GULLY EROSION IN DELTA STATE

A CASE STUDY OF GULLY EROSION IN DELTA STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction of study

1.1     Background of study

1.2     Objectives of study

1.3     Justification of study

CHAPTER TWO  

2.0     Literature review

2.1     Agent of erosion

2.2     Type of erosion

2.3.    Erosion  canted by water

2.2.0  Rill erosion

2.2.1  Gully erosion

2.2.2  Sheet erosion

2.2.3  Wind erosion

2.2.4  Mode of soil particle   movement under wind erosion

2.2.5  Effects of erosion

2.2.6  Agronomics measures for soil and water convention

2.2.7  Engineering measures for social and water conservation

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Erosion in Delta state

3.1     Erosion  control measures in delta            

3.2     Gully erosion control measures delta  state

CHAPTER FOUR

Conclusion and recommendation

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            EROSION

Throughout the world especially in area with deep sand plains high stream bank or long sloping valleys extensive erosion problem occurs large qualities of valuable agricultural lands are lost each year soil erosion soil erosion can be defined as the systematic removal of social including  plant nutrients  from the soil surface by the various agents of denudation occurring in several parts of the world under different geological  climate and soil conditions” (Areola 1992) it is a dynamic phenomenon which takes place on the surface  of the earth. (Ofomata 1985) it can also be defined as the rapid removal or destruction of soil when exposed to weather conditions by man’s activities such as deforestation cultivation over grazing bush burning and quarrying.

(Ofomate 1985) soil erosion is a proves whereby  surface  layer  of weathered rock is loosed and carried away by wind or  running water (over flow) and a lower horizon in the soil is exposed (Leonh 1992) soil erosion is the earth surface by wind and run of water.

(Henry 1978) Simply defined soil erosion as the physical  removal of surface soil by wind moving ice or water in all these the soil particle must be detach from the parent soil mass transported and then the deposition of detached materials. The level  of detaching capacity depend on the erosive agents. The degree of occurrence varies considerably from one part of the field to other and it is a major environmental problem in delta state land mass. So if not controlled can have much effects on the environment.

Unfortunately agriculture is carried out in over two third of Delta state area land mass is seriously  threatened by accelerated soil erosion which is systematically reducing the land area available for this purpose (source of information) causes effect and control measures discussed and this may help to stabilize agricultural land and improved their qualities for the communities increasing population. Gully erosion occurs in area steep relief lose sandy soils. It creates deep gullies hinder movement and the cultivation of lan. It is an advanced stage  of rill erosion where surface channel have been eroded to point that they cannot be smoothened by normal tillage operation.  Gully erosion is simply defined as the run off concentration in channels great that rill in large channels.

Often guiles  can be prevented if good land conservation measures are practices on the farm good tillage and cropping practices increase the absorptive capacity of soil resulting in less run  off and also protect the land surface from erosion. Surface and water should be covered from lands through proper waters way so as not to create potential gully problem. Better strips should be located at potential gully start points such as open ditches or deep depression around delta state.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The  objectives of the study are:

1. To study the nature of the erosion in Delta state
2. To study the effect of erosion in Delta state
3. To suggest measures controlling gully erosion in Delta state.

1.4     JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGRICULTURE TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT

For the purpose of this research work, an opinion survey was made using oral interview and author – constructed questionnaire to examine “the contributions of agriculture to rural development” using Udi Local Government Area of Enugu as a case study. The researchers relied on data collected from seventy-five (75) respondents who were agricultural concerned persons. To guide the research, the above opinions were gathered and analysed/interpreted, analysis of data revealed agriculture is the main stay of the rural dwellers, that proper awareness has not been created about agriculture by those concerned and that these rural dwellers are aware of the contributions of agriculture to rural development. However further analysis of data received courtesy opinions of respondents revealed that the government has not done so much as it supposed for agricultural development in rural areas, more to this that most of the factors hindering the effective advancement of agriculture are not natural but man-made, hence could be solved. However, it is suggested that further and more indepth research on this study should be done as to as to ascertain factors impending or militating against the contributions of agriculture to rural development, also on ways these contributions could be fully utilized to effectively develop rural areas.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

Agriculture according to Anyanwu, A. C. (1975) can be defined as “a cultivation of the land for the purpose of producing food for man and animals and also fibre or raw materials for our industries”.  It also includes the processing and marketing of crops.

Another definition from V. O. Akinyosoye O. (1976) states that agriculture is concerned basically with the husbandry of crops and animals for food and other purpose.

Agriculture has been the main stay of man right from the earliest times.  It is the oldest occupation and the entire world depends mostly on it for food requirements.  In the olden days, man practiced crude method of farming which involved local tool such as stones, sticks and other related equipment.

Today, agriculture is being looked upon as a basic necessity of life.  Food is an essential thing among the human needs. It is believed that without food, nobody can survive.  This is as a result of the benefits of agriculture.  Today also, private individuals, communities, states and federal government have geared every effort towards bringing agriculture to the door step of their citizens.

The development of agriculture started when the ancient hunters who depended on fruits and vegetables as well as animals as their food found out that some of the seeds.  From the fruits they dropped, as they moved along germinated and grew on their own.  They started nursing some of these economics fruit crops as their own.  In his quest for food and shelter, man has adopted many agricultural practices through the ages and his technical skills and material resources grew.  The four major types are hunting and gathering, pure subsistence agriculture, mixed subsistence with some cash crops production and pure commercial agriculture.

Agriculture sector is the leading non-oil sector in Nigeria economy.  About 70 of the total population engaged in agriculture while about 30 of the total working population are taking part in white colar jobs and others in commercial activities.  This is the reason why demand is greater than supply in Nigeria market, today concerning food production.

Since 1960, most people in the rural areas have been migrating to the urban areas in search of employment which offers a good living condition and because of this, agriculture is neglected.

There are also other problems that face agriculture already.  These problems lies in the traditional and subsistence system of agriculture.  Production techniques are poor and there are few applications of fertilizers and insecticides.

Many efforts and contributions have been made to improve agriculture and the production of agricultural products in this country particularly in Udi Local Government Area.  As part of its contribution in finding solutions to the problems of Nigeria Agriculture, the Societe General Bank of Nigeria Limited organized three symposia in October 1984.  The symposia served as forums for bringing together participants from the public and private sectors including farmers, industrialists, government officials and researcher.

This was held at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture Ibadan on 16^th and 17^th October, 1984, while the second symposium took place at Durabar Hotel Kaduna on 22^nd and 23^rd October 1984.  The third symposium was held in Lagos at the Nigeria Institute of International Affairs on 25^th and 26^th October 1984.

The Ministry of Agriculture also arranged for effecting the collecting of agrometerological data to ensure successful timing of agricultural activities.  The ministry established Young Farmers Club (YFC) to encourage youths under twenty five years to farm in their localities.

Other programmes had been mapped out towards achieving self sufficiency in food production, such programmes included the Operation Feed Nation (OFN), Green Revolution, Agricultural Development Project (ADP), MOSA etc.  Again, the introduction of Better Life for rural women from rural to urban centres in search of white collar jobs.  Again in the introduction of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1960, agriculture was responsible for 63% of it.  The major components of GDP being agriculture, mining, electricity, manufacturing etc.

All these efforts by the Ministry has made agriculture to be very important for the provision of most human needs.

For clarity purpose, it will be important to give a vivid description of the geographical background of the study area Udi.

Udi is a Local Government Area in Enugu States.  It is bounded by some local government areas such as Ezeagu, Oji River, Nkanu, Enugu North and Awgu.  It is a very populous local government area made up of about 19 towns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

One of the major problems facing rural areas, both in Nigeria and other underdeveloped countries of the world, is the rural to urban migration.  As young and energetic men and women migrate to the urban areas, the rural areas instead of developing tend to slide more and more into underdevelopment.  Various government and agencies have been endeavouring in one way or the other to develop the rural areas of Nigeria, especially Udi Local Government Area which is the focus of this research.  These include the provision of electricity, pipe borne water supply, access roads, etc.  However, these measures have not fully stemmed the rural urban migration and the continuing decline of rural areas.

One of the major areas which I feel the government has not fully explored is the function which agriculture can play in enhancing rural development.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The objective of this research is to assess or weigh the contribution which agriculture has provided to the development of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State.  Again to assess that the greatest problem facing many nations and developing states is hunger and poverty especially in the rural areas.

Furthermore, to change many negative attitude towards the introduction of some scientific equipment and method of farming.

A:    To enable the country to achieve self sufficiency in the supply of foods by local production of adequate quantities of  high quality foods to keep pace with the food demand of the production.

B:    To provide raw material for local and foreign agrobased industries.

C:    To provide employment opportunities for able bodied people and to satisfy the market demand for locally manufactured products.

DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

The researcher intends to find out the contributions of agriculture to rural development in Udi L.G.A. of Enugu State.  Agriculture has contributed much since many rural areas use it as their main occupation and source of food to their family.  The researcher intend to find or rather concentrate on the gain of agriculture to rural areas especially Udi Local Government Area.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The study of the contributions of agriculture to the rural development of Udi Local Government Area is considered vital because it is believed that the result will help us to know the contributions which agriculture has provided to the local government area.

The findings will also alert government of Enugu State on some problems that hinder the contributions so that appropriate measures will be taken for improvement.

It is hoped that the findings will serve as a guide to the agricultural planners when adopting any programme.

The findings will further influence the habits and attitudes of the people who think that agriculture is meant for the illiterate and poor people.  And by knowing the contributions and agriculture in the state, it will increase peoples incentives and will therefore, make way for more increase in the capacity of food production in Udi Local Government Area.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What are the contributions of agriculture to rural development?
2. Does the contributions change the attitude of farmers towards agriculture?
3. Does it make life better to dwellers of Udi Local Government Area or worst for them.

EVALUATION OF SUITABILITY OF LATRIC BLOCKS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ANIMAL HOUSES

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ABSTRACT.

In a study of Evaluation  of the Suitability Latric Blocks for Construction of Animal Houses, an Industrial Solid Waste Alumina and Sodium Sulphate (Na2So4 l2 O3) was used as a stabilizer to achieve the maximum compressive strength at the least cost. Different categories of blocks were made with latric and stabilizer/water ratio of 0.6, 0.8, 10 and 1.2 for 7, 14, 21 and 28  days caring period.  Sandcrete blocks were also made with the same ratio of cement/water as a control to compare it. Preliminary soil tests were conducted on the soil to confirm the suitability of the soil. Destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on both cubes. Other tests were conducted on both cubes. Other test conducted are erodibility index text, the water absorption ratio test, the compressive strengths/surface hardness test. All the values that was obtained helps to confirms the suitability of the stabilized lateric block for Animal houses construction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

1.2   Objectives of the Study

1.3   Justification of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Effect of moisture content on lateric soil

2.2   Characteristics Properties of lateric soil

2.3   Effect of stabilizer on lateric soil

2.4   Density of lateritic soil

2.5   Moisture density relationship of lateritic soil

2.6   Compaction and compressive strength of lateritic soil

2.7   Durability characteristics of lateritic soil

2.8   Ideal Distribution

2.9   Stablization effect on the quantity of lateric blocks

2.10 Stabilization of soil

2.11 Method of improving soil characteristics

2.12 The stabilizer hazard on human health

2.13Additives and composite materials

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1   Collection of materials and sample

3.2   Laboratory soil test

3.3   Compaction test

3.4   The lateric cube test

3.5   The destructive test/compressive strength

3.6   Determination of the water absorption ratio of the lateric cubes

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1   Results

4.2   Discussions

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1   Conclusion

5.2   Recommendations

REFERENCES

Appendix I:      Constituency limit test

Appendix II:     Compaction test

Appendix III:    Grain size analysis

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

Lateric can be said to be a mixture of two or more occurring naturally. This mixture of soil when combined in proper proportion with water and stabilizer can be moulded into blocks, which can complete with sasndcrete blocks when use for building construction.

