EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF BANK DISTRESS ON THE PROFIT GROWTH OF EXISTING COMMERCIAL BANKS.
(A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED COMMERCIAL BANKS)

 

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Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

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ABSTRACT

This work “Evaluating the impact of Bank Distress on the profit growth of commercial banks” has the objective of showing the effect of distress on the profit growth of commercial banks. The causes of bank distress in Nigeria and the possible prevention strategies or failure resolution options of bank distress. The review of related literature was done to give an in depth knowledge of the topic to the researchers. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used by the researchers.
Simple statistical tools like T-test, least square (B) and tables were used to analyse the data collected. The following findings were made; Banks made lower profit during distress period and higher profit during distress period and higher profit after distress period. Meanwhile, banks generally made lower profit during distress period. We recommended that the supervisory arsenals to ensure minimum distress with little or no effect when it occurs.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 5
1.3 Purpose/Objectives of the study 5
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Research Hypothesis 6
1.6 Significance of the Study 7
1.7 Scope, Limitations and Delimitations 7
1.8 Definitions of Terms 8

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of Related Literature 10
2.1 Definition of Distress in Banking Industry 10
2.2 Symptoms of Distressed Banks in Nigeria 14
2.3 Causes of Banking Distress 16
2.3.1 Capital Inadequacy 18
2.3.2 Inept Management 19
2.3.3 Ownership Structure/Political
Interference in Management of Banks 20
2.4 Distress Management and Failure Resolution Option 21
2.5 The Role of Banks in an Economic System 30
Reference 33
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Design and Methodology 35
3.1 Research Design 35
3.2 Area of Study 36
3.3 Population 36
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques 37
3.5 Instruments of Data Collection 37
3.6 Methods of Data Presentation 38
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis 38
Reference 40
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 41
4.1 Graphical Illustration of Banks Profit 43
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Findings, Recommendation and Conclusion 54
5.1 Findings 54
5.2 Recommendation 56
5.3 Conclusion 58
Bibliography 59
Appendix 61
PROPOSAL
The topic “Evaluating the Impact of Bank Distress on the profit Growth of Commercial Bank, (A case study of selected Commercial banks)
The Topic “Evaluating the impact of Bank Distress on the Profit Growth of Commercial Banks” is posed to appraise the effect of distress on the profit growth of commercial banks. It measures the way in which distress affects the profit of commercial banks negatively or otherwise.
For effective execution of this work a ten year profit trend of some selected banks will be evaluated. This ten year profit will cover the period of distress and after distress for a proper appraisal of the work.
Meanwhile the profit of these banks will be collected using a primary data source (Annual Report) and secondary sources of information and there primary data will be analysed using the most appropriate statistical tools for an accurate result.
However, there will also be a formulation of hypothesis which is based on the known negative implication of distress. Though, this hypothesis and also there will be a formulation of research questions which will be sample in relative to the objective of the work for the best result.
After all, an inference will be drawn based on the outcome of our statistical test. Based on the results obtained in our tests there will be a recommendation thereof.
The distress in a bank made the banks to have lower profit during distress period and higher profit after distress permit, meanwhile, generally, banks made lower profit during distress period, due to the insufficient cover of losses from the profit generate internally was unable to generate internally positive capital.
The bank or some banks also experience illiquidity or insolvency, this is resulting in a situation whereby the banks could no longer met its liabilities and all there brings about illiquid. These is also insolvent in the bank when the value of its realizable assets is less than the total value of its liabilities.
Furthermore, the inability of a financial institutions to bridge its primary obligation of creating credit and loss of liquidity or the liability of the bank to turn assets into cash to meet any abnormal demand for cash by their customers.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In any modern economy, the efficient production and exchange of goods and services requires money and bank is the instrument for affecting it. The last few years have been both traumatic and revolutionary for the banking industry. The industry produced the largest number of technically insolvent and under capitalized banks. The magnitude of distress in the nation’s banking industry reached on unprecedented level making it an issue of concern to the government, the regulatory authority, the bankers and the general public.
The Nigeria banking scene was characterized by changes designed to promote banking in the country. The changes may be categorized into phases, but due to the nature of our work we will consider two phases: namely, the era of laissez-fair banking (1894-1952), the era of limited banking regulator (1952-1958). During the first phase, banking industry was monopolized by foreign banks, principally the African banking corporation which was the precursor of the (BBWA) British Bank for West African the present First Bank of Nigeria the Barclays bank DCO (Dominion Colonial and Overseas) the present day Union banks, and the British an French Bank, the for-runner of the present United Bank for Africa. Although discrimination against Nigerians by these banks led to the establishment of some indigenous banks which unfortunately offers litter or no competition to the foreign banks essentially because of their weak capital base or poor managerial capacity. Consequently, all but three of the indigenous banks failed. The survived includes the National Bank of Nigeria established in 1933, the Agbomagbe Bank (now Wema Bank) established 1945 and the Africa Continental Bank 1947.
A commission of inquiry headed by G.D. patron set up in 1948 to investigate the business of banking in Nigeria. Their report led to the enactment of the first banking legislation in Nigeria, the banking ordinance of 1952. The 1952 ordinance laid down the standard and procedure for the conduct of banking business by prescribing the mandatory minimum capital requirement for banks both expatiates and indigenous banks at the tune of ∑100,000 and ∑12,500 respectively and it also introduced regulations to check bank failure. However, all the indigenous bank established in the country during this period also all failed. The bank failures of this era were attributed largely to the monopolistic structure of the banking industry, which allowed the foreign banks to enjoy exclusive patronage from British firms. The indigenous banks that survived was able to make it because of the support they got from their state government.
The distress phenomenon in Nigeria banking industry is of recent origin. The manifestation became discernable with some policy shocks starting in 1988 with the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) directive to banks that naira backing for foreign exchange application be lodged with CBN. Thus was followed in 1989 by another directive requiring public sector deposits to be transferred to CBN. These two directives exposed the precious liquidity position of some banks and the distress they have subterraneous harbored. What was thought to be a temporary liquidity problem for few banks soon caught up with a lot more banks.
It is important to stress in this work that banking system was already in distress by the time NDIC was established. By them, about 7 (seven) banks were known to be technically insolvent. The government at that time, did not embark upon a clearing exercise that would have removed from the system that distressed institutions because it was feared that such an action would lead to loss of public confidence and flight of foreign capital more so there was no deposit insurance institution to expeditiously manage such bank closures. The NDIC was nevertheless required to insure all banks. That means that the corporation has been involved in managing distressed banks even before it could settle down and minister enough resources for this important task.
The intermediating role of banks and their relevance both in the transmission of monetary policies and in the payment system underscore their importance as well as the problem that bank distress at the prevailing dimension in our economy could precipitate. Arising from their intermediation banks generate financial resources ad put these at the disposal of deficit economic growth in the form of increased employment of otherwise idle resources and this in turn leads to increase output. Therefore, an industry wide insolvency of banks, such as the one experienced in Nigeria, should be expected to retard the economy’s rate of capital formation, reduce its level of employment and output, and ultimately the pace of economic growth.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A serious problem posed by widespred distress among banks is the threat to banking habit and the development of an efficient payment mechanism. The loss of confidence, the after math of the distress that hit the banking sector forced several business to take ferver risks by taking back their fund to well established safe havens dominated by older generation banks.

