FINANCIAL MISMANAGEMENT THE ROOT CAUSE OF BACKWARDNESS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCILS IN NIGERIA. (A CASE STUDY OF EZEAGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

• Background of the study                                                           1
• Statement of problem 6
• Purpose of study 7
• Scope of study 8
• Research questions 8
• Statement of null hypothesis 9
• Significance of the study 9
• Definition of terms 11

CHAPTER TWO

Review of literature                                                                           12

• Sources of revenue for Ezeagu local government

Council                                                                                    12

• Realities about mis-management of finance and

material in Ezeagu local government council                                    15

• Consequences of the acts of mismanagement of

finance by the council                                                              18

• Summary of related literature reviewed 22

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                                      23

• Research design 23
• Area of study 23
• Population of the study 24
• Sample and sampling procedure 24
• Instrument for data collection 25
• Validation of the instrument 25
• Reliability of the instrument 26
• Method of data collection 26
• Method of data analysis 27

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation/analysis 28
• Summary of the results 39

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussions of Result                                                                        41

• Discussion of result 41
• Implication of the research findings 44
• Recommendations 46
• Suggestions for further research 47
• Limitation to the study 47

References                                                                               49

Appendix A                                                                                      50

Appendix B                                                                                      53

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

Ezeagu Local Government Council being one of the oldest local government councils in the state is up till now having more than half of the communities in it poorly developed.

To that effect, there has been a lot of allegations against several regimes in the council of not using the resources of the council appropriately. The pupils of that area are not very happy about the situation of the communities.

This study, in effect has strived to x-ray the truthfulness of the allegation of mismanagement of the available resources. It also has tried to level the reasons why those acts exist there.

In order to achieve success in the study, books and journals were reviewed, questionnaires were administered to a total of three hundred people from the entire 24 communities in the local government area as well as the staff of the local government council.

The data collected were analysed using the chi-square (X²) method of data analysis through the results notable facts were revealed including even other concepts for further research work.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria came into being as a country in 1914 when the then government general Lord Sir Fredrick Lugard, amalgamated the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria. After the amalgamation, the then administration decided to divide Nigeria  into regions for ease of administration. There came up the North-Eastern Region, the North-Western Region, the North Central Region, the Eastern Region and the Western Region.

Each of these regions mentioned above was manned by an officer known as the district commissioner.

The quest for leadership hence started to influence the minds of Nigerians. As years passed, many regions, sections and individuals claimed to be neglected or oppressed by others in power-the British colonial masters.

Prior to the era of amalgamation f the various provinces of Nigeria, was the exploration of coal mine at the Northern side of the popular Udi hills.

On  the first day of October,1960 the British colonial masters granted Nigeria her political independence, officially.

After the independence, there came the first and the second republics. Then, there arose the Nigerian civic war in 1967 through 1970

After the civil war, the local administration was changed to divisional administration. Then, the areas making up the local councils were made to degenerate into various autonomous divisional councils. That was when Ezeagu town became autonomous and was calved out from Udi local government and became Ezeagu local government council area. Then came Oji-River local council area, Awgu local government area, Nkanu local council area etc.

We can therefore see from our explanations so far, that Nigerians have been striving to device the best means to address the socio-poilitical problems of the peoples of the nation. But unfortunately, all the efforts of Nigerians to that effect have not been fruitful to a reasonable degree.

For further emphasis on the efforts of Nigerians n solving the Nigerian’s socio-political problems, lets us consider what other authorities have to say about it. According to reforms of local government system in Anambra State of Nigeria 1976:2

In essence, the functions which local authorities should perform are those services and development activities which are basecally local in out look and should rightly devolve on local representative bodies. In other words local government administration will mean a system of local administration at the divisional and community levels intended primarily to inctiate and direct the provision of services and implementation of projects of the local communities and to co-ordinate the activities of the state government functionaries in the divisions in such a way as to ensure proper decentralization of functions and in the planning and execution of general development and management of their own affairs. In this way, it is hoped to faciliatate the exercise of democratic self-government, close to the grass-root of the society.

The above citation boarders on the objectives of the local government systems as they are stated with legal back-up in the above stated government document. But, a close look at the rate of development in local government areas in Nigeria would very often portracy a snail-movement in the rate of development among the component communities in them.

Take Ezeagu local government area of Enugu State as on instance, since it was carved out from Udi local government in 1974. It still counts as one of the poorly developed local government areas in Enugu State, inspite of numerious revenue sources available to it. Even the ones generated are not appropriately utilized. Materials are not left ut.

As a local government area made up of twenty-four communities or towns, Ezeagu local government area has at least ten towns or communities with out god motorable roads two third of the towns cannot a boast of Electricity supply, only a few of the entire towns, in the local government area has pipe-borne water or even water bore holes in them. Staff salaries are owned for many months now, resulting to protracted strike action of the local government workers. Schools in the areas are poorly maintained. Infact many schools have their roofs blown off by wind storm or damaged by many ther forces and are left unrepaired for many yaers now.

Motor parks at Iwollo Oghe, Nkwo Umumba, Orie Imezi Owa, Afor ugwu, Aguobu Owa and other notable places are poorly maintained most of the prominent markets in the area do not have standard buildings in them. Government hospitals are not built in many of the communities in the area. Thus giving the private medical practitioners the chance to exploit the poor masses; and in turn raising the cost of health care gulleys are many at places like: Imezi Owa, Okpogho, Awha, Mgbagbu Owa, Umumba, Obele-agu umana, Olo and a host of other towns; that are left umathended to over the years.

Rumours always go round that money generated by the council (both internally and externally) is not often used appropriately.

Also others say that staff do not give proper account of financial transactions they run for the council.

People in this local government area are therefore not very much happy with the situation of the development activities in the area.

This unhappiness manifests in: people residence to payment of taxes people’s decline in the process of electing local government officers; workers going n strikes and continuing in it for several months; people’s health condition being jeoprdized; in addition to a host of other consequent problems.

Owing to all the afor-mentioned conditions and subsequent problems, it therefore becomes pertinent for one to examine the standard at which the money generated by Ezeagu local government council is managed. That is to say that the object of this research work is to x-ray the possible causes of mismanagement of finance in Ezeagu local government council, with a view to suggesting lasting solution to the problem. Thus, there will be peace, understanding as well as even development among the communities in the local government area.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Since all the above stated conditions have constituted a cog-in-the wheels of the development activities in Ezeagu local government area, we could therefore rightly state categorically as follows:

• Ezeagu local government council functionaries had not been utilizing revenue generated within the local government area for the development of the area particularly with respect to the provision of infrastructure
• Infrastructural materials when provided were not always shared evenly among the various communities in the area.
• Some staff of the local government did not render proper account of their stewardship.
• The council did not monitor the activities of the staff very effectively
• Those acts of mis-management had generated a lot of unconformity between the government and people in the area.

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study has the following targets to achieve at the conclusion of it. That is to say, the purpose of this piece of work area as follows.

• To find out the reason (s) for which the council did not always utilize the money it generated judiciously.
• To establish the reason for which materials procured were not evenly distributed in the area.
• To determine the quality of the internal control system operated in the council
• To x-ray the impacts which the acts of mis-management of finance would have on both council and people in the area.
• To investigated the reasons for which some staff did not render proper account of financial transactions they run for the council.
• To provide possible solutions to the problems generated by the acts of financial mis-management in Ezeagu local government council
  • THE SCOPE/DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

From our discussion so far, we can understand that the issue of financial mis-management deserves critical look in most of the local government councils in Nigeria. But for want of time and other reasons, the researcher has decided to focus his attention to Ezeagu local government council of Enugu State, for an in-dept work. Tis study is therefore focused mostly on the rate and degree of development in relation with the mode of management in Ezeagu local government area.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

We wish to probe further on the above stated problems as follows

• Why did the council not utilize the money it generated as appropriately as it was legally planned to be used?
• Why were unfratuctural materials when provided not always shared evenly among the communities in the area?
• Why did some staff f the local government council not render proper account of their stewardship?
• What impacts had the acts of financial mismanagement on the council and on the entire peoples of the area?

 

• STATEMENT OF NULL HYPOTHESIS (HO)

For the purpose of establishing the true solution to the problems stated above the researcher wishes to put forth the following null hypothesis;

1. The council did always utilize the money it generated appropriately.
2. Infractructural materials when provided were always shared evenly in the area.
3. Some staff of the council did account properly for their stewardship.
4. The acts of mismanagement had not generated several unpleasant conditions in the local government area.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

For long time now, Nigeria as well as the whole world have been clamouring for democracy.

In effects, no democracy can survive without justice, equity and fairplay in government and several other human activities. It is therefore wise to investigated the extent of financial mismanagement in Ezeagu local government council, so that the council will know its various pit-falls.

Also, this work is capable of providing a nice medium for government public relationship in the area.

Again, through this study, the possible causes of financial mis-management in the council in question, would be made known and the solutions to the problems they thus generate, will be provided.

Furthermore, this piece of work, shall serve as a vital tool for promotion of peace, understanding and progress between the council of Ezeagu local government and the people in the area. Thus democracy would be fostered and consolidated in the area.

This peace of work is capable of serving as an effective guide to an active and duty conscious government in Nigeria, especially at local government level.

 

 

 

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

MIS-MANAGEMENT: This is a system of managing something wrongly or badly.

FINANCE:- This is a system of funding money or providing money for a project.

FINANCIAL:- Concerning money or finance. A way of giving financial support to something.

COUNCIL:- A group of people elected to manage affairs in a local government area or city.

BACKWARDNESS:- A way of doing something in the reverse direction.

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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN NIGERIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM

A CASE STUDY OF AYAMELUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ANAMBRA STATE

ABSTRACT

“The unfortunates general feelings among Nigerians is that, it is no crime to misappropriate to personal use, government resources or funds with careless abandon”.

Against the backdrop thee is problem of financial management and accountability in Ayamelum local government council because of the tagged stereotype that what belongs to nobly. This is why the Ayamelum local government operator only seek to satisfy personal conscience to the detriment of the public.

Despite all the provisions in financial memorandum and checks and balance system, there, the continuous cases of corruption and embezzlement which undermines the objectives of the local government being achieved. This phenomena has been exacerbated in recent times by massive poverty, deprivation and generally aver low standard of living in the general Nigerian society which has not been help by long years if military misrule and massive corruption in the highest lungs of government.

The objective of this research work is it examines the various provision made in local government reform guideline of 2976, 1988 other recent form. The provision of the financial

Memorandum and instruction and relevant documents for effective financial management and accountability in local government system.

The policy makers and future researcher will  find it useful. In view of these stated objectives this research work is intended to critically study the problem associated with financial  management and accountability in Nigeria local government system.

And the services which the local government is suppose to render were studied hoping that findings and recommendation proffered by the researcher will automatically particular and the society at large.

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION 1

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY                     1

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 6
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 8
• THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF

THE STUDY                                                       9

CHAPTER TWO

RESEARCH PROCEDURE                                          11

• LITERATURE REVIEW 11

2.1     CONCEPT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT           14

• DEFINITION OF FINANCE 15
• DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT                             16
• DEFINITION OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 17
• BRIEF HISTORICAL –

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING                18

• DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTING 19

2.6.1  ROLES OF ACCOUNTING OF THE SOCIETY 23

• ROLES OF ACCOUNTANT IN THE SOCIETY 25
• ACCOUNTING ASSUMPTION AND –

PRINCIPLES                                                       26

• IMPORTANCE OF ACCOUNTING

INFORMATION                                                  30

• PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING 31
• USERS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 33
• QUALITIES OF ACCOUNTING

INFORMATION                                                  36

• ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 41

• DEFINITION OF ACCOUNTABILITY 45
• GENERAL OF FUNDS OR REVENUE IN LOCAL

GOVERNMENT FUNCTION OF FINANCE               51

• FUNCTIONS OF FINANCE 53
• SERVICE RENDERED BY LOCAL

GOVERNMENT                                                      56

• FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS 56

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 59

3.1     INTRODUCTION                                              59

• RESEARCH DESIGN 60
• INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION 61
• DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE 62
• METHOD OF SAMPLING USED IN

SELECTION                                                      63

• METHOD OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 63

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 64

4.1     INTRODUCTION                                                         64

• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 64
• TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 79
• HYPOTHESIS I 79
• HYPOTHESIS II 82
• HYPOTHESIS III 83
• HYPOTHESIS IV 85

CHAPTER FIVE

• FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     INTRODUCTION                                                         88

• FINDINGS 89
• IMPLICATION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS 92
• SUMMARY 96
• CONCLUSION 98
• RECOMMENDATION 99

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                          104

QUESTIONNAIRE                                              109

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Before Nigeria became colonized, local government was carried out by traditional institutions more importantly, the Emirs, Obas, Chiefs, Age grade and village council were the ones directing affairs of the Nigerian traditional political system in various ways especially in revenue generation and utilization. Even the era of colonial rule, the British colonial officers ruled either through the instrumentalities of the traditional authorities where they existed or when it is not existing they created one where this is system of government known as indirect rule. But this time, it was modified in the proclamations of the British government revenue  proclamation ordinances which gave the councils great power to levy taxes on property income at a special and or that rates, a s well as power to hire and fire staff below four hundred pound starling per annum. The traditional riles collects these tax for the local government reform of 1979 amplified by the 1979 constitution of the  federal republic f Nigeria make provision for local government in each state of federation. This in effect brought about a three tier system of government federal, state and local government. Each of this is a government with a detained function in its area of  jurisdiction since them the local government has became an essential instrument for rendering certain basic services which demand intimate knowledge of the need, conditions and peculiarities of the area concerned. Egbulem (1985 :7 ) observe that;

“The local government have been providing services which are essentially complimentary to those of the state and federal government so as to meet the common aspiration of the people.”

It means that local government complement and extends the national government. It brings national government closer to people and make its impact felt in all the nooks and  crannies if the society. Okoli (1998:6) succinctly put it that;

“local government is, then the practical realization of the ideology of the national government. Whatever objectives the national government want to achieve are carried out the local level through the agency of the local government.

Dasaki panel on local government

Administration  made it explicitly that;

“local government is expected to become more meaningful in facilitating social and economic development at the grass roots level central to the achieve meat of these objective is the financial viability of this tier if government”.

Therefore, there quality of development in rural areas within a local government will be dependent a local extent of revenue or  financial available, its management and accountability by the local government and its staffs.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENTS OF PROBLEM

In embarking on 1976 local government reforms, the federal military government was essentially motivated by the necessity to stability and rationalize government at the grass root. To large a mirage between the people and government institutions at their most basic levels. To ensure that every stratum of Nigeria society benefits from continued prosperity of the country through the availability of social amenities. Indeed necessities such as electricity, water supply, improved transportation network, health facilities and so on.

To achieve these lofty ideals there is need for prudent and frugal management of local government limited resources by local government managers and practitioners. Almost all the former elected local government  and sole administrators and councilors left legacies of hopes  betrayed and promises compromised for their different local government areas.

The 1984 general buhari regimes  miscellaneous sum recovery tribunal which probe into the activities if appointed chairman, councilors and other functionaries of local government council  directed payment into government coffees sums of money ass surcharge or refunded to local government, some functionaries were dismissed or prematurely retired from service, or were forced to resign. This action taken had to do with public accountability.

For about three decades after the inauguration of local government reforms, local government still suffer from the continuous whittling down adequate fund to undertake capital development project. Staffing g arrangement ensure virile local government system is inadequate.

The problem can be summed up as follows:-

1. the inability to proceed with essential capital development project because of limited revenue resource and accessibility to loan funds.
2. Ineffective financial control and management both internal and external.

 

An attempt will be made to investigate the causes of these problems, examine the system of management and accountability with a view to making suggestion and recommendations for the improvement of local government financial management in Nigeria.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study are to examine the various provision made in local government reforms, local government edict of 1996 of Anambra State, financial regulations, memoranda and instruction, the federal.

Republic of Nigeria constitution of 1979 and subsequent amendments of 1989 and other relevant documents for effective management and accountability in local government system with a view determining compliance by local government functionaries and  practitioner.

In addition, the study intends to investigate the various resources available to the local government and to explore      “ways of effective generation and improvement of revenue collection channel, both internal and external, in order to made funds available to finance capital development project with a view of creating wealth and

” better life” for our rural dwellers and appraise facilities available to ensure that local government spends funds so derived in a proper manner, for the purpose which the funds are meant for and in accordance with government riles and regulations.

It is therefore, the aim of this study to make some incursion into the operation  procedure of local government with emphasis on finance and to ascertain  the a\extent to which management and accountability could greatly bring about the transformation of rural and marginal communities as message the1976 guideline for local reforms and suggest ways and means for improvement.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to stress the need for adequate financial management and accountability of Nigeria local government especially to the case study Ayamelum local government for improved performance and maximum  efficiency.  Thereby making local government projects.

Researchers, local government administrators staffs, politicians and those who may want to know what the local government is doing relation to its financial obligations and management of various available resources. The power of local government over its revenue and revenue sources and way of extracting them will finds the study useful.