Lateritic can be obtained when one digs down the ground. It is formed through physical, chemical and organic weathering of rocks just like any other soil. Transportation of sediments in two major ways at directions is the cause of the existence of lateritic soil. Transportation after particle sizes, shapes and texture by grinding and softening the particles. Lateritic can be also said to be a reddish or yellowish materials which can occur in massive or loose aggregate formation. If the formation is massive under favourable conditions of mixture content or consistency. It can be mould together and cut into blocks which on exposure to sun dehydrate and become as hard as granit, and it can be used as massory in building construction.

1.2   Nature of the Problem

Laterit building construction has been in the use from the time immemorial as for back as the creation of man, since the advent of civilization, the strength demand of most building has greatly increased, resulting in the invention of the Portland cement where the strength of the blocks are partially determined by the ratio of mix, that is water/cement ratio. Rural developments and famers still building houses from lateritic because of the availability of clay and lateritic clay deposit almost every where, but these house such durability and strength as result of the susceptibility of clay soil to expansion and shrinkage with changed. In the mixture content, the cohesive strength at clay soil also decrease with increase in mixture content, thus takes time to drain. These properties of clay make it very unstable and thus walls build such clay bricks lack durability.

1.3   Objective of the Study

The main objective of this project include the following

(i)          To determine the effectiveness of an industrial solid waste from Aliminium Extraction Company as an additive for lateric blocks which will be used for farm building construction.

(ii)        To obtain or produce a stabilized lateritic block of a maximum compressive strength value.

1.4   Justification of The Study

FARM POWER SOURCES AND UTILIZATION IN ENUGU STATE

(A CASE STUDY OF IGBO-ETITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA)

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ABSTRACT

          Evaluation of power sources helps to know the power available for agricultural.  Thesis necessary to know, because power input to agriculture affects the volume of agricultural production.  In view of this, the farm power sources available in Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area of Enugu State were evaluated and it was found that human power internal combustion and energy from the sun were available.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction

1.1            Background Of Study

1.2            Objective Of Study

1.3            Justification Of Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature Review

2.1            Definition Of Terms

2.2            Sources Of Farm Power

2.3            Appraisal of farm power sources available to agriculture

CHAPTER THREE

3.1            The People And Location Of Igbo-Etiti Lcoal Government Area

3.2            The Autonomous Communities Igbo-Etiti  Local Government Area

3.3            Igbo – Etiti Local Government Development Centres

3.4            The Topography And Vegetation Of The Igbo – Etiti Local Government Area

3.5            Farm Power Sources Available In Igbo – Etiti Local Government Area

3.6            Uses Of The Power Sources In The Local Government

3.7            The Use Of Available Farm Power Source In Food Production In Igbo – Etiti Local Government

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            Sumamry Of Findings

4.2            Recommendations

4.3            Conclusion

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Power is required to develop and execute the activities involved in agricultural production.  In every part of the world power supply is almost directly proportional to agricultural production.

In view of the above facts, an appraisal of farm power sources available to Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area of Enugu State was nursed.  An articulated evaluation will help to highlight power needs of agricultural activities that will lead to improved food and fibre production.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          Very little or no work had been earlier on this study in the local government area, thus documentation on farm power sources and utilization in the local government area has been minimal.  This study therefore attempts to solve this problem by identifying, analyzing and appraising.  The various sources of farm power available and how they are put to use in Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area of Enugu State.

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This work has the objective of providing valid in formation on the different farm power sources available in Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area of Enugu State.

Secondly, to make known the best possible way of utilizing or applying available power.

Thirdly, it is meant to help determine the best application of available power in Igbo-Etiti Local Government Area of Enugu State at a minimal cost.

The study wills also increasing agricultural production along side with the processing of agricultural produce through the efficient utilization of available power.