of generator which affect the health of plant and equipment.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study- – – – – – – 1

1.2 Statement of the problem- – – – – – – 3

1.3 Objectives of the study- – – – – – – 3

1.4 Significance of the study- – – – – – – 4

1.5 Research Questions- – – – – – – – 5

1.6 Scope of the study- – – – – – – – 5

1.7 Limitation of the study – – – – – – 6

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 8

2.2 The concept of maintenance of plant and equipment in factory 10

2.3 The concept of quality production – – – – – 11

2.4 Fundamental requirement of plant and equipment maintenance 13

2.5 The technique used in plant maintenance – – – 16

2.6 The relationship between quality and production – – 20

2.7 The impact of plant and equipment maintenance on quality production – – – – – – – – – 22

2.8 The constraint of plant and equipment maintenance – 23

2.9 Summary of findings – – – – – – –

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 26

3.2 Research design – – – – – – – – 26

3.3 Area of the study – – – – – – – 26

3.4 Population of the study – – – – – – 27

3.5 Sampling size and sampling technique – – – – 27

3.6 Instrument of data collection – – – – – 27

3.7 Validation of instrument – – – – – – 28

3.8 Reliability of instrument – – – – – – 29

3.9 Method of data collection – – – – – – 29

3.10 Method of data analysis – – – – – – 30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 31

4.2 Characteristic of respondents – – – – – 31

4.3 Data Analysis- – – – – – – – – 34

4.4 Summary of findings – – – – – – – 42

4.5 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – 43

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 46

5.2 Summary – – – – – – – – – 46

5.3 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 48

5.4 Recommendation – – – – – – – 48

5.5 Suggestions for Further Study – – – – – 49

Bibliography – – – – – – – – 51

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Plant maintenance is the comprehensive management of machineries and fool in a factory. This could take the form of preventing of breakdown through extensive lubrication of machine, detection of fault carryout minor repairs and replacement of obsolete spare parts at interval to enhance efficient production and consequently enhance quality and productivity (Edward, 2007).

Maintenance of plant and equipment use in production lead to the production of high quality product, increase speed of production and enhance the overall plant performance. The maximum utilization of maintenance resources enhance cost reduction or controls a substantial part of the total operating budget in most plants as well as reduction in total labour cost through increase speed of production and efficiency. The impact of maintenance of plant cannot be overemphasized sequel to it importance in enhancing the quality of production.

In recent years, a firm has given more attention to the quality of the product or services they produce. The act of monitoring and improving the quality of product and services produce is commonly referred to as total quality management. Which gives emphasis on production efficiency the ability to produce products at a low cost? This will consequently give a firm competitive advantage.

It is against this that most firms embark on plant maintenance in order manufacture high quality product efficiently to reduce cost and make high sales.

However, most firms use the wrong technique of maintenance sequel to cost reduction but incur such cost when breakdown interacts with production leading great loss.

It is against this background that the researcher sees the subject matter, the impact of plant and equipment maintenance on quality production as an issue worthy of being investigated. Putting a searchlight on Nigeria breweries Kaduna plant.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

The inability of an organization to effectively maintain its plant and equipment result in poor product quality, reduction in production speed, or affect other factors that limit overall plant performance. This subsequently leads to production failure in the market and could lead the collapse of an organization. It is against this,

AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

[A CASE STUDY OF NALADO CONSTRUCTION COMPANY LIMITED, KADUNA]

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

The role of internal auditors in construction companies cannot be overemphasized. This research work is aimed at assessing the role of internal auditors in a construction companies in Kaduna State. The sample size is Nalado Construction Company, Kaduna. Both primary and secondary methods were used to collect data, for the primary sources, 10 questionnaires were administered and were filled and returned. It was found in the course of this study that internal auditors are very much relevant in a construction company in Kaduna without which an enterprise cannot operate efficiently. It is recommended that owners, managers of construction companies should do everything possible to encourage and motivate the efforts of internal auditors for better performance.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction – – – – – – – – 1

1. Background of Internal Auditing- – – – – – 7
  1. Statement of the Problem – – – – – – 9

1. Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 10

1. Research Questions – – – – – – – 11

1. Significance of the Study – – – – – – 11

Scope of the Study – – – – – – – 12

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0 Literature Review – – – – – – – – 14

2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 14

2.2 Concept of Internal Auditing – – – – – – 16

2.3.1 Scope and Objective of Internal Audit – – – – 18

2.3.2 Qualities of Internal Audit Staff – – – – – 19

2.3.3 Responsibilities of an Auditor – – – – – – 20

2.3.4 Management Role of Internal Audit – – – – – 23

2.3.5 Operation of Internal Audit in Construction – – – 23

2.3.6 Essential Element of Internal Audit – – – – – 26

2.4 Relationship between the Internal and External Audit – – 29

2.5 Reliance on Internal Auditor – – – – – – 31

2.6 Duty in Relation to Fraud on Irregularities – – – – 34

2.7 Internal Auditors and Internal Control System – – – 34

2.8 Internal Check – – – – – – – – 36

2.9 Reporting – – – – – – – – – 40

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research Methodology – – – – – – – 41

3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 41

3.2 Research Design – – – – – – – – 43

3.3 Secondary Sources of Data – – – – – – 44

3.4 Population of the Study – – – – – – – 46

3.5 Sampling Techniques – – – – – – – 46

3.5 Sample Size – – – – – – – – – 47

3.7 Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – 48

3.8 Limitations of the Study – – – – – – – 49

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 50

4.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Data – – – – – 50

4.1.1 Personal Data – – – – – – – – 51

4.1.2 Other Relevant Issues – – – – – – – 51

4.1.3 The Role of Internal Audit – – – – – – 53

4.1.4 Independence of Internal Auditors – – – – – 54

4.1.5 Performance of Internal Auditors – – – – – 54

4.1.6 Internal Auditors and Fraud Prevention – – – – 55

4.1.7 Duties of Internal Auditors – – – – – – 55

4.1.8 Problems Encountered by Internal Auditors – – – 56

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation – – – 57

5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 57

5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 60

5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 61

Bibliography – – – – – – – – 63

Appendix – – – – – – – – –

Questionnaire – – – – – – – –

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Internal Audit Units are established in organizations in order to assist members of the Organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities, monitor the use of resources and make recommendations for the improvement of the organizational operations.

The day-to-day operation of an organization is delegated to the management by the Board of Directors. The head of the management often referred to as the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer serve as a link between the Board of Directors and the management.

An internal auditor is employed as an agent of the management for ensuring effective working of Internal Control System. Independence of auditor is a cornerstone for the quality of his performance.

However, it is practically difficult for an internal auditor to possess any reasonable degree of independence in mind and attitude because of the management influence and scope of the work. It needs to be emphasized that internal audit function as an integral part of the internal control system is concomitant to good corporate governance.

The purpose of internal audit in big companies is to ensure that the account on which the auditor is reporting disclose a true and fair view of the transaction summarized within the period under examination. To ensure completeness and effectiveness in big companies, auditing is very important, the major work covered in the exercising of auditing include examination of internal control, the system of bookkeeping and account, to ensure whether they are appropriate for the nature of the business or activities being carried out by the client and whether all the transactions have been properly recorded under the system. The existence of any internal audit units in big companies is a sign of good control system. If properly conducted, internal audit units can have a great impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of big companies.

Adeniji (2004) suggest that internal audit as an independent appraisal activity established within an organization as a service to it. It is a control, which functions by examining and evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of other controls.

Adams (2002), opined that internal auditing is an independent appraisal actively for the review of operations as a service to the management. Internal auditor here is one who is employed by the management of an enterprise who may or may not attain minimum academic or professional qualification, that is he may not be a member of any recognized body e.g. ICAN, ANAN.

It is in the view of the above that this study would be conducted to find out the role played by an internal auditor in big companies through proper installation of effective Internal Control System in big companies. Internal control system is examined by internal auditor in order for him to know if the control system is effective. He does this by carrying out compliance test. Internal check is done in order to prevent and detect errors and fraud. It involves the arrangement of bookkeeping and other clerical duties.

Internal Audit is a review of the operations, procedures and records of the business. Internal Auditing is itself an Internal Control which operates by appraising and reporting on the effectiveness of the other controls. Thus, its main objective is to assist management in discharging its responsibilities and to evaluate compliance with corporate procedures. It is often assigned for reviewing the accounting system and related Internal Controls, monitoring their operation and recommending improvement thereto, and also the examination of financial and operating information.

Aquaisua (2004) opines internal audit as the process of continuous review of financial transactions in order to ensure that they are working as the management intends. All the regulations, instructions, accounting system or procedures and rules set should be controlled to ensure that they are working as prescribed. It assures management of the adequacy and appropriateness of the system of internal controls by testing their operations. Usually, Government, financial instructions provide that the Accounting Officers of Ministries or Departments or (non-ministerial) departments will ensure that, subject to the availability of staff, an internal audit unit be established to provide a complete and continuous audit of accounts of revenue, expenditure, plant, allocated stores and un-allocated stores where applicable.

Omoya (1984) suggests that the duty of the internal auditor, who should be responsible to accounting officer will be to audit account and records and for the examination of the systems and procedures in force. His report should be submitted to the Accounting officer copying the Auditor-general of his state. He should have an audit programme which should be submitted to the Accounting Officer and for the acceptance of the Accountant General and Auditor General. Such programmes should ensure that the programme of audit will extend to cover all the records of the ministry, department or unit, in order to satisfy himself that:

The safeguards introduced for the prevention of the prompt detection of fraud and loss of cash or stores or plants are adequate. Normal safeguards include the observance of government and departmental regulators and instructors and for existence of internal checks.

The system for the control of the collection of revenue is adequate and

APPLICATION OF AN ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE INTERNAL CONTROL AND AUDIT IN PUBLIC SECTOR

APPLICATION OF AN ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE INTERNAL CONTROL AND AUDIT IN PUBLIC SECTOR

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Auditing is an independent checking, investigation, examination and expression of the books of accounts and vouchers of a business enterprise with a view to enable the appointed auditor to report whether the trading, prodit and loss accounts and balance sheet are properly drawn up so as to show a true and fair view of the state of affairs and the profit or loss of the business according to the best information and explanation obtained by the auditor and that they comply with the laid down rules and regulations of the statement of standard acccounting product (SSAP) and other statutory regulations.

Internal control system: This can be described acording to auditing guideline (AG 204) as “the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise, established by the management in order to carry on the business enterprise in an orderly and efficient manner, ensure adherence of maangement policies, safeguard its assets and secure as this as possible the completeness and acccuracy of records” therefore this involves both internal check and audit.

Internal Check: This briefly refers to the method (techniques) of organizing and arraning the entire operation of office, factory and enhousing and the duties of respective staff so that risk of fraud, errors, irregularities and mismanagment will almost be impossible without conclusion. That is day-to-day transactions, segregation of duties and job performance in an organization.

Internal Audit: This is refers to an independent appraisal of activities within the organization of the check of certain operations as a service to the maangement, therefore, it is the maangement control to functions by the means of evaluating and measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of other controls or checks. Meanwhile, the internal audit will ensure that some specific routine work are carrryout by the departments and that the laid down procedures is adequately carry-out by all applicable areas as well as making recommendations to the management.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Auditing in its daily and primitive stage can in an existence since 16^th Century, start when the first relationship began between those who provided capital and those who managed the business.

Moreover, the innovation of joint stock companies has enormously widened the possiility of raising capital for industry. As a result of the limited liability of the shareholders, it become possible to offer shares for subcription to the public and thus, the availability of capital to both industry and commence. “Stewardship”

Meanwhile, under the company from of business enterprises, the shareholders as a person, delegate the management of the enterprise to the board of directors and practically, the board submits to the shareholders the account of the enterprise so that its members may see a trur and fair view of the financial position and the profit and loss undertaking. Thus, in 19^th century, the greatly arose aneed by the shareholders as a body to appoint an auditor that will help in the presentation of statutory financial statement of the board of directors in order to show true and fair view of the financial position of the company.

However, in 20^th century, mandatory provision as requirement made for the audit to limited liability accounts and presentation of audit report to numbers by the company acts in Nigeria have company or companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study is basically concerned with discussing and appraising an assessment of effective internal audit and control in the public sector. And also how to answers some related questions like;

How has the effective internal audit and control affected the public sector over some years?