NAIRA EXCHANGE RATE DEPRECIATION AND DOMESTIC INFLATION IN NIGERIA

 

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

The research work critically examined the extent to which naira exchange rate depreciation had affected domestic inflationary rate in Nigeria between 1985 – 2000.
Therefore, in this study, the researcher examined the trend of inflation and exchange and the relationship between the two variables. A model was specified to show the relationship between both variables. Also interest rate was included in the model as one of the variables that affect inflation.
The model was then estimated using multiple regression method and variable statistical tests where carried out on the regression equation.
The result was analyzed accordingly. Moreover, the result of the statistical test shows that exchange rate depreciation of Naira is significant in explaining variation in the rate of inflation.
Finally, the data for the project work was collected from most recent years in order to make finding, adequate in explaining the cause of inflation in recent times.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Statement of problem 3
1.3 Significance of study 5
1.4 Objective of the study 5
1.5 Research hypothesis 6
1.6 Scope of study 7
1.7 Definition of terms 7
Reference 8
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 9
2.1 The concept of exchange rate 9
2.2 Exchange rate management in Nigeria 19
2.3 Inflation – a concept 28
2.4 Theories of inflation 32
2.5 Inflation in Nigeria 37
2.6 Exchange rate depreciation and inflation in Nigeria 41
2.7 Empirical evidence 43
Reference 46
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology 48
3.1 Method of data collection and analysis 48
3.2 Theoretical framework and model specification 48
Reference 53
CHAPTER FOUR
Analysis of result 54
4.1 Presentation of result 54
4.2 Analysis of result 55
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and recommendation 57
5.1 Summary 57
5.2 Conclusion 58
5.3 Recommendation 58
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The naira exchange rate depreciation coupled with persist increase in the inflationary rate has been a major bane on economy of Nigeria. To a layman inflation is a phenomena to embrace as his income increases daily without knowing the harmful side of such an increase. Whether there is anything like depreciation or an improvement in the exchange or whether is income is nominal or real the layman do not know.
But this complementary problems so to say of naira exchange rate depreciation and inflation has been a thought of obesity in the hearts of Nigerians past and present governments and many patriotic Nigerians.
The pegging of, inflation in Nigeria can be said to be a direct result of the policies of the country’s governments to stimulate a fast rate of economic growth and development, since 1951 when the ministerial government was introduced between 1984 and 1986, the naira was quoted against dollar and pounds as the only intervening currencies which was in line with the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F) demand. I.M.F had earlier complained that naira exchange rate was rising above the stipulated 2% limit. The naira was then devalued at 1.000 4 US dollar. The inflation rate in Nigeria was not serious problem before her independence. But immediately after the civil war i.e. from 1970’s, the inflation rate in Nigeria took another dimension. The value of naira as against dollar and pounds sterling started to deteriorate, in 1970, it was a naira to 1.400 dollar and 0.584 pounds sterling. In 1971, it was 1.44 dollar and 0.582 pounds sterling to a naira. In 1973, it was 1.519 dollar and 0.614 pounds sterling to a naira. In 1974 it was 1.589 and 0.675 pounds sterling to naira which increased to 1.623 dollars and 0.734 pounds sterling in 1975 as a result of Udoji salary award of 1974 increased wage extensively. Higher wages increased the purchasing power of consumers thus, leading to increase in their prices.
The introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), and second-Tier Foreign Exchange (SFEM) in 1986 on one of government’s major policy packages, was aimed at making the over, valued naira exchange rate more realistic and responsive to market forces. Regrettably, C. Anyanwu (1989) observed, the SAP/SEFEM was a disaster that was fast destroying the foundation of Nigeria economy. There was consequent persistence of exchange rate depreciation of the naira (from 1.5691 naira to 1.0 dollar at the end of September 1986, 7.8950 naira to 1.0 dollar by mid February 1990). Also by August 1998, the dollar was sold for 21.9960 naira at the Foreign Exchange Market (FEM) while at parallel market it was sold for 45 naira. The value of naira continued to depreciate to the extent that the exchange rate was less than one dollar to a naira before 1990. It was 0.119 US dollar to a naira in 1990. This depreciated to 115.7 to a dollar by the 12 April, 2001 (CBN) 1994. By 2003, it has risen N130 to the US dollar.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The depreciation of naira persistently, has various inflationary effects on the economy of Nigeria. The effects of this macro-economic problem can be highlighted in different stages. In the first place, when a currency is depreciated, it is designed to reduced or discourage the excessive dependence on a particular foreign or some foreign commodities.
This will make domestic prices of such imports may be intermediate goods and as a result tends to push the cost of production of final goods up.
In another way, deteriorating exchange rate of naira could bring about inflation of increase in wage rate or demand, when the naira is devalued, the price of important raw materials increases domestic firms may be willing to increase production reduction on their competition as a result of like in prices of raw materials.
Consequently, the output of the firms will attract high prices, therefore for consumers to meet their provisions level of consumption or maintain their real income, calls for wages increase which according to Sotersten (1994) will worsen the whole situation.
Nigerians as one of the developing nations that heavily depend on imported inputs, implements and machinery, the cost of these are usually very high due to poor exchange rate of naira.
This

EFFECTIVE WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE IN THE PAINT INDUSTRY.

(A case study of marshals and chemical company Ltd Enugu – Enugu state)

ABSTRACT

The data for this study was collected through observation, library, research, interviews and questionnaires administered to the management staff of the course study company, using pilot survey of the management population. The data collected were analyzed using percentage approach were guard the validity and reliability of the hypothesis testing. In effect, the nature of the data analysis is significantly ad statistically computational.

 

The researcher observes that the company does not grant credit facilities to it’s customers and that inventory level to be maintained is purely subjective. The liquidity position of the company makes profits. The management of cash and accounts receivable are effective and efficient, though the structure, financing and pattern of working capital usually specified in the text book as norms for assessing soundness are not strictly adhered to in practice. It is also obvious that no firm can survive without an effective and efficient management of it’s working capital especially in this period.

 

Computationally, the working capital management has a positive influence on the corporate performance position. Thus, quality                        control and marketing units need total accounting, there is need for corporate appraisal. The rational of working capital management is on the realization that current assets holding should be increased to the point where marginal returns on increase in such assets are equal to cost of capital required to finance such additions while current liabilities should as much as possible be used instead of long-term debt whenever this reduces the average cost of capital.

Chapter one

• Introduction
  • Statement of problem
  • Purpose of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Statement of hypothesis
  • Scope of the study
  • Limitations of the study
  • Definition of terms.

Chapter two

• Review of related literature
  • Meaning of working capital
  • Composition of working capital
  • factors affecting the composition of working capital
  • current assets
  • current liabilities
  • management of working capital
  • types of working capital
  • characteristics of working capital
  • sources of working capital
  • uses of working capital.

