CONSTRUCTION OF A MANUAL GRAVELS GRADING MACHINE

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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abstract

I constructed manual gravel grading machine by following process. The design was done before started cutting the angle iron of from the frame as a support to the machine and welded, bearing and bearing housing was welded for rotation and pass the mild steel rod for turning the cylinder drum mum turning the handle, the cylinder drum is perforated holes of sieves for about Ø6mm, Ø68mm/ Ø10gm and constructed collection tray for grading particles the test rum was carried – out by tested gravel from I.M.T campus III, Ngwo, Aguobuow with result of sample from Ngwo smaller than samples from IMT campus III and Aguobuowa and particles less than 6mm, 8mm and 10mm pass through them but 7/10mm discharge through outlet.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Problem

1.3     Objective of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERURE REVIEW

2.1     Definition of Gravel

2.2     Uses of Gravel

2.3.0  Gravel Grading Devices

2.3.1  Mechanical Method

2.3.2  Tradition Method

CHAPTER THREE

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS.

3.1     The Shaft / Handle

3.2     The stand / Frame

3.3     The Bearings / Bearing Housing

3.4     The Sieved Cylinder

3.5     The Collection Tray

CHAPTER FOUR

USES AND TEST-RUN EVALUATION RESULTS

4.1     Uses of the Constructed Machine

4.2.0  Test Run Evaluation

4.2.1  With Gravel Samples form I.M.T Campus III

4.2.2  With Gravel Samples from Ngwo

4.2.3  With Gravel Samples from Eguobuow

4.2.4  With Gravel Sample from Nsukka

4.3.    Approval of Test-Run Result

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The machine was initially designed before fabricated purposely for gravel separation, it was frame with angle iron with measurement to 6inch which carry the machine,

Secondly construct the collection tray with apartment after welded.

Thirdly, the bearing and bearing housing attached rotation of cylinder drum through help of shaft / handle. The shaft (mold started) used to guide cylinder drum before pass through baring and weld handle, the cylinder drum was perforated for serves diameter the 10mm, before finally assemblage the pars.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main problem is the cost and is considering to importing foreign machine increases foreign economy while our economy reducing at the same time, in respect to performance, early manual gravel grading machine is imperfectly to separate gravel aggregates before after successful research made through constructing it by mechanical services to affair a required separation. It usually manual operation which consume greatest energy and from the machine tear and minced with gavel as a result of irrelevance material used of fabricate. As a problem it has noisy obratian and breading of bigger particles on smaller services to prevent pass.

1.3            OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objection of the project is to acquire expertise in the construction of manual gravel grading machine and further having different size of gravel aggregates which hell builders in building construction in chosen the comet particle, it is also to remove unwanted coarse and pure from impunities, where the objective of this project is to provide an efficient of high work done.

1.4            SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

Before, builder used mixed of different sizes of gravel to build but now, manual gravel grading machine is using to separate gravel aggregate according to sieves for specific used about diameters of 6mm, 10mm and /10mm and separate particles of impunities from gravel aggregate. It improves building technology and very cheap to maintain with the used of these machine it serves time and operates without used of any chemical energy which totally reduces labourer

EVALUATION OF SUITABILITY OF LATRIC BLOCKS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ANIMAL HOUSES

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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Abstract

In a study of Evaluation  of the Suitability Latric Blocks for Construction of Animal Houses, an Industrial Solid Waste Alumina and Sodium Sulphate (Na2So4 l2 O3) was used as a stabilizer to achieve the maximum compressive strength at the least cost. Different categories of blocks were made with latric and stabilizer/water ratio of 0.6, 0.8, 10 and 1.2 for 7, 14, 21 and 28  days caring period.  Sandcrete blocks were also made with the same ratio of cement/water as a control to compare it. Preliminary soil tests were conducted on the soil to confirm the suitability of the soil. Destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on both cubes. Other tests were conducted on both cubes. Other test conducted are erodibility index text, the water absorption ratio test, the compressive strengths/surface hardness test. All the values that was obtained helps to confirms the suitability of the stabilized lateric block for Animal houses construction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

1.2   Objectives of the Study

1.3   Justification of the Study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Effect of moisture content on lateric soil

2.2   Characteristics Properties of lateric soil

2.3   Effect of stabilizer on lateric soil

2.4   Density of lateritic soil

2.5   Moisture density relationship of lateritic soil

2.6   Compaction and compressive strength of lateritic soil

2.7   Durability characteristics of lateritic soil

2.8   Ideal Distribution

2.9   Stablization effect on the quantity of lateric blocks

2.10 Stabilization of soil

2.11 Method of improving soil characteristics

2.12 The stabilizer hazard on human health

2.13Additives and composite materials

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1   Collection of materials and sample

3.2   Laboratory soil test

3.3   Compaction test

3.4   The lateric cube test

3.5   The destructive test/compressive strength

3.6   Determination of the water absorption ratio of the lateric cubes

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1   Results

4.2   Discussions

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1   Conclusion

5.2   Recommendations

REFERENCES

Appendix I:      Constituency limit test

Appendix II:     Compaction test

Appendix III:    Grain size analysis

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the Study

Lateric can be said to be a mixture of two or more occurring naturally. This mixture of soil when combined in proper proportion with water and stabilizer can be moulded into blocks, which can complete with sasndcrete blocks when use for building construction.

Lateritic can be obtained when one digs down the ground. It is formed through physical, chemical and organic weathering of rocks just like any other soil. Transportation of sediments in two major ways at directions is the cause of the existence of lateritic soil. Transportation after particle sizes, shapes and texture by grinding and softening the particles. Lateritic can be also said to be a reddish or yellowish materials which can occur in massive or loose aggregate formation. If the formation is massive under favourable conditions of mixture content or consistency. It can be mould together and cut into blocks which on exposure to sun dehydrate and become as hard as granit, and it can be used as massory in building construction.

1.2   Nature of the Problem

Laterit building construction has been in the use from the time immemorial as for back as the creation of man, since the advent of civilization, the strength demand of most building has greatly increased, resulting in the invention of the Portland cement where the strength of the blocks are partially determined by the ratio of mix, that is water/cement ratio. Rural developments and famers still building houses from lateritic because of the availability of clay and lateritic clay deposit almost every where, but these house such durability and strength as result of the susceptibility of clay soil to expansion and shrinkage with changed. In the mixture content, the cohesive strength at clay soil also decrease with increase in mixture content, thus takes time to drain. These properties of clay make it very unstable and thus walls build such clay bricks lack durability.

1.3   Objective of the Study

The main objective of this project include the following

(i)          To determine the effectiveness of an industrial solid waste from Aliminium Extraction Company as an additive for lateric blocks which will be used for farm building construction.

(ii)        To obtain or produce a stabilized lateritic block of a maximum compressive strength value.

1.4   Justification of The Study

GULLY EROSION IN DELTA STATE A CASE STUDY OF GULLY EROSION IN DELTA STATE

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction of study

1.1     Background of study

1.2     Objectives of study

1.3     Justification of study

CHAPTER TWO  

2.0     Literature review

2.1     Agent of erosion

2.2     Type of erosion

2.3.    Erosion  canted by water

2.2.0  Rill erosion

2.2.1  Gully erosion

2.2.2  Sheet erosion

2.2.3  Wind erosion

2.2.4  Mode of soil particle   movement under wind erosion

2.2.5  Effects of erosion

2.2.6  Agronomics measures for soil and water convention

2.2.7  Engineering measures for social and water conservation

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Erosion in Delta state

3.1     Erosion  control measures in delta            

3.2     Gully erosion control measures delta  state

CHAPTER FOUR

Conclusion and recommendation

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            EROSION

Throughout the world especially in area with deep sand plains high stream bank or long sloping valleys extensive erosion problem occurs large qualities of valuable agricultural lands are lost each year soil erosion soil erosion can be defined as the systematic removal of social including  plant nutrients  from the soil surface by the various agents of denudation occurring in several parts of the world under different geological  climate and soil conditions” (Areola 1992) it is a dynamic phenomenon which takes place on the surface  of the earth. (Ofomata 1985) it can also be defined as the rapid removal or destruction of soil when exposed to weather conditions by man’s activities such as deforestation cultivation over grazing bush burning and quarrying.

(Ofomate 1985) soil erosion is a proves whereby  surface  layer  of weathered rock is loosed and carried away by wind or  running water (over flow) and a lower horizon in the soil is exposed (Leonh 1992) soil erosion is the earth surface by wind and run of water.

(Henry 1978) Simply defined soil erosion as the physical  removal of surface soil by wind moving ice or water in all these the soil particle must be detach from the parent soil mass transported and then the deposition of detached materials. The level  of detaching capacity depend on the erosive agents. The degree of occurrence varies considerably from one part of the field to other and it is a major environmental problem in delta state land mass. So if not controlled can have much effects on the environment.

Unfortunately agriculture is carried out in over two third of Delta state area land mass is seriously  threatened by accelerated soil erosion which is systematically reducing the land area available for this purpose (source of information) causes effect and control measures discussed and this may help to stabilize agricultural land and improved their qualities for the communities increasing population. Gully erosion occurs in area steep relief lose sandy soils. It creates deep gullies hinder movement and the cultivation of lan. It is an advanced stage  of rill erosion where surface channel have been eroded to point that they cannot be smoothened by normal tillage operation.  Gully erosion is simply defined as the run off concentration in channels great that rill in large channels.

Often guiles  can be prevented if good land conservation measures are practices on the farm good tillage and cropping practices increase the absorptive capacity of soil resulting in less run  off and also protect the land surface from erosion. Surface and water should be covered from lands through proper waters way so as not to create potential gully problem. Better strips should be located at potential gully start points such as open ditches or deep depression around delta state.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The  objectives of the study are:

1. To study the nature of the erosion in Delta state
2. To study the effect of erosion in Delta state
3. To suggest measures controlling gully erosion in Delta state.

1.4     JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY