The Role of Nigeria Agricultural Co-operative And Rural Development Bank on Nigeria Economy.

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Chapter one
Introduction
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Limitation of the study
Chapter two
Review of literature
Chapter three
Research design and methodology
Sources of data
Location of data
Method of investigation
Chapter four
Findings
Chapter five
Recommendation and conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Banking in Nigeria has gone through very dramatic changes within this decade the industry has grown beyond optimistic expectations. Over the period, the number of banks expanded, the variety of banks increased, banking operation were substantially deregulated, competition increased and banks were forced to be more innovative and service oriented.
Nigerian Agricultural, co-operative and Rural development bank (NACRDB) COME IN AS A Financial Institution which provides medium and long term credit for the creation or expansion of agricultural, commercial and industrial enterprises of the Economy. It is mostly established by the government.
In Nigerian Economy, agricultural sector is among other sector which is very central to it’s economic growth and development. It play very vital role in the economy by providing food, increasing domestic savings, providing foreign exchange earnings, employment, providing raw- materials for the industrial sector, as well as improving the gross domestic product of the country.
Before NACRDB was established, several other measures had been taken by the government to encourage agriculture in the country, but they all failed the economy. It is in search for an efficient agricultural financing institution that these Nigerian Agricultural, co-operative and Rural development bank came in
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Nigeria Agricultural, co-operative and Rural development bank have been identified as a catalyst for a meaningful economic transformation. Herein are among other things, the problems of the bank.
1. Inadequate finding: development financing demands a huge capital out lay but the finance available to the bank is relatively small when compared to the competing needs.
2. Misconception of bank loans: most beneficiaries of development finance feel and wrongly too that the funds borrowed are part of their Nonrefundable share of the national cake.
3. Too extensive duty: The combination of the duties performed by three different institutions by one bank seems too difficult a task for the bank.
4. Inadequate data: NACRDB lacks statistics and information for effective planning

THE ROLE OF BANKS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN NIGERIA.

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ABSTRACT
This project work has critically highlighted the compact of the Role of Banks International Trade in Nigeria, the problems affecting the Role in Banks in international trade in Nigeria have been identified and how they can be controlled is also includes in the study and ways to solve them are inductive in the study.
This study also examines the lapses and recommends some viable points (s) that can also contribute to the image of the industry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction: ——————————————————————-
1.1 Background of the study: ————————————————–
1.2 Statement of problem: ——————————————————-
1.3 Objectives of the study: —————————————————–
1.4 Research question: ————————————————————
1.5 Assumption of the study: —————————————————
1.6 Scope of study: —————————————————————–
1.7 Significance of the study: —————————————————
1.8 Limitation of the study: ——————————————————-
1.9 Definition of terms: ————————————————————-
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 The role of banks in international trade in Nigeria: ———–
2.1 Definition of banks and international trade: ——————
2.2 Types of banks: ————————————————————–
2.3 Causes and problems of banks role in international trade: ——
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Source of data: ———————————————————–
3.1 Location of data: ———————————————————
3.2 Method of data collection: ———————————————
3.3 Analysis of data: ———————————————————-
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Findings: ———————————————————————
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary: ——————————————————————-
5.2 Conclusion: ——————————————————————
5.3 Suggestions for further research: ————————————-
Bibliography: ——————————————————

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project writ – up, “The role of Banks in international Trade”, is written to provide a guide sufficiently instructive in scope to meet the need for Banks, Economist in International Trade.
Among the important topics examined are if there are various relationship, role that exist between banks and international trade in Nigeria, nature of international economics, international trade, difference between international trade and internal trade, problems facing international trade in the banks sector.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Nigeria before and even since the British Colonialist of our country has been engaged in international trade. But it was obviously spelt out during the British Colonialist that was in the 15th century termed legitimate trade.
This was until 1960 during which Nigeria got its independence. This means that, Nigeria was no longer controlled solely by the dictates of the British Government Ever since then legitimate trade to the Nigerian was changed to international trade of which Banks has a major role to play in it.
Nigeria since the oil boom in the early 70’s has been enjoying Nigeria and across the country. Diversifying its economy.
Apart fro international trade, and as a result of climatic factors, Nigeria needs international trade to diversify, accelerate its economic development in the country.
International trade ensures export expansion and import contraction coupled with the fact that it stimulates foreign exchange earnings, international recognition and the provision of employment opportunities for the teeming population.
International trade is synonymous with the production of goods and services for the benefit of trade across the country. Thus we have the banking institution, the food processing export/import trade and the sugar, tobacco export/import trade and that of petroleum export trade is not left behind. Therefore, international trade or external trade is a trade between two or more countries.
Example. Trade between Nigeria and USA as well as Ghana, India, Britain, Japan etc. trade between two countries is called bilateral trade, while trade between many countries is called multilateral trade.
International trade does not mean the exchange of goods and services within a country. The exchange of goods and services among the people of the same country is called home or internal trade. Example, all trading activities which take place within Nigeria in a home or international trade.
External trade is established for the purpose of stabilizing nation’s economy standard if living.
External trade has been proved beyond doubts as very important for a nation’s survival therefore it is peevant that we explicably mani

EFFECTS OF BANK DISTRESS ON THE SAVING HABITS OF THE RURAL DWELLERS

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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

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ABSTRACT
This research work examined the “Effect of Bank distress on the saving habit of the rural dwellers” it investigated the causes and characteristic of bank distress in the Nigerian economy.
Many related literature were reviewed as the researchers collected data for this work. In remote communities where banking habit was poorly developed the exercise of changing bank notes in 1984 forced people to travel scores of mills to change their money and also made them realize that they need banks around incessant call for extension of bank branches to their areas. The effect of bank distress on the economy on the other hand included the erosion of public confidence mostly to the rural dwellers in putting their money in the banks.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Statement of problems
1.3 Purpose of study
1.4 Research question
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Delimitation scope and limitation
1.7 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of related literature
2.1 meaning and characteristic of distress
2.2 cause of bank distress in Nigeria
2.3 factors hindering smooth saving habits of the rural dwellers,

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 research designs and methodology
3.1 Sources of data
3.2 Location of data
3.3 Method of investigation

CHAPTER FOUR
3.0 Summary and finding

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 references and bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A bank can be defined as an organization whose principal operation are concerned with the accumulation of temporarily idle money of the general public from the purpose of advancing to others for expenditures.
John page defined a bank “A corporation or person(s) who accept money on current account, pays cheques on such account on demand and collects cheque for customers”
Oxfords advanced learners Dictionary define a bank as an organization or a place that provides a financial services or a place where something is stored ready for use.
The establishment of modern banking in Nigeria dates back to the colonial when the African Banking corporation was formed in 1892 to distribute currency notes of Bank of England for the British Treasury subsequent developments were encouraged by colonial trade. In the bid to address the credit needs of indigenous enterprises, Nigerian late ventured into the banking business, initially through private individual initiatives and later through deliberate government policy.
The problem of distress in the financial sector, including outright bank failure, has been observed in Nigeria as back as 1930 when the first bank failure was reported indeed, between 1930 and 1958 when the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) was establishment over 21 bank failure were recorded.
However, the degree of intensity and scope of the distress has never been as serious as has been observed since June 1989 when government directive to withdraw deposits of government and other public sector institution from bank to the CBN exposed the weak financial condition of most financial institution and the severity of problem has progressively here used.
The distressed condition has been traced to a wide range of causes, some of which are listed on literature review. Eventually, when distress came to into the scene, fears of loosing fund to the banks influenced negatively, the banking habit of the rural dwellers.

1.2 statement of problems
with the wave of distress spreading in the finance companies, community banks and primary mortgage institutions, a total of 24 banks were distressed in 1933, ad against 10 in 1992, 31 finance house were in default of malures obligations 456 complaints against 156 finance companies for non resumption of matured funds, however, total assets and liabilities of 395 finance firms stood at N13.38 billion in 1993 as against N2.44 billion reported for the proceeding year (1992).

THE SATIATION WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE FOLLOWINGS
1. Prevailing economic recession, policy induced hock
poor and detonating asset quality arising from large portfolio of non-performing credits non-maintenance of assets and liability.
2. Poor management bothering on sharp practice and lack of experience which is the most serious problem, associated with bank distress in the rural area.
3. Ineffective, inefficient and poor performance of the financial sector on the role of promoting and supporting economic development in the rural areas.
The problem in focus above, triggered off the interest of the researchers to carry out study in the area.

FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN SOME COMMERCIAL BANKS, REASONS, ISSUES, CONSEQUENCES AND SOLUTION.

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ABSTRACT
A descriptive study was made about financial distress in some Commercial Banks using secondary statistics.
This research work was designed to describe the Financial distress in some Commercial Bank in Nigeria. Also the causative factor as it affects Commercial Banks with the limited area of coverage.
The study also look at the following objectives such as nature and type of financial distress facing some Commercial Banks, banks involved in the distress, causes of distress, level of distress and to know if poor management also cause distress.
The study also answers the five (5) research questions. It was also discovered that distress is caused as a result of poor management, insolvency loss asset base, inadequacy of capital etc.
Therefore, recommendation such as: proper management, adequate funding, increased asset base provisions and adequate liquidity were made for the study. Also such research work should be done to other non-financial Banking Institution and other West African Country.

LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 2.1 LEVEL OF DISTRESS IN THE BANKING SYSTEM – 29.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE II

APPROVAL PAGE III
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
ABSTRACTS VI
LIST OF TABLES VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 3
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 5
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY 5
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 6
1.8 RATIONALE/JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY6
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS 7
1.10 ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY 8

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 FINANCIAL DISTRESS 13
2.2 MANAGING DISTRESS IN NIGERIAN BANKS 14
2.3 ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOLUTION FRAMEWORK
IN NIGERIA AND PROBLEMS 21
2.4 ACTION TO TACKLE FINANCIAL DISTRESS
2.5 CAUSES OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS
2.6 MEASURE/EXTENT OF DISTRESS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 SOURCE OF DATA 39
3.2 LIMITATION OF SOURCE OF DATA 41

CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS 43

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR
FURTHER RESEARCH
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 47
5.2 CONCLUSION 48
5.3 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 49
BIBLIOGRAPHY 50
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the Nigerian Banking system considering the last decade the Commercial Banking to be precise had under gone a rapid expansion both in terms of the number of Institution and the scope of Financial services rendered. As bank licensing was liberalized so was the seed of instability sown in these banking system at the same time.
As these expansion trend continuous, a sign of lacked vision among the investors and the directors motive of quick returns to satisfy the liquidity operation. The word distress has been in existence but increased promptly as these institution increased due to acute shortage of resources and the massive with drawal of deposit by government agencies and other public sectors from these bank.
The development threatened the Financial structure, expose and undermine the economic system which impede development of the economy.
Therefore, distress places a great burden on regulatory authority, depress the economy, undermine the payment system and discourage savings.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Some Commercial Banks have been diverted to assist in loans and advances to various sectors of the economy. And the Commercial Banking is known as refall banking which accept deposit and make payment to his customers. But the Financial condition of some of these Commercial Banking due to the political instability/electoral campaign that is on. Political analyst describe this on coming election to be one of the brutal crisis that is to come. Therefore, there is panic with drawal of fund by these bank customers. This institution is now bogged down by distress, insolvency, poor liquidity due to decline in deposit, and loss of confidence. The crisis has to be averted and the urgency prompted the study. This research work is designed to describe the financial distress in some Commercial Banking system in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The ob

OVERVIEW AND IMPACT OF FRAUDS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

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Bank Name: GTBank
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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

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ABSTRACT
Fraud is an awful phenomenon, which like a vein has invaded Nigeria banking industries and the society in general, and puts any organization that it comes into in a distress point or in a state of liquidation.
This study highlights the nature and various types of fraud in banks, effects of ban fraud and control measures adopted by management to check fraud incidents.
Frauds in the banking system should as much as possible be minimized as it kills the bank and destroys the economy of a nation.
Finally, the research work adduced that continuous vigilance should be the watch work if fraudulent practices are to be reduced and possibly eliminated in banking industry.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 4
1.3 Purpose/objective of the Study 7
1.4 Significance of the study 8
1.5 Limitations of the study 9
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Review of related literature 11
2.2 Concept of Fraud 13
2.3 Types of Fraud 15
2.4 Impacts of frauds in the Nigeria banking industry. 23
2.5 Extent of Bank Frauds 28
Reference 30
CHAPTER THREE
Research design and methodology 31
3.1 Sources of data (Secondary Sources Only) 31
3.2 Location of data 31
3.3 Methods of data collection (Literature work only). 32
CHAPTER FOUR
Findings 33
CHAPTER FIVE
Recommendation and Conclusion. 35
5.1 Recommendation 35
5.2 Conclusion 36
Bibliography 38

PROPOSAL
IMPACT OF FRAUDS IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA
Frauds in the “banking” industry in Nigeria and in society in general, this study is going to highlights the nature and various types of fraud, causes of bank fraud, extent of fraud in banks, effects of bank fraud, detection, presentation and control measures to be adopt by management to check fraud incidents.
The purpose of this research work is to find out whether there is significance level of fraud in Nigerian banks, to know whether Nigerians practice aid or abate fraud and to consider the adequacy of the internal control system in detecting and preventing fraud in the bank.
Hypothesis will be formulated and tested with chi-square and inference drawn thereform. The method to be used in collecting of data will includes a well-structured and easy to follow questionnaire. The collection of primary data will be through the medium of respondents. The findings will reveal the compensation of banking services and the maintenance of effective internal control mechanism and it will help to reduce the incidence of fraudulent activities in the bank. In the same vein, the recommendation of adequate internal control system should be maintained, effective fraud management, strict adherence of administrative management policies should be ensured to check and possibly fraud incidence in the bank.
The detection and prevention of frauds should be elaborative effect between banks, their customers, the public, and the government. Frauds in the banking system should as much as possible, be minimized as it kills the bank and destroys the economy of a nation.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
With an award match to becoming an industrialized nation, Nigeria is witnessing true emergence of human resources as professional, which made possible the establishment of service industries and other business organizations. This belief was rather so strong that the urge to provide financial services can no longer be overlooked. to accelerate economic growth and economic development both government and some organized private groups were issued licenses to operate banks, in addition to a few banks that were already into business to operate systematic financial services.
these banks employed young men and women, but like every aspect of human endeavour have their challenges facing the banking industry and indeed all industries is the incidence of fraud. Bakere (2002.1) observed that the incidence of frauds in the Banking Industry has in the recent. Past posed a very serious threat to the very existence of financial institutions and is a matter of serious concern to the regulatory authorities and the Banking public.
Despite the stringent measures put in place by monetary authorities and internal control measures to check the activies of fraudsters, frauds in the banks to be on the increase. Edozie as observed by Adebayo (2001:5) stated that available statistics reveal that thirdly-one banks reported that they experienced frauds and forgery cases for the period (January –March 2002).
Banks are institutions known to operate on the centre –pin of public confidence. today that concept no longer holds as bankers themselves either initiate frauds or partakes deeply in fraudulent activities against their banks (employers).
According to Nigerian Dposit Insurance /corporation (NDIC) Annual Reports (1999:9), most of those banks were run around by a few greedy directors and officials who perpetrated frauds and all kinds of unethical practices against their institutions. This is an aberration that continues to erode public confidence in banks.
this scenario has singularly contributed to the liquidation of many banks. Agbata (1998:13) observed that one cannot avoid considering the fact that the distress in the banking industry was occasioned by fraud.
Now that cases of fraud have been established in the banks, the need therefore arise to find out problems associated with fraud, It’s impact on the macro-economy and how these problems are being tackled, hence the need for this study.