 

Chapter three

• Research design and methodology

3.1. Sources of data

• Primary data
• Secondary data

3.2. Sample used

3.3. Method of investigation

 

Chapter four

• Data presentation and analysis
  • Data presentation and analysis
  • Test of hypothesis

 

 

Chapter five

5.0. Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation

5.1. Findings

5.2 conclusions

5.3 recommendations

Bibliography

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Firms needs cash to pay for all their day – to – day activities. They have pay wages, pay for raw materials, pay bills and so on. The money available to them to carry out all these responsibilities is known as the firm’s working capital.

 

In financial management, it is generally believed that liquidity is more important than profitability. One of the reasons for this is that most organizations makes profits, but do not posses enough or adequate liquidity assets to off set it’s current obligations. The inability of a firm to make payment as and when due may definitely have serious consequences on the organization and this situation may lead to loss of goodwill and may as well as result to technical insolvency which may lead the organization into liquidation.

 

Another reason is that uncertainty inherent in this present day’s economic business environment threatens the survival of every business, thus making sound liquidity and cash management a necessity of focal point in corporate planning. This claim, is substantiated in recent times by the fact that the importance of management of liquid assets has been gradually and systematically gained prominence and growth in most manufacturing firms. So, this incidental prominence and growth of liquidity management makes it very apparent that no organization or firm can survive without an effective and efficient management of it’s liquid resources which is the working capital.

 

The life wire of any business or organization depends on the working capital of that business or organization, i.e it is the lifeblood of any business and if you take it away, such business will surely expire. Infact, it is particularly important for the daily maintenance and running expenses involving cash. Therefore working capital management refers to the efficient administration of both the current assets and current liabilities.

 

Finally, efficient management of working capital is very important to both large and small scale businesses especially in this present times of instability in the economy, so as to enhance a proper corporate performance.

 

 

1.1              STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

It has been discovered that one of the problems faced by the present day businesses or firms is the effective and efficient management of the firm’s resources at it’s disposal. This problem is worsened considering the present fiscal policy of banning the importation of some essential raw materials, thereby leaving the manufacturing firms with meager source of locally few produced raw materials.

 

Decisions affecting liquid assets are influenced by an obvious fact and subjective judgment of most companies. The financial controller of a company may have some of the facts of the cost of borrowing from a bank but these facts are only part of the information that he requires. On the other hand, there are also subjective benefits arising from having more cash. The financial manager may decide to insure the firm against financial illiquidity by arranging and paying for a credit agreement committing a bank to lend up to an agreed sum.

 

Despite all these explicit and implicit costs, still in profits, liquid assets may not mean shortage n profits. According to Scapers, (1977), “profits may appear satisfactory while operations are claiming financial resources of the business”. Still in the same view, Harthey (1985) said that “profitable firms have been known to go bankrupt while firms making losses have been known to have a considerable cash surplus”.

 

Therefore on this note, the problem is to identify the difficulties most manufacturing firms are facing now in that when they perceive that profits mature to the detriment of running illiquid and this will go a long way to identify the relationship existing between the management of working capital and corporate performance.

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.

Working capital is a critical factor in the sustainability and viability of any firm/business. It uncommon to find a firm/business overloaded with inventories and other investments when cash is in short supply for payments and other cash commitments. It is also not uncommon to find some firms heavily overloaded with idle cash when there  are many profitable investments that would have tampered with some of such cash. On the other hand, over-investments in fixed assets, poor collections or receivables, bad debts and unbalanced obsolete inventories can quickly transform a profitable company over-trading on creditors cash and bank loan into a company with solvency problems. The concretionary monetary policy by this present military administration and its subsequent effort on each squeeze of banks has made it easy for firms to obtain short term financing from financial institutions.

 

The fixster a business expands, the more cash it will need for working capital and investment. The cheapest and best sources of cash exist as working capital right within a business. Good management of working capital will generate cash which will help improve profits and reduce risks.

 

According to mabogunjo, “the restrictive monetary policy introduced to curb inflation by reducing excess liquidity has brought Nigerian private sectors and manufacturing companies face to face with the  most important objective of a business. With the reduction of naria in circulation and the increase in the price level occasioned by foreign exchange market (FEM), companies are faced with excess stock which they are unable to dispose off, owing to a fall in the customer’s demand. The purpose of carrying out this research is to:

1. Find out if enough inventory levels has been maintained by the management of marshal points and chemical company in order to enhance a smooth running of the production process.
2. Find out if the minimum cash level has been adequate in the company.
3. Critically examine the credit policy of the company.
4. Investigate if the company has an adequate current assets to meet it’s maturing obligations.
5. Also identify the extent with which the presence of working capital affects the corporate performance of the firm.

 

Finally, it is believed that the outcome/result of this research study will provide useful information that will help the management of marshal points and chemical company Ltd, Enugu to improve in their decision making process.

 

 

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study cannot be overlooked as it will be of great help to readers, business men and women, manufactures especially those in the point industries, corporate bodies and the government. It will go a long way to enlighten the importance of effective working capital management and corporate performance, especially in the point industry.

It will as well highlight the measures to be taken by corporate bodies such as point factories in order to attain economic stability, self – reliance, investments and required autonomy and flexibility in decision making. Also, it will aid most point factories to realize their mistakes for not attaining the much needed importance in the concept effective working capital management and corporate performance.

 

This project will also be of good assistance to students of Accountancy, Banking and Finance, Business Administration and Management etc. because it will aid them to know more about the effectiveness of proper management of working capital and corporate performance. Indeed, effective working capital management and corporate performance is an important goal to be achieved in a manufacturing firm for maximum profitability.

 

This study will also enhance the understanding of most organizations as regards their working capital position, develop a plan to improve it’s effectiveness and implement a smart flaw management techniques tailored to the industry. Good management of working capital and corporate performance will help improve profits and reduce risks.

 

Lastly, the findings and recommendations to this project work will create a step towards the improvement of effective working capital management and corporate performance in point industries and other corporate bodies.

 

• STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Most firms do not understand the concept of working capital management and corporate performance; in fact they do not see the need of understanding the company’s working capital cycle, reviewing the company’s procedures through out the entire supply chain. Since it is not practiced, this research project is therefore directed towards finding out whether manufacturing firms that has not been practicing this concept of working capital management and has been loosing profits from this policy.

 

To enable the researcher carry out these test, the under listed would be critically tested:

HO: Effective working capital management improves the performance of manufacturing firms.

HI: Effective working capital management does not improve the performance of manufacturing firms.

HO: The management of funds in marshal paints and chemical company is efficient.

HI: The management of funds in marshal paints & chemical company is not efficient.

 

 

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The essence of carrying out this research is to appraise the “effective working capital management and corporate performance in the paint industry. Although, this research work is only restricted to marshal paints and chemical company Ltd, Enugu. For the purpose of industrial average, some after painting industries were also considered. With reference to effective working capital management, the concepts covered are shown below:

1. Concept of cash management
2. Concept of inventory management and
3. Concept of short term marketable security
4. Review or management of accounts receivable

 

In view of the above concepts, the researcher is to concentrate more on paper study of these concepts, so as to enable their effects to be critically examined on the performances positions of marshal paints and chemical company Ltd.

 

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 

The major constraint encountered while carrying out this study was the limited time given to me not minding the poor postal services in the country. The questionnaire sent to the management of marshal paints was delayed for three weeks before returning it and also ignorance on the side of the respondents gave rise to delay in the completion and return of questionnaires. The biases and prejudices of the respondents together with the demand for gratification contributed further to the limitation of this research work.

 

Secondly, another major limitation faced was the lack of finance to expand the study by way if visiting all the paints industries or factories in the state or country and that is why this study is restricted to only marshal paints and chemical company Ltd, Enugu.

 

Thirdly, the response from respondents were not encouraging event though I explained my reason of carrying out the research. Also when I assured them that the information obtained shall be kept secret and used only for academic purposes, although for some obvious competitive reasons in the paint industry, the company management cancelled some official information which would have enhanced the validity, objectivity and reliability of this research work. Some respondents had the feeling that the researcher must have received some grants from the sponsoring institution or the government to carry out the study. There were also lots of claims of unnecessary official protocols and the use of the word “come today, come tomorrow” syndromes. This syndrome had a great on the researcher considering the tight schedule and the distance of the firm.

 

Finally, the researcher will gladly appreciate and accept any error, inadequacy of this research work and any of this research work and any constructive criticism by anybody research project.

 

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The researcher wishes to define the following terms do that the subject matter will not suffer from conceptual misunderstandings concealed under a semantic smokescreen.

 

WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital refers to a firm’s investment in short term assets – cash marketable securities, trade debtors and stock, less current liabilities used to finance assets.

 

 

 

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

Working capital management means the planning and controlling of both current assets and current liabilities. It involves the administration of cash receivables, inventories, marketable securities, debtors, bills receivable and the current liabilities.         

 

GROSS WORKING CAPITAL:

Gross working capital refers to a firm’s investment in current assets.

 

NET WORKING CAPITAL

This refers to the difference between assets and current liabilities.

 

ASSETS

This refers to all items owned by a business firm or individual (including properties rights) which do have a money value. It can as well be  all items listed on the right hand side of a balance sheet.

 

CURRENT ASSETS

These are assets that can be expected to be converted into cash or generally expected to be converted within one year. If constitutes more than half of the assets of a business.

 

CURRENT LIABILITIES

These are items due and payable within one year.

 

ACID TEST RATIO

Ratio of a company’s current assets (excluding inventories) to its current liabilities. It is used as a supplementary measure of the extent to which liquid resources are immediately available to met current obligation.

 

CURRENT RATIO

This is the relationship between the current assets of a firm and it’s current liabilities or measuring obligations. It is not only a measure of liquidity, but also a measure of the margin of safety that management maintains in order to allow for the inevitable unevenness in the flow of funds.

 

LIQUIDITY

This refers to the ability to convert into cash and liquid assets with the shortest possible time for a price about which there is a little uncertainty.

 

OVER TRADING

Over trading means to make sales with inadequate working capital especially liquid assets.

 

PROFITABILITY

This is the measure of management efficiency in managing the resources the shareholders entrusted in it’s care.              

 

PROFITABLE RATIO

The firm’s performance is measured by it’s ability to generate profit. Profitability fiction gives the final answer about how effectively the firm is being managed.

 

OPERATING CYCLE

This is the difference between current and fixed assets in terms of liquidity. Investment in current assets is realized during the firm’s operating cycle, which is usually one year. Operating cycle is therefore the time duration needed to convert sales into cash.

 

CORPORATE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

This serves as a tool that enables company’s to identify and address of their business that are performing well and these are not.

 

CASH MANAGEMENT CYCLE

This is concerned with the planning and controlling of cash flows into and out of the firm (cash flows within the firm and cash balances held by the firm at a point in time for financing deficit).     

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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Effective Implementation of Organizational Policies And Procedures In Nigeria Business.

 

ABSTRACT

In all business enterprise effective implementation of organizational policies and procedure  is very important and can never be over emphasized and to achieve  this goal, target and objective is beckoned the design of managers  who do not sit there as a ceremonial heads rather they have role of implementing the organic functions of management in today’s dynamic and  competitive business environment in Nigeria.  This work is  design to expose and the  serious minded managers to be  adequately equipped to face the challenges ahead  as future management practitioner in big.  And when adequate implementation of  polices and  procedures is not there business worldwide will be greatly affected.  In generating data needed to achieve the objective of this study, cross-sectional survey was used.  Questionnaire was used as the major instrument for primary data  collection.  The broaden the researcher’s depth of  knowledge the study area the research embark on  review of related literature with data drawn from secondary sources.  Data generated in the study  was presented on frequency table and analyzed using percentages  while the hypothesis was tested with Z test.

It was found at the end of the research work that most organization get the best out of their work or reach to their option goal, target and objectives because of poor implementation of organizational policies  works are not allowed to join in decision-making that concerns them.

Finally effective organizational policies  and procedures must be more sensitive to customers and also in order to up grade the work-force with exquisite training and motivation so as to reunion a winner or achieve a set  objective which is the main target.

PROPOSAL

 

The work is based on Effective Implementation or organization policies and procedures in Nigeria Banks.  The Objective of this research is to bring –out the important of effective implementation of organizational policies and procedures in Nigeria – Banking system.  This research is design to expose and the serious minded managers to be adequately equipped to face the challenges ahead as future management practitioners.  The project is to span through chapter – one to chapter – five.

 

Chapter –one: In this chapter the hope will be introduced, and discuss the problem, scope purpose etc of the project which will aid in understanding the objective of the purpose.

 

Chapter – one :-   These chapter cover the related literatures on the subject matter and the review of this literature will help in a long way in solving the research problem.

 

Chapter – Three:-  This chapter cover the research and methodology to be used in the method of data collection, data analysis, validation of instrument etc.

 

Chapter – four:-  This  chapter deals with the data presentation and analysis of data used and the interpretation of data should be discussed

 

Chapter – Five :- This is the final chapter will contain the discussion, recommendation and conclusion of the findings on  effective implementation of organizational policies and procedures in Nigeria –banks.

In all, this chapter will emphasized on the important of effective implementation of organizational  policies and procedures.

CHAPTER ONE            INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study                                               1

• Statement of the problem 3
• Purpose of the study                                           4
• scope of the study 5
• research question 6
• research hypothesis 6
• significance of the study 7
• definition of term 8

references                                                                       10

 

CHAPTER – TWO        REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Effective implementation of policies                             11
• Effective implementation of organizational functions 11
• Effective control of organizational policies 12
• Profile of first bank Nigeria Plc 15
• The managerial structure of F.B.N Plc 19

References                                                            25

 

CHAPTER –THREE     Research and Methodology

• Research design 59
• Population of the study 60
• Sample size and its determination 61
• Instrument for data collection 62
• Validation of the instrument 64
• Reliability of the instrument 64
• Method of data collection 65
• Method of data analysis                    66

References                                                            67

 

CHAPTER – FOUR      Data Presenting And  Analysis

• Presentation and analysis of data 69
• Testing of hypothesis 76
• Summary of results 80

References                                                                      82

 

CHAPTER  –  FIVE       Discussion, Recommendation And Conclusion

• Discussion of Findings 88
• Conclusion 90

Bibliography                                                                  93

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Effective  Implementation  of organizational policies and procedures  in Nigeria  business encourages delegation of decision-making to business managers who do  not sit there as a ceremonial needs rather they have the role of implementing the organic functions of management in today’s dynamic  and competitive business environment  in Nigeria.  This research  work  is design  to expose and  aid the serious minded managers to be adequately equipped to face the challenges ahead as future management parishioners in biz.  Good polices provides definite and clear direction by top management and at the same time allow subordinates to make their own decision with clearly stated  limits.  The  usual sources of policies and procedures  and it is pertinence to note that for a business to retain it position as a going –concern  entity, it is imperative that manager  formular policies plan, strategies  and also implement these plan  effectively for the  continued growth and  survival of the business enterprise.  This is a major aspect of a task facing  managers especially in a modern complex business situation.  Therefore, today’s managers must take into consideration the following measures for effective implementation of organizational policies and procedure in Nigeria business.

They must specifically take into account the forces and trend such as environmental, economic, political, sociological, psychological technological, legal  and ethnical  factors while formulating  the policies  than can facilitate the accomplishment of the overall objectives  and  goals  of the business  in question of course if a policy has been formulated but ha  not been carried out or implemented into action.  It cannot be  effective  since it has not come to the attention of the employees but it runs the risk of being overlooked or misinterpreted, but according to (Akpala, 1990: 59) he  said less prone to misunderstanding for effective  implementation  of organizational polices and procedures in Nigerian business to be properly executed the laid down  rules guiding the organization must follow.

Procedure on the other hand can be stated as the system that describes in details the step to be taken in order to accomplish a set objective in business which is the main target that heads to effective implementation of polices and  procedures emphasis more in  details while polices concentrate on the basic general approaches.  Policy is therefore  a guide for making decision.  Thus according to Kpala (1990:57) he simple define policy as a guideline to managerial actions, while Coventry and barker (1985:93) define policies as the guideline  laid down  in general or specific terms  to make organization to reach the expected target or objectives.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This boil down to  what constitute the problem  on the study  of effective implementation of organizational polices and  procedure in Nigeria business cannot exist  on it own, it needs employers who will work in  implementing  those  policies needed for effective business  environment and all  these  will not take expected  standard unless workers are properly motivated  ie given them required training, internal and external  incentives their salary  may  even be increased, paying them over time and considering them as human  beings and not machines by so doing  the business  will be booming  since it is effectively  structured and implemented but if the  reverse is the case things will not be moving haphazardly and it will constitute a lot of problem to the study.

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The study will seek to identify the implication of freedom of action at the operating level on effective implementation of organization polices and  procedures in Nigeria Plc which is a Nation-Wide bank including rural branches.  We shall measures implementation or control  effectiveness existing in the bank with respect to certain principles and statequards, which must be incorporated in any control system as far as business is concern in Nigeria.  These are as follows:

• The system must have objective, which are realistic and well –designed procedures.
• The system must have a sound organizational structure and wait designed procedures.
• Each manager in the business organization is given an opportunity to contribute towards the formulation of planning for which he will be held accountable.
• He is give feedback information to let him know how his actual compares with the plans in the business operation.

 

1.4     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will be United to a few operational activities of banks.  We must not  target that a control mission of a bank as an international is to protect the value which come into it’s care therefore every activities in a bank has implication for the safety of value received given or transferred.  Receiving cash deposit or paying withdrawal request are fairly universal function and would appear to have little room for variation from  branch to branch.  But there are other functions which are not equally available at every branch or unequally demand  at all branches.  Example will be foreign exchange transaction, capital and money market operational transfer etc.

Operational rules dealing with these make assumption about the ability of a branch and it customers and the available of certain infrastures.  But this is not always the case, so what happens in the exceptional care? Our study should be limited to only such activities.

1.5     RESEARCH CAUESTIONS:-

The following are the research question for the study.

• Has the effective implementation of organizational policies and procedures in Nigerian business speeded up services in first Bank Nigeria Plc.
• Has it increased the volume of deposits in Bank?
• Has it reduced the cost services in the Bank?
• Has it helped in today’s dynamic and competitive business environment?
• Has it help managers especially in a modern complex business situation so that they will know that policies and procedures should be implemented at the right time  for subordinate to know what they are expected to do.

 

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS ONE:-

• All cadres of workers in FBN Plc are not involved in effective implementation of organizational  policies and procedures in  Nigeria business.
• All cadres of worker in FBN Plc  are involved in effective implementation of organizational policies in Nigeria business.

 

1.7     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The effective implementation of organizational policies  and procedures in Nigeria should help effective manger to maintain or reach  to a set objective in the business would.  The study is  very timely, especially today that all hand are on deck no enhance  business in Nigeria because of the dynamic  and competitive business environment we are in and a such this research work is designed to expose and aid the services minded managers to be adequately equipped  to face challenges ahead as future  management practitioners in business.

For effective implementation of organizational policies  and procedures in Nigeria business i.e three decision have to be made.

1. Effective strategic planning
2. Effective management

• Operational control

 

Effective  implementation of  policies  in business is to

process by  which managers make  sure that resources  are obtain since the expected rule and regulation are implemented and executed there’s  no way the required resources will not be obtained.

It is necessary to work according to organizational policies in business  venture so as not go  contrary which  may affect the business rather the  business  will  attain to it equilibrium point.

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Assess weigh and appraise Regulate – To adjust, to return, to predetermined course

Performance  The act of  doing work

Result – The outcome of performance

Procedures:-  The way work is done

Efficiency – Resources inputs into a process to produce the optimum amount of output.

Effectiveness – Resources are used to achieve the desired end

 

REFERENCES

Osuda E.C (1983)          Introduction to research methodology, Onitsha African FEP Publishers  Ltd

Allen  A. I (1964)           The management profession New York Mr. Graw – Hill book  company publishers  Ltd.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
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 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

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DISTRESS IN THE FINANCIAL INDUSTRY: CASES, APPLICATION AND POSIBLE SOLUTION

 

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CHAPTER ONE:

1.1 The background of the study
1.2 Statement of problems
1.3 Objective of study
1.4 Significance of study
1.5 Limitation of study
1.6 Definition of terms
1.7 Reference

CHAPTER TWO:

2.1 Definition of distress in the banking industry
2.2 Nature of distress
2.3 Cause of distress in the banking institution
2.4 The impact of financial distress in the banking industry
2.5 Summary of the related literature review

CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 Research methodology
3.2 Area of study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Samples and sampling procedure
3.5 Instrument of data collection
3.6 Validation of the research instrument
3.7 Method of data collection
3.8 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.1 Data presentation and result
4.2 Summary of result findings

CHAPTER FIVE:
5.1 Discussion of result
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Implication of the researcher result
5.4 Recommendation/ solution
5.5 Suggestion for further research
5.6 Limitations of the study

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The research work is about the financial distress in the banking industries, causes, implications, and possible solutions. Bank distress occurs when a bank or some bank in the system experience liquidity or insolvency resulting in a situation were depositors fear the loss of their deposits and a consequent breakdown of contractual obligation. While a bank is said to be liquid when it cannot met up with its liability as when they are matured for payment. It is said be insolvent when the value of its realizable asset is less than the total value of its liabilities (“ a case of negative network “). The cold lead to an overall ruin as the depositor’s loss their confidence in the system and avoid capital loss.

In a different human perspective, bank distress means a different thing. To some people, bank distress exists only when the bank in question ceases to operate even if it has not been officially liquidated. In a wilder contend, a bank is said to officially distress if it has failed in archiving and of the objective for which it was established. The objective of this project among others is to access financial distress in the banking industry, with a view to identify their forms, cause and implication and the possible solution to them.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
There is distress in the entire environment in the industry, law enforcement, education, communication, transport and other services, perhaps the most dangerous and most pronounce today is the distress in the banking industry, a people and confidence based industry which is expected to be a catalyst not a detonator of economic advancement. It is of a great importance to raise the standard of banking industry in Nigeria to realize that financial distress in the banking industry drive instability in the country. The critical importance of the bank in the economic growth and development explained why each economy takes serious view of their financial distresses. Any worthwhile economy seeks measures to prevent such distress failure in their economy.

In any economy, banking is a critical bridge between deficit and surplus, between dreams and commerce, between theories and industrialization. Recorded evidence show greater number of distressed banks in Nigeria. How long shall we suffer from the woeful distress? Is there any possible solution to the problem?

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
There is problem of financial distress in most banking industry leading to non-availability of cask to meet the day-to-day withdrawal by customers. According to Osuala, (1987), “ The Statement Of A Research Problem” serve to elaborate upon the information in the title of the study” this study is concern with the investigation into the financial distress of the banking industry in Nigeria. Factor often mention for woeful collapse of the banking industry ranges from the external and internal environmental factors in which the bank operates its business. Some of these factors are as follows;

1. Political instability that cause low investment where production is slowed down.
2. Lack of monitoring expertise
3. Economic downturn which deprives the banks of its vibrancy of economics activity because of high depreciating