How Does the effective

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING

ASSESSMENT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING (A CASE STUDY OF ZAKI FLOUR MILLS)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

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ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is accounting information as a tool for management decision. The work covers various process of account information (management Account, financial account, standard for accounting information). This project will also consider possible ways of using accounting information as a tool for management decision. This project will afford the opportunity of identifying the major importance of accounting information in management for a proper decision making. Also the provided account information allows easy planning and control purpose. Lastly, the project topic assists the information conclusion drawn on he problem and the necessary ways of solving it properly to ensure a perfect management operation.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – 1

1.1 Background of the study – – – – – 3

1.2 Statement of the problems – – – – – 4

1.3 Objective of the study – – – – – – 6

1.4 Research of hypothesis – – – – – – 6

1.5 Significance of the study – – – – – 7

1.6 Scope of the study – – – – – – 8

1.7 Historical background of the case study- – – – 8

1.8 Definition of the terms – – – – – – 10

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

1. Introduction- – – – – – – – 13

Financial accounting – – – – – – 14

2.2 Management accounting – – – – – 15

2.3 Users of accounting information – – – – 17

2.4 Standard for accounting information – – – 20

2.5 The need for accounting information – – – 22

2.6 Presentation of information – – – – – 26

2.7 Over view of external financial statement- – – 27

2.8 Cost calculation – – – – – – – 33

2.9 Ratio and percentage analysis – – – – 35

2.10 Break Even analysis – – – – – – 37

2.11 Financial Decision – – – – – – 37

CHAPTER THREE

1. Introduction – – – – – – – 40

1. Research design – – – – – – – 41

1. Population of study- – – – – – – 42

1. Sample of the study – – – – – – 42

1. Sampling techniques- – – – – – – 43

1. Method of data collection – – – – – 43

Method of data analysis – – – – – 47

CHAPTER FOUR: Data Presentation, Analysis and interpretation

1. Introduction – – – – – – – 48

1. Interview with the finance department – – – 49

1. Interview question with the management – – 51

Test of hypothesis – – – – – – 53

CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

1. Introduction – – – – – – – 64

1. Summary – – – – – – – – 64

1. Conclusion – – – – – – – – 67

1. Limitation of the study – – – – – – 68

Recommendations – – – – – – 69

Bibliography- – – – – – – – 71

Appendix A- – – – – – – – 72

Appendix B- – – – – – – – 73

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

An organization needs qualitative information to function or make decision; the available of such information make the organization to function in the most effective and efficient manner. This information is provided by the accounting system to the management, which uses it primarily to accomplish three (3) broad purposes, viz:

To provide financial statement to interested external users
To plan the operations of the organization in both the short and long run.
To control the result of its operations

In financial accounting, the responsibilities of the accountant ranges from recording and analysis, summarizing and reporting the result of the activities of the organization to creditors, stock holders and prospective investors, government, labour, environmental organization and others. In the case of reports to external users, they are classified for general purpose; they are financial statement, the income statement, the retained earnings, the balance sheet and the statement of financial position. People who protest or enhance their investment in the organization as by other who have a special interest in it use this statement. In management accounting, accountants provide information for use by office within the organization (the managers) rather than for use by other outside the organistion, such information are mainly decision making concerning the internal function organization. Management accounting also provides information to the decision makes for the following purpose:

Formulation of policies
Planning and controlling the activities of the enterprises
Safeguard the assets of the organization
Disclosure of employee’s area of specialization
Decision taken alternative cause by action.

Management and financial accounting may be understood by considering the basic goals of financial accounting is to direct forms of operations to maximize income the period measure net income used by the management in making decision to avoid what may be considered as an unwise decision to external user or vice versa. However, the relevance accounting information effective decision making in this research work, the degree of the relationship shall be clearly spelt out and identified.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The choice of the topic “Accounting information as a tool for management decision making” has been motivated by the fact that whatever accounting on information is presented to the has been collected, classified and analysis will determine the extent to which it is to be relied upon by the management in order to formulate a favourable decision in the organization.

The project therefore examines the relevance of accounting information to managerial decision making manufacturing companies with a view to highlighting the area of weakness and making necessary recommendations.

It is infact in the light of the above that attempt be made to apprais the essence of accounting information in making decision concerning he use of limited resources, including the identification of the overall organization objectives.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Management who thinks that they operate successfully without the use of the information provided by the accountings and up being economic failure to their respective industries, and some times course embarrassment to the organization. Take for instance, the accountant of an organization provide his manager with the information that there is no fund for any programme execution in the company. Despite this information, the manager went ahead an instructed the accountant to draw a cheque payable to a contractor who supplied some materials to the

CAUSES AND EFFECT OF INEFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY

CAUSES AND EFFECT OF INEFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY