AN EVALUATION OF CREDIT MANAGEMENT AND THE INCIDENT OF BAD DEBT IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANK (CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK OF NIGERIA)

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ABSTRACT

The growing case of classified debts and the increasing trend in the yearly provisions for bad and doubtful debts in commercial banks suggest that there may be errors in the administration of credit by the commercial banks in Nigeria. With this background, the leading policies of the credit management in a typical commercial bank the Union bank of Nigeria PLC was appraised with a view to ascertaining the causes and consequences of bad debts as well as to find ways and means of reducing the incidence therefore. The researcher thought test techniques intended to ascertain which find diversion has any effect on bad debts of Union Bank, to determine to extend to which government intervention in unding policies of Commercial banks has influence bad debt in Union Bank and to determine the extend to which government intervention in lending policies of commercial banks has influenced bad debt in Union bank and to determine the extend to which improper project evaluation influences bad debts of Union bank.
A questionnaire was used to collect data and together with information obtained from oral interview and desk research as well as documented and analysed by the use of Chi-square statistical test techniques. Three hypothesis were tested on effect of fund diversion, government intervention in lending policies and the extent to which improper project evaluation influenced bad debt of Union bank.
Relevant variable were determined and the effectives of bank loan management were measured using statistical indices and ratios.
Evidence from the reglanch shows to the acceptance that fund diversion affect bad debt in Union Bank, government intervention has direct influence on Union Banks bad debt and that improper project evaluation has significant influence and bad debt of Union bank.
On these basis, the researcher made her recommendations and concluded that banks should lent to viable projects and ensure that it is backed by adequate collateral.
It is suggested that future research in this area should examine on community banks, foreign banks and government owed bank like federal mortgage bank of Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the study
1.8 Definition of terms

Chapter Two: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Review
2.2 Empirical Review
Chapter Three: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Methodology
3.3 Sources of Data
3.4 Method of data presentation.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY
In a modern Economy there is distinction between the surplus economic unit and the deficit in consequences a separation of the saving investment mechanism. This has necessitated the existence of financial institution whose job includes the transfer of fund from sales to investors. One such institution is the commercial bank. The intermediating roles of the banks places them in a position of trustees of the saving of the widely dispersed surplus economic unit as well the determinant of the rate and shape of economic development. The techniques employed banks in this intermediating function should provide them with perfect acknowledge of the out come of a lending such that funds will be allocated to investment in which the probability of full repayment is certain.
However, in practice no such tools can be found in the decision of the lending bank virtually all lending decision are made under condition of uncertainty. They risk and uncertain associated with lending decisions. Situation are so great that the concepts of risk and risk analysis need to be employed by lending banker in order to facilitate sound decision making and judgment.
The increasing trend of provision for bad and doubtful debts most commercial bank is a major source of concern not only to management but also to the share holder who are becoming more aware of the damage posed by these debts. Bad debt destroy part of the earning assets of bank such as loans and advance which have been described as the main source of earning and also determine the liquidity and solvency of banks. In the other words bad debt in commercial bank generate two major problem that is profitability problems. Bad debt emotive words to bankers. Because they represent losses to banks. There are various reason for the occurrence of bad debt and its impart on the banking operation.
CAUSES OF BAD DEBT: The causes of bad debt could be based on four main classified causative agents. They are a follows. Borrowers/Customers
Banks
Government
Nature related factors
1. BORROWERS/CUSTOMERS:
IGNORANCE: Customer are ignorance for the fact that bank like other commercial ventures are out to make profit by selling their product (loan) instead they understood it to be a place where government and other will- to –do people stove they money.
Consequently, they regard any amount borrowed to be “ national case” them as an articles purchased which must be paid for on the part of our etiles in white they gratuity which should not be repaid. Again some customer/borrower over invest the loan approved on infrastructure to the betterment of actual purpose. This creates a situation factor thereby occasioning bad debts.
1. BANKS
This concerns efficient disbursement and amortizing
schedule be bank. This relate to poor evaluation of customers; The first point which readily come to mind for this bad debt is poor evaluation of customer by the supervision before giving out loan to them. The pre requisite for givin

THE EFFECTVENEDD OF FINANCIAL CONTROL IN PUBLIC SECTOR

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Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

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ABSTRACT
The project tilled the effectiveness of a financial control in the pubic sector is very special to the government units. Federal, state and local gout etc.
Filament funds are faced with a 1st of problems such as the difficulty in acquisition of funds as well as application of such funds so raised. The adaptation of weak system of accounting funds in the cash unit etc.
The first part of this project will deal with introductory part of the study historical back ground, it further highlighted the contributions of the federal misty to national economy as well the props and scope of this study.
Chapter two will show the nature and attributes of financial control, it’s utility in pubic sector.
Chapter three aims at how data were collected through secondary sources.
Chapter four deals with how data analyzed and presented through questionnaires, simple percentage was used. The hypothesis which assumption of excess expenditure and fraud being due to the altitude of vote controller was tested using percentage .chapter five, this is summary conduction and recommendation of the evaluations of the effectiveness of financial control in the pubic sector.

Chapter one introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement
1.3 Purpose / objective of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Limitation of the study
1.6 De4finition of terms
Reference
Chapter two review of related literature
2.1 Historical background of financial control in Nigeria
2.2 Financial control in Nigeria public sector
2.3 The objective of financial control in the public sector
2.4 Control over delegation of ditties
2.5 Department vote expenditure and allocation book
2.6 The certificates
2.7 Economy
Chapter three
Research design and methodology
3.1 Source of data
3.2 Location of data
3.3 Method of data collection
Chapter four
Summary of finding
Chapter five
Recommendation and conclusion
5.1 Recommendation
5.2 Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The management of financial resources in the pubic sector is the heart of government administration of financial manning and control in pubic sector.
Financial control can then be sera as the process, which assures that financial resources are obtained economically, and used effectively and effectively in the accomplishment of descried galas.
Thus of can be said to be an assurance process, which includes the process of decision – making.
In the blight of current economic problems in the country, the finical manners especially those in the pubic sector concerned with the financial control of the government funds are faced with a lot of problems, example include direct embezzlement, large scale salary frauds contract inflates.
Financial control also stresses on the acquisition of adequate funds as well as application of such funds so raised.
The researcher were mutilated to chose this topic decease of the necessity for the government to prevent and minimize fraud and embezzlement in the pubic sector through the proper book keeping of income and expenditure in pubic sector.
This study aims at the effective application of financial control vote expenditure and allocation books (DVEA)

1.2 STATEMENT PT THE PROBLES.
In the light of current economic problems in Nigeria, the financial planners especially those in the pubic sector concerned with the financial control of government fun with a lot of problems such as he inflation of contract prices payment of salaries to ghost workers payment of contractors for services not rendered and goods not applied, contractors and payment for unauthorized expenditures.
It is intended to see how effective the use of the DVEA book been a control tool for pubic sector accounting.
The amount of information than what could be found in the normal ledger used to record the double entry system of the pubic sector accounting.
It is intended that the information

THE IMPACT OF BANKING REGULATION AND SUPERVISION IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS

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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

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AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Significant of the study
1.5 Limitation of the study
1.6 Definition of terms
1.7 References
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Banking regulation
2.2 Banking regulation frame work
2.3 Banking supervisory role
2.4 Scope of supervisory role
2.5 The supervisory legal frame work
2.6 The conduct of supervision and examination
2.7 Operational requirement
2.8 Mode of supervision
2.9 The role of NDIC in the supervisory system
2.10 Reasons for the impact of banking regulation and supervision

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design
3.2 Location of data
3.3 Method of data collection
Reference

CHAPTER FOUR
Finding

CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.0 Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Modern commercial banking in Nigeria dates back to the early period. The decline in barter system of trade and the rise in financial transaction of the colonial government required an institution in the form of commercial bank for safety and transmission of fund. It was for purpose that African banking corporation based in South Africa an was invited in 1892 to open a branch office in Lagos but its existence was made precarious by the trade depression which hit Lagos in that year. In the year 1894, its operations were taken over by the Bank of British West African absorbed the bank of Nigeria and exercised monopoly over banking in Nigeria. In the year 1925 the Bardays Bank started operation in Nigeria, other colonial bank joined in the later years. The indigenization exercised abolished the existence of the expatriate banking in Nigeria their existence was terminated for some of the problem in land as at that time, the review of the history of the development of banking regulation shows that a variety of law regulation and supervisory practice have been involved and that they substantially meet the objective of regulation the current regulatory and supervisory framework approximate practice the world over and involved prohibitation and restriction or some activities of banks that could be termed abusive and highly risky. It also includes supervising nearly every aspect of a bank operation and policy making function. These regulatory provision and supervisory steps and further supported by a wide range of enforcement power for the CBN. The CBN has responded to banking problem over the year. Such responses include the adoption of prudential guidelines on the basal risk based capital requirement increased enforcement authority and greater power and more pragmatic way of dealing with troubled bank.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Union Bank of Nigeria Plc is one of the big three leading commercial bank of Nigeria know as first class commercial bank. Formally colonial bank was of the British West Indies organs and was well rooted in that colony before 1836.

The Act of Parliament in 1961 to allow it operates in other British colonies. In 1917 under the chairmanship of Lord Beaver book. The bank opened new branches in Lagos, Zaria and Accra in Gold Coast. The expansion and growth of the bank was rapid so rapid that by 1920, three year after it started operation in Nigeria. The bank had established three new branches in Port Harcourt, Jos and Kano bringing the total number of the branches of the bank world over to fifteen. Also within this period. (1916) they had grown in assets and liabilities and was competing favourably with BBNA (British bank of West African) as the capital of both banks stood at $200,000 each while the paid up capital was $600,000 for colonial bank and $560,000 for BBWA. The revenue account for the banks and $220,000 BBWA respectively. Under a working arrangement between Union bank of England and some other international banks who had interest in the two banks, the colonial bank was absorbed by Barclays Bank in 1922 the renamed Barclays bank (Dominion, colonial and overseas) like her predecessor the BBWA, the Barclay bank (DCO) became Barclays bank Nigeria limited and subsequently the grant Union bank of Nigeria Plc.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It has observed in Nigeria today, the financial environment has become very vibrant as a result of the economic restructuring that has been in progress since 1986. As a result of which the banking industry has became increasingly complex and competitive.

Consequently, the fundamental drive of this study is to bring into bare the impact of banking regulation and supervision in view of the ever changing financial environment. Some of the problems in our banking industries are stated as follows:

(i)      Distress in Nigeria commercial banks

(ii)     The inherent weaknesses in the design and implementation of the regulatory supervisory measure.

(iii)    The need for consultations of potential operators in formation process.

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

A research study on banking regulation and supervision is bot

AN APPRASIAL OF CAPITAL BUDGETING DECISIONS IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

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Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
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CHAPTER ONE:

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.5 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
2.2 TYPES OF INVESTMENT DECISION
2.3 IMPORTACE OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
2.4 FORECAST/BUDGETING
2.5 OBJECTIVE OF BUDGETING
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 THE SECONDARY DATA
3.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
3.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
3.4 METHOD OF ANALYSES
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0 FINDING
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Capital budgeting decision in the most government parastatals is statutory instrument used to take decision in most organization like NNPC i.e. Nigerian National Petroleum Industry. This government parastatals helps in exploration of crude oil and natural gas and refining or processing of crude oil and natural gas to produce petroleum and produces and others denatures both for domestic consumption and for export. The expect of the corporations activities include transportation and distribution petroleum products throughout Nigeria and production of petrol-chemical to provide the needed raw material for rapid agricultural and industrial development of the country. They are also responsible for the supervision of the country activities of oil companies.
Since the year 1996, most of the oil companies has grown considerably. This is evident in its size and area of operation, which spanned through one length and breath of the country.
The other subsidiaries of government department engaged in activities of capital budgeting are; (1) Engineering Company of Nigeria (ENCON).
This is a joint venture enterprise between NNPC and Bethel, An American based multi national engineering and consulting company.
B. Nigerian Petroleum Development Company (NPDC): This is petroleum producing company of a group. It is wholly owned by Ngos. It is involved in exploration and production of crude oil and gas.
The mission of NNPC is to profitable operate and optimum size petroleum exploration and production.
Nigeria has development company limited NGDC it is also under the NNPC, its mission is to efficiently gather treat, transmit and market Nigeria Natural Gas and its bye-products to major industries and utility gas distribution companies in Nigeria. The other includes Integrated Data Service Company Limited (IDSC).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY:
This study which is an appraisal of capital budgeting in government parastatals, is to find out how the various appraistatals appraise as capital budgeting decisions. For every organization, the usefulness of financial statement enhance decision making. Information provided should be current and meaningful.
The continuing inflation of recent year has led to an increasing awareness of some of the disadvantage of historical cost accounting. The following problems associated against the capital budgeting decision in government parastatals

THE PROBLEM OF FINANCING INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN NIGERIA

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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ABSTRACT
This research work tries to give an insight into the issue of the problems of financing international trade in Nigeria from the period (`1990-1995).
This study is aimed at analyzing Nigeria’s foreign transactions during and after (SAP) periods.
The work is organized into chapters to easy comprehension and deduction.
Chapter one deals with the introduction, Background, statement of problems, purpose / objective of the study, significance of the study, limitations of the study and the definition of terms.
Chapter two involves a review of related literature, international cash flow in trade, roles, risk factor in international cash flow in trade, major problems, trade restriction major and cash flow problems.
This chapter also treat, the important of international trade, and some underline issues towards the cash flow problem in Nigeria, through spanning through structural Adjustment programmer (SAP).
Chapter three deals with research design and methodology, source of data, location of data method of data collection.
Chapter four involves summary of finding where I summarize everything in this project.
Chapter five involves recommendation, conclusion and Bibliography.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 13
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 13
1.1 PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 17
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY 17
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 18
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 19
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS 20
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 24
2.1 INTERNATIONAL CASH FLOW IN TRADE 24
2.2 ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL CASH FLOW IN TRADE 25
2.3 RISK FACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 26
2.4 MAJOR PROBLEM OF FINANCIAL INTERNATIONAL TRADE 27
2.5 TRADE RESTRICTION AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES 29
2.6 IMPORTANT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 32
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 36
3.2 SOURCE OF DATA 36
3.3 LOCATION OF DATA 36
3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 37
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SUMMARY 40
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 RECOMMENDATION 44
5.2 CONCLUSION 46
5.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 49
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Nigeria economy has since the early 1990s been faced with adverse financial constrains especially in its international trade.
This can be traced to the responsible fiscal policies enacted during the oil boom period. The sought increase in the volume and value especially in 1990 / 91 placed the oil sector as the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, not only in terms of foreign exchange earnings but also as the source of government revenue and domestic liquidity.
The huge revenue from oil stimulated a phenomenal increase in government spending spilled into the rest of the economic sector and generated an unsustainable growth in the economic activities.
In particular, the patter of investment shifted mainly to construction and services sectors to the detriment of productive sector that is industrial and Agricultural sector which had been the sole earner and should provide the basis of economic growth.
The stump in oil market from the early to mid “goes”.
This phenomenon, exacerbated the problem already existing from the tuba lance experience in the proceeding decade following the glut in the market, oil price dropped from $40 to $35.5 per barrel and continued to slide thereafter till it reached to wightly $12 per barrel.
Consequently oil export revenue which had accounted for about 96% of Nigeria’s exchange earning dropped sharply.
Moreover, the glut also forced production down by 0.4 million barrel per day, as at the middle of 1991, and dropped further to o.6 million barrel per day, during the first quarter of 1992 the oil glut and the attendant low unit price of oil signed the beginning of economic recession from Nigeria.
As a result of these economic recession, the country ability to meet its trade. Obligations become necessary for trade partners to request new terms of trade and re-negotiation of existing loan and credit, subsequently, the country external payment position was adversely affected.
A good example of this was manifested in the export value which declined from the peak of N14.2 billion in 1990 t0 N8.6 billion in 1992 but the total import expenditure rose from N 9.1 billion in 1990 and N12.6 billion in 1992.
With a deficit of approximately N 4 billion. The ripples of the oil glut was also fect on the domestic front as was observed on the sharp decline in both state and federal government’s allocation in real monetary terms.
Secondly, the declining oil earning for the government to resort to alternative means of finance for its numerous projects.
In most cases, both private and public banks at home and abroad were approached to provide such needed funds in the form of loans and advance.
Consequently, Nigeria’s external debt rose to nearly billion in 1993.
Thirdly, the light of mounting foreign debt and with the reluctance of the much needed finance, the government was forced into counter trade arrangements as a means of making payment on goods purchased, several attempt were made to stem the declining economic fortunes of the country.
First, it was the general Ibrahim Babangida’s SAP measure that was signed to restrict imports to a manageable level.
This witnessed the advent of the import license, which rather than curtailing the foreign expenditure, increased it.
A more constructive approach was adopted in 1991 by the Babangida’s administration under the structural adjustment programmer (SAP) and re-aliging aggregate domestic expenditure and production pattern in order to minimize dependence on imports. The objectives of the programmer are this.
1. To restructure and diversity the production base of the economy in order to reduce dependence on the oil sector and import of finished goods.
2. To achieve a viable fiscal balance of payment over the medium term.
3. To lay the basis for a sustainable non-inflationary growth over the medium and long-term by insisting on a workable balance budget.
However, substantial improvement were recorded with these adjustments instance, Nigeria’s balance of payment showed on overall surplus of N1, 946.3 million in 1993. This continued to decline even to a deficit.
Despite the measure introduced by (SAP), aggregate in flow of foreign exchange continued to decline by 7.1 percent from $ 12,353.9 million in 1992 to & 3,567.1 million in1993.
Total foreign exchange out flow also decline by about 20.8 percent.
More so, as foreign exchange cash flow problem intensified, Nigeria importers found it increasing difficult to secure confirmed lines of creasing difficult to confirmed lines of credit overseas.
Although the foreign countries portray (SAP) in a negative light, economic expects who made it their duty to monitor the economic performance of the country, held the view that some sanity had been brought back into the economic system of the country.
The problem of the world’s economic recessional has affected considerably the issue of international cash flow. It becomes more difficult for the less developed countries who are non-cultural and have little or nothing to export to gain foreign exchange.
It was even worse when the strictly import oriented. In such cases, the little reserve would be very much in sufficient and inadvertently lead to economic manipulation by the creditors. Nigeria happens to fall within this group and it was in respect of the above problems that the government had introduced a lot of measure ranging from trade restriction to out right ban of most commodities. Most foreign-based institutions had over the years refused to honor most of Nigeria letter of credit L.D.C.S. suffers from this problems.
This project is going to analyze issue further. The scope, however, covers the years between 1990 and 1995. The focus is on the cash flow issue and the problem of financing international trade with this period in Nigeria.
1.2 PURPOSE / OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of