THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN EXPORT FINACNING IN NIGERIA FROM 2006 –2012

(A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC ONITSHA BRANCH)

 

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ABSTRACT

 

 

The primary objectives of this study was to examine how the financial institution export finance in Nigeria using First Bank of Nigeria Plc Onitsha branch as a case study. In carrying out this study, I used survey method in which I used the questionnaire to collect data. The target population was the staff of first bank of Nigeria Plc Onitsha Branch from which a sample of 80 was drawn. I used research questions and formulated research hypotheses. The relevant literature was reviewed for the study. The data were collected, presented analyzed and hypotheses tested using chi-square. At the end of the study a number of recommendations were made for further studies and on how to improve the Nigeria financial export in Nigeria and how to encourage the institutions for expansion and modernization.

 

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TABLE CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study:……………………………………………………….3

 

 

• Statement of Problems:.………………………………………………

 

 

• Purpose of the Study:………………………………………………………

 

 

• Significance of the Study:………………………………………………

 

 

• Research Questions:………………………………………………………………8

 

 

• Formulation Hypothesis………………:…………..……………9

 

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• Limitation of the Study:……………………………………………………

 

 

• Definition of Terms :…………………………………………………………

 

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

 

 

• Mexim Annual Statement of Account of 1999

 

 

Foreign  Sources  ……………………………………………

 

 

• Sources of Finance  For  Export  …………………

 

 

• The role of Financial Institution ………………………..………………18

 

 

• Factors Militating  Against  Export

 

 

• Historical Background  to  Export  F

 

 

• Policy Instrument:…………………….…………………………………………

 

 

• Duty Draw  Back/Suspension  Manufac

 

 

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 

 

• Area of  the  Study  :……………………………………

 

 

• Population of  the  study:………………………

 

 

• Sample and Sampling Technique:…………………………………

 

 

• Instrument for  Data  Collection  :…

 

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• Validation of