 

 

 

1.5     THE SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study lies in the case study Ayamelum local government area and limited to  financial management and accountability in Ayamelum local government of Anambra state.

Ayamelum local government is also a clan make – up of eight communities, omasi, Omor, Umumbo, Ifite – Ogwari, Umueje, igbakwu, Umuerum and Anaku, the headquarter.

It is bounded in the North and East by Uzo – Uwani local government Area of Enugu State. In south by Awka North local government in the west. It has about 150,000 population covering area of about 3000,000 km.

The new local government which was created from Oyi local government in 1996 have witnessed most of the crisis  associated with management and accountability during the short of its existence,. It is a typical specimen of rural local government in the country, devoid of almost all the basic necessity of better life”,

There is no single accessible road in the local government area and has not benefited from rural electrification except few communities. Lack of pipe borne water and inadequate health facilities and poor internal revenue base are evident by nearly absence of market, motor part and industries.

There absence of government activities in the local government area in terms of necessities of life made social life uncomfortable.

The neglect suffered by this area from eh former and present political administrative arrangement had generated apathy on  the part of the people and had resulted in complete divorce between the people and government. Excusive politicking and made even modest progress impossible in

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FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN PRIVATELY OWNED ENTERPRISE

(A CASE STUDY OF J.N IJEZIE AND SONS (NIG)

ABSTRACT

 

          Financial Accounting system in a privately owned enterprise, has been the source for cheek and guidance in management controls.

Research on financial Accounting system in a privately owned enterprise has been carried out with a case study of J.N Ijezie and Sons (Nig).

In guiding the study, research questions were formulated, using simple percentage data collected are critically analyzed and the following ascertained:-

1. Accounting aids in planning, control and decision-making.
2. It helps in knowing the following:- the profit or loss made by the enterprise or company at a given period of time and aids in the detection of fraud.

• The accounting information obtained from the management is of great help to the recording of business transactions.

1. Engaging in financial accounting system leads to good prospect for the privately owned enterprises.

Privately owned enterprise does not strictly follow the accounting laid down rules and regulations and the result of it is that adequate information for further accounting processes is lost. Some privately owned enterprise do not employ qualified or professional Accountant (s) in their organization.

To the above findings, it is recommended that proper books of accounts be kepts. Private enterprise or company can adopt financial accounting system. The statutory laid down rules and the regulations to be adhered to the private companies and proper books of account and documents immediately adopted.

The first chapter opens with the general back ground of the study are then went thorough the statement of the problem, the objectives of the study.

Chapter two starts with the literature review on the research on financial Accounting system in privately owned enterprise. Chapter three deals with the means of collection of data.

Chapter four deals with the research questions and its findings in a privately owned enterprise of J.N IJEZIE AND SONS (NIG.)

Chapter five  now deals with the summary of findings and results, it also raise issues for further research on the topic.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study
• The scope of the study
• Research questions
• Significance of the study
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Definition
• Accounting principles
• Documents relating to sales
  • Document relating to purchase
  • Document relating receipt of goods
• The entries of basis data in subsidiary books
  • The day book
  • The cash book
• The concepts and convention
• The principles of double entry
• Classification of Accounts
• Trial balance
• Legal requirement

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• Research design
• Types and sources of data
• Areas of study / population
• Sample and sampling techniques
• Research instrument
• Reliability and validity of instruments
• Method of data collection
• Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion of Results

5.1     Discussion of findings

• Conclusions
• Implications of the research findings
• Recommendations
• Suggestions for further studies
• Limitations of the study

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          DEFINITION: Accounting is a science and art of recording business transactions in a systematic way, so that the book will exactly show the owners’ affair at any point in time. Or summary put thus: Accounting is the recording of business transaction either in words of figures for references purposes.

Another commonly quoted definition that is produced by the “American Institute of Certified and Public Accountants (AICPA) in 1941 which states:- Account is the act of recording , classifying and summarizing, in a significant manner and in terms of money , transactions and events are in parts at least, of a financial character and interpreting the results thereof”  this definition implies that  accountancy has a number of components. Some technical (such as recording data) and some that beg further questions (such as “in a significant manner”. Significant to whom and for what? ) It should be well noted that financial accounting comprises the organization and its owners, the employee and the outside world. By owners we mean the proprietors in the sole trading business, partner in partnership, members in co-operative society, shareholders in Limited Liability Company.

As a discipline, accounting deals with the recording, analyzing and forecasting of incoming liabilities and wealth of business and other entities. This recording of the flow of economic transactions is in money terms. And it has legal, principles, concepts and conversion requirements. Generated financial data is recorded in the proper bocks adopting the laid down rules or procedures for such. The data when processed provides the accountant with the adequate information which is to be used for the preparation of financial statement that could be presentable to all users of such statement.

Brief History of case study- J.N IJEZIE & SONS (NIG). This is privately owned enter prose established in 1985. About 21 years ago and was registered in Nigeria lawfully.

The office was located at ziks Avenues by Edinburgh junction including the workshop. It deals in the processing  of palm- kernel and the extraction of palm kernel oil.

Though, it is privately owned, it has the administrative unit, accounting units, purchasing and store unit, personnel and selling unit. The work shop was equipped with a machine used in extracting palm kernel oil from the kernel

A physical view of the business activities presents it as well organized with hard working staff. The enterprises in its performance has a good prospect for the future sustenance. Currently, it has about 30 direct staff with some contract or distributors

At the commencement of the operators, the strength of the staff was eleven with J.N IJEZIE  as the Director and another man G. Ede as the manager who then serve as general overseer.

But as a researcher in this enterprises my main business centers mainly on the financial accounting system which the evidence already shown by recorded information that reveal deficiencies in the accounting system.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research study as regards to the “FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

SYSTEM IN PRIVATELY OWNED INTERPRISE” tries to determine the problems arising from setting up a standard owned financial accounting system in a privately owned enterprise with practical application to J.N IJEZIE & sons (Nig). And to guide this study are the following:-

1. How to ascertain the problems existing in financial accounting system of the above enterprise.
2. Unable to adhere to the standard requirement for establishing financial statement.
3. No proper financial accounting system
4. No value for Accounting information and because of this, necessary accounting information’s are lacking

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purposes of this study are: –

1. To ascertain the problems existing in the financial accounting of the privately owned enterprise.
2. To make business organization appreciate and adhere to the standard requirements for establishing financial statement.
3. The concerned business organization is made to known and establishes proper financial accounting system.
4. Reasons for accounting information are highlighted.

 

• THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is strictly formulated to give solution to the question of

how financial data can be adding financial accounting system in a privately owned enterprise: like J.N IJEZIE & SONS (NIG).

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the problem existing in financial accounting system of the privately owned enterprises?
2. How can we effect proper records in a financial accounting system in privately owned enterprises?
3. How can proper financial accounting system be established in newly rivals owned enterprises?
4. Is the financial accounting system information useful after all?
5. What are the roles of financial accounting in the privately owned enterprises?
6. What are the merits of the private enterprise engaging in financial accounting system?
7. What are the proper accounts in the financial accounting system?

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FACTORS THAT LEAD TO STUDENTS POOR PERFORMANLE IN PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS IN POST PRIMARY INSTITUTION (A CASE STUDY IN ENUGU SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

ABSTRACT

This study aims at investigating the factors that head to students poor performance in principles of account in post primary institution in Enugu South Local Government.  It is not intended to contradict all papers or disapprove any already on this particular topic or similar topic but will serve as a supple monetary work to those one.

In spite of the obvious need for this subject (Account) in such a growing economy like ours, students seem to be shying ways from it opinions have widely varied as to the causes.

In view of the above, the investigator saw the need to fund out if there had been relative poor performance in the subject, and the factors that actually head to poor performance in this subject area.

Questionnaire:

The major instrument of date collection was as administration on the sample students and teachers from ten school.

1. Union Secondary school, Awkunanaw
2. Girls Grammar school, Uwani
3. Uwani Secondary scholl, Uwani
4. Idraw River Girls secondary school, Idraw
5. Army Day secondary school, Awkunanaw
6. Mary Land Secondary school, Mary Land
7. College of immaculate conception C.I.C, Uwani
8. Queens secondary school, New Lay-out
9. Urban Girls secondary school, Ogui
10. Metropolitan secondary school Ogui New Lay-Out

 

The questionnaire was also administered on the accounts teachers.

The study revealed among other things that:

• Students performance in Accounts have been relatively low
• Students tend to find Account difficult and more so, when they lack good background
• There seems not to be adequate number of teachers teaching Accounts in Enugu South Local government area.
• Lack of appropriate instructional materials lack of constant practice by student perhaps, because not adequately maturated by thee teacher, text book and irregularity in the supply of teachers, are some of the other factors by the study.
• Some teachers do not know how to inculcate, how to teach, how to impact knowledge they have been trained for into the students

To off-set these proven bottleneck and thereby facilitate student’s performance in the subject, the researcher recommends among others that:

1. Efforts should be stepped up in going students god background in mathematics.
2. Government should view with seriousness the issue of training teachers.
3. Institution of higher learning should be encourage to mount business courses.
4. Government should forestall the exodus of these accountry teacher by providing them with rewards commensurate with what their counterparts in private sectors receive.
5. Nigerian and up-to-date textbooks should be provided, while teacher are advised to give the students adequate motivation for constant practice

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Statement of the hypothesis
• Scope of the study
• Limitation of the study
• Definition of terms and Abbreviation

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1     Meaning of principles of accounts

• Objective of teaching principles of accounts in the post primary

institution.

• Problem facing students in principles of accounts
• Ways of improving students poor performance in principles of account
• The roles of accounting in economic development
• Basic accounting equation and double entry

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1     Sources of data

• Population and sample used
• Instrument used
• Method of data collected
• Technique of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

• DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1     Data presentation and analysis

• Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Findings

• Conclusion
• Recommendation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

The factors that leads to students poor performance in principle of accounts in post primary institutions in Enugu South local government area of Enugu State.

 

The principles of financial accounting is set up to propane students generally for the study of financial accounting in particular.  It is hoped that the selected definitions that follow will create the awareness needed for students and as well awaken their interest in the study of accounting.

The American institute of certified public accountants defines accounting “as the act of recording, classifying and summarising in a significant manner and in terms of money transactions and events which are part (at least) of a financial character, and interpreting the results thereof”.

 

Also, Accounting can been defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgement and decision by users of the information

 

However, this definition by the American accounting association appears to dwell more on investment decisions made based on accounting information.  Investment decision, whether by investors buying shares in a company or a company investing the funds at its disposal, involves identifying investment opportunities assessing or analysing the various alternatives based on sound economic principles.  The association of national accountants of Nigeria defines accounting. “as the analysis, classification and recording of financial transactions and ascertainment of how such transaction affect the performance and financial position of a business.  This involves knowing the day-to-day dealings with money and money.

 

Consequently, the practice of accounting stated since organised life evolved.  The early man lived in caves from where he developed into living in communities.  That is, each person went about doing those activities of life for which he was most gifted.  This gave rise to individuals producing certain goods in quantifies in excess of what they needed which there were other goods which they needed cout they did not produced themselves.  The result was exchange. The first system of exchange was by barter.  Later money evolved and replaced banter.  During the stage of barter, recordings exchange were recorded.  A stroke on the wall or a pebble thrown into a pot could represent a receipt of 10 cowries.  When a payment of a similar amount is made, then a pebble would be removed from the pot a stroke cleaned off from the wall.  At any point in time, the number of pebbles, sticks or strokes remaining would signify the amount of money or commodity left, owned or owed by the “recorder”

 

In Nigeria, Accounting or book-keeping originate from the missionaries and private commercial schools in 1900. These missionaries came along with their cousines men and introduced book-keeping as apprenticeship programmes when the apprenticeship agencies failed to meet the needs of book-keepers and clerical workers, pre-service education programmes for training these workers were organized in academics and proprietary schools.  The rapid expansion of business in the early years of the 19^th century and need for larger number of bookkeeping and stenographers, clerical worker brought about an increased interest in business courses.

Educators became more concerned about commercial courses, early in the twentieth century and as a result of this interest, the Phelps-stokes fund of the U.S.A in co-operation with the international education board set up two commissions.

The Phelps-stroke fund is an American phiantropie organization interested in African.  The Commission was led by THOMAS JESSE JONES an American sociologist at the famous American Negro college Hampton Institute.  It is the commission that bought about the evolution of technical and commercial training.

The commission recommendation that the programme should be given by Government department and also supervise by them. They stress the importance of bookkeeping and this led to the opening of the first school, Boys High School, Nonny in April 1900 and it is a comprehensive secondary school.  The courses they study involve both technical and commercial courses.

In 1900 – 1935, because of the changing society, need for these commercial schools became imperative.  Their products like stenographer, clerical workers, accountants are of such importance that no company or industry can do without them.  As the need for these product grew, the federal and state Governments started giving their for support to the courses.  It was because of this, that secondary schools started including this subject in their curriculum.  This was as a result of only the commercial school not being able to supply the adequate man-power needed in Accounting.  Much emphasis was also being laid on the subject account at secondary school levels to supplement for the private commercial school need.

The issue of students performance in principles of Account in schoolks in Enugu South Local Government Area is one that has attracted a lot of divergent views.

Many of these arguments are matters of opinion which still need to be substantiated with facts and figures before they can be dependable.  Substantiating his stand, Akpero (1981) says “The declining statistics of successful performance in accounts in WASC is very easily demonstrated between 1990-1993 the percentage of passes of candidates have stood as follows:

                   June 1990 – 53.18

                   June 1991 – 48.61

                   June 1992 – 46.02

In this hue and cry concerning our students educational attainment in the cost primary institutions, the question is, is principles of accounts a recluse?

Osisioma (1992) found that students performance in principles of accounts in secondary schools in Enugu South Local Government Area was rather decreasing progressively yearly as follows

                   1986 – 58.18

                   1987 – 48.61

                   1988 – 46.02

                   1989 – 46.00

The steadly decreasing performance could serve as an indicator that principles of accounts is not the “odd man out” in the issue of student poor performance.  The burden is to find out the various factors that lead to student’s poor performance in post- primary institution and based on their findings suggest some remedies.

The G.C.E and SSCE (internal and private) are some of the public examination used in Nigeria at present as yardsticks for measuring standard of performance.  Hence our focus for the purpose of this study, is on the performance in SSCE (internal and private).  It is almost a popular opinion that education is the bedrock of national development.  The extent we can go in our development as people depend on our level of educational development.  Knowing this, therefore, it will be fool hardy for us to be intensive to our students academic achievements and what quality of education they received.

It is against the back ground that in the relent times our government (the various levels) are taking time to recognize our educational system in a bid to pursue qualitative and functional education.  Again this lends credence (believe) to the need for the topic of this research.  We hope that it will be of immense contribution to effective teaching and hearing of principles of accounts in our secondary or post primary institutions.

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A casual survey of the school system revealed that very few periods were allocated to principles of accounts as compared to periods given to other subjects.  It is difficult to find any subject that is not faced with one problem or the other.  It appears that the area of accounting records are worst performance in school certificate examination.  This situation is disheartening.

These problems emanated from the fact that there are inadequate number of qualified amounting teacher.  Most of the accounting teacher are people who graduated from commercial school.  They do not have full knowledge of the course, thereby finding it difficult to teach students under them.

Another problem is lack of vocational guidance counsellors; when you go to secondary school you will hardly see a guidance counsellor who will guide student and tell them the importance and great opportunity awaiting them of they do and take interest in accounting.

Again the subject principle of accounts is always started at the ss1 when the student must have done three years in their secondary school career.  This subject is only done in the senior part of the secondary school.  More ground will not be covered in this remaining 3years since it is a vast subject.  Lack of financial support from government to private institutions lack of incentive for accounting teachers

 

1.2     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of study is to investigate into what can be done to improve the performance of students in principles of accounts.

To investigate whether qualified teacher/people in account prefer working in the banks than going to the classrooms to teach.

If remuneration for teachers in accounts will in any way improve the performance of students.  Also if the socio-economic of the students could be an obstacle in the study of accounts

Before, any effective performance improvement scheme can be mounted for the subject, it has to be preceded by an investigation into factors that head to students poor performance in principles of account which is the purpose of this study.  The study will form a basis for further researchers.  Such as “the effect of insufficient professionally qualified teacher on student performance in principles of accounts” It will be a light to curriculum planners and developers as to what reasons are necessary to foster student achievement in the subject.

 

1.3     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is important to the students, so that it will correct the negative impression, which they have developed against accounting.  The suggestion and recommendation of the study if properly implemented will enhance their study of the course, thereby creating employment opportunities at the end of their course.

On the part of the teachers, the study and its recommendations will induce the government to spearhead action towards better performance of students in principles of accounts.  It will also disclose further research on poor performance of students on principles of accounts.

Finally, on the part of the government and the community the study will entitle the government and educational planners to facilitate action in the implementation and recommendations.  It will also give principle of accounts the position it deserves in educational curriculum.

 

1.4     STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

1. Ho: There are no rocks of basic computational abilities for principles

of accounts.

Hi:     There are lack of basic computational abilities for principles of

accounts.

2. Ho: Students performance in principle of accounts is light in relation

to other subjects.

Hi:     Students performance in principles of accounts is light in relation

to other subjects.

3. Ho: Teachers have not been adequate in given take-home assignments

despite their work hoad.

Hi:     Teachers have been adequate in given take-home assignment

despite their work hoad.

4. Ho: Enough periods are not given to principles of accounts.

Hi:     Enough periods are given to principles accounts.

5. Ho: Most of the secondary schools are not lacking sufficient

qualified/professional teachers in principles of accounts.

Hi:     Most of the secondary schools are lacking sufficient qualified/professional teachers in principles of accounts.

 

 

 

1.5     THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The researcher is using the Enugu South Local Government Area as a case of study.

However, some school in Enugu South Local Government Area will be randomly selected for this exercise.

The schools are:

1. Union Secondary School, Awkunanaw
2. Girls Grammar School, Awkunanw
3. Uwani Secondary School, Uwani
4. Idaw River Secondary School, Idaw River
5. Arm Day Secondary School. Awkunanaw
6. Maryland Secondary School, Maryland
7. College Immaculate Conception, (C.I.C) Uwani
8. Queens Secondary School Ogui New-layout
9. Urban Girls Secondary School, Ogui
10. Metropolitans Girls Secondary School, Ogui New Layout

 

 

1.6     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher faced a number of limitations in the course of the study.  The most identifiable constraints are time, finance and inability of many respondents to complete the questionnaire on time.

Time factors is one of the major constraints against this study.  As the research was carried out at student’s level, the researcher has to apportion his time so as to meet the requirements of other courses.  The researcher also missed most of his lecturers in an attempt to collect data.

Financial factors also affected this research in various ways.  In the first place, the question of financial constraint compelled the researcher to limit the scope of the study in terms of sample size and geographical coverage.

In the case of respondents, some of them failed to return their questionnaires on schedule.  Even some left their questionnaires uncompleted.   In spite of all these odds, the researcher tried as much as she could and obtained a reasonable size that is considered to be a representative of the population size.

 

 

 

 

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations:

L.G.A- Local Government Area.

F.S.L.C – First School Leaving Certificate

S.S.C.E (Internal) – Senior School Certificate Examination (WAEC)

S.S.C.E (Private) – Senior School Certificate Examination (G.C.E)

W.A.E.C- West African Examination Council

TERMS:

Odd Man Out       –        Standing alone and not included in the trend of

events.

Qualitative Education    –        High Standard of Education, whereby the

beneficiaries perform up to or & above the expectation place on them by the society.

Functional Education     –        Education that emphasizes on what the educated will be doing when he comes out

Performance Improvement Scheme   –        A plan of what to add, remove or

new policies and principles to adopt in order that the student will perform better.

Professional Qualified Accounts Teachers  –        For teaching of principles of accounts in post primary schools, they are teachers who posses NCE, HND or B.Sc in accounting.

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONCEPT OF PROFITABILITY AS A GUIDE TO POLICY DECISION

(A CASE STUDY OF SOME MANUFACTRING INDUSTRIES IN OSHIMILI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE)

ABSTACT

Before we delve into this issue, let us look from the realistic point of view, the concept of profitability.  It can be seen as that concept which provides management with alternative course of action according to the various degree of profitability, stating dearly in relevant cost accounting form the costs and benefits associated with individual projects which enables management to select the most profitable.  Majority of the policy decision of manufacturing industries are generally directed towards profitability.  Policy decision made under this concept ha direct effect on increasing and enhancing the general profitability of the manufacturing industry concerned.

Unfortunately, this laudable guide has been relegated to supportive role in some manufacturing industries because of certain factors militating against it.  Such factors have in most cases affected the profit position of industries and in extreme cases to huge losses, which sometimes drag such companies involved to unexpected liquidation.

Hence, this project work tried to know those factors affecting the concept and respective effects on the profit position of the selected industries.

 

In view of covering the three dimensional focus of the research, the project focused on three major areas:

(1)     The exogenous factors affecting the concept of profitability.

(2)     The endogenous factors affecting the concept of profitability.

(3)     Political factors affecting the concept of profitability.  These three areas combined to give a broader view of the factors militating against the concept of profitability.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                      1

1.1     background of study                                                      3

1.2     Statement of study                                                                  5

1.3     Purpose of study                                                           6

1.4     Research question                                                                   7

1.5     Scope and limitation of study                                        8

1.6     Definition of terms                                                                  9

CHAPTER TWO                  

Literature Review                                                                    12

2.1     Cost                                                                               12

2.2     Costing Method                                                             24

2.3     Management Problems                                                  37

2.4     Social factors                                                                 41

2.5     Ecological factors                                                          44

2.6     Government Influences / Political factors                      46

2.7     Technological factors                                                     47

2.8     Roles required of Oshimili South Local

Government Area Authority                                          48

2.9     Roles required of both the state and federal Government        49

CHAPTER THREE

Research Decision and Methodology                                                51

3.1     Data collection and Analysis                                         51

3.2     Techniques of method of Data Collection                      51

3.3     Primary Sources                                                            53

3.4     Secondary Sources                                                                  54

3.5     Description of Sample                                                   55

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis                                                        57

4.1     Presentation of Data                                                      57

4.2     Interpretation of Data                                                    62

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of Findings, Recommendation & Conclusion                   64

5.1     Discussion of Findings                                                  64

5.2     Conclusion                                                                     66

5.3     Recommendation                                                           67

Bibliography                                                                  73

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

The concept of profitability can be defined as that concept which provides management with alternative courses of action according to the various degrees of profitability, stating clearly in relevant cost accounting forms, the costs and benefits associated with individuals projects which enable management to select the most profitable.

It is obvious that majority of the policy decisions of manufacturing industries are generally directed towards profitability.  The policy decision made under this concept has direct impacts on increasing and enhancing the general profitability of the manufacturing industries concerned.

The origin of this concept can be traced back to ero of industrial revolution.  Before industrial revolution, industries were run by family concern just to maintain a status.  Due to increase in trade brought about by the industrial revolution, most business grew from the usual family arrangement to large groups.  Resources were pulled together and handed over to other people to manage for the owners.

Naturally, resources owners must except a profitable return from their investments.  The urgent obligation force management to seek ways of carrying the activities so as to make profitable returns to the resources owners.

The growth and complexity in the industrial sectors gave rise to the need for policy statement or decision on certain issues.  Materials must have to be bought in enough quantity to avoid stock out and at the same time check over stocking.

Labour, which is one of the factors of production must be allowed to operate in a conducive environment so as to reap the benefit of him labour prior to commencement or expansion general ecological consideration must be reviewed.  Thereafter site is acquired, structures erected, machine and equipment installed.

On take off, the manufacturing industry must move the changing technology, meet its social responsibilities, operate under government regulations, pay tax as at and when due, meet the expectations of the shareholders.  Moreover, high administrative cost of changing technology, fierce competition, cost of government restrictions poor capital base, and the need for maximization of shareholders wealth must be highlighted and adjusted in such a way.  That the total cost of manufacturing a product will not only be less than sales revenues but also give a good profit margin.

The researchers go on taking decision on the above issues, group that factors affecting the categories, thus:-

(a)     Endogenous factors

(b)     Exogenous factors

(c)      Political factors

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The nature of this research work required theoretical approach and analysis, which will cover the three-dimension focus of the research.

The research focused on three major areas:-

1. The endogenous factors affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to policy decision.
2. The exogenous factors affecting the concept and

iii.      The political factors.

The study of these factors will help the researchers to determine the effect of those factors on the profit position and make subsequent recommendations.  The framework for analyzing the factors affecting the concept of profitability were.

• EXOGENOUS FACTORS

1. Theory of location of industry which states that nearness to raw materials, availability of labour affects the profitability of manufacturing industries eg the location of extractive industries depend on where the raw-materials are to be found.
2. Theory of nearness to market: Heavy goods are expensive to transport. Because of this, the theory therefore, states that such goods be produced near the market.

iii.      Other general economic factors:        There must be a ready supply of labour especially skilled labour.  There must be good transport facilities for movements of both raw-material and finished goods.

1. Location of other industries: Industries are often set up hear others in order to take advantage of external economics, an industry enjoyed being close to other industries in the same business or trade.

• ENDOGENOUS FACTORS

These emphasize on the theory of operations management which is of the view that workers have the same objectives with that of management and work towards common ends of management, which assumes a responsible attitude towards organizational decision – making procedure.

On the political factors, the instability of government, restrictions on certain industrial activities and active intervention were also theories, which will help the researcher to find out the factors affecting the concept of profitability.

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The research work entitled “Factors affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to policy decision (A case study of some manufacturing industries in our locality) attempted to determine the factors affecting the concept of profitability as a guide to policy decisions.

Other Problems Include:

(a)     What problems affects the effective application of the concept.

(b)     What are the reactions of industries to these factors affecting the concept?

(c)      To what recommendations made based on the findings about the factors affecting the concept.

• PURPOSE OF STUDY

This research work is informed by the need to explaining the causes of the unfulfillment of the profit objectives of the selected industries through the concept.  The profitability of industries encourage them to assume their social responsibility and participate effectively and concretely in the economic growth of the economy of the local government concerned, and  the locality where the industry is sited in general.  A thorough knowledge of these factors will help existing companies in profit planning.

The research work looked into the policy decision of some of the selected industries and factors affecting their execution.  The research work delved into the concept of profitability from which it determined the exogenous, endogenous and political guide to policy decisions were exposed.

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

It is very important that certain questions be asked in order to obtain information that will enable the researchers complete the study successfully.  These questions are as follows:-

(1)     Can scarcity of raw materials affect the profit motive of your company?

(2)     To what extent can technological changes affect the profit intention of your company?

(3)     In what way(s) does the economy affect your company.

(4)     To avoid running short of raw materials, can your company buy what it will need in future today?

(5)     As a customer, what factors will influence your decision in buying a particular product?

(6)     In a situation, where it is profitable to expand your company but ecological factors do not permit such expansion, will your company abandon the idea?

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the research study will be within the locality where the industry is sited

LIMITATIONS:

The concept of profitability is a vast area of research.  There are certain factors, which hinder the study of this concept.  They are as follows:

TIME:         The time factors affects the study of the research work, ie the second semester is very short and as a result of this, we have other things to do or cover.  The time allocated to this study is very short.

 

FINANCE: Inadequacy of finance is another factor affecting this research of the concept of profitability.  Students in this group are faced with hardship.  A lot of their money had been spent on handouts and books.

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

There are certain words or terms that need to be explained or defined.  This is to enhance understanding of the contents of the research work.

1. Concept of profitability: This could be defined as concept which provides managers of manufacturing industries with alternative courses of action according to the various degree of profitability stating clearly in relevant cost accounting form the costs and benefits associated with individuals project which enable them to select the most profitable.
2. policy: This means principle and objectives which guide decision making on particular matters and which expresses broad indention or attitudes of the industries.  It can be general outline plan of action setting out terms of operation.
3. Industry: It means a class of firm that are sufficiently similar in their main activities or products to be grouped together for the purpose of description
4. Manufacture: It could be defined as a process by which raw-materials are being transformed into finished goods using plants and equipment.

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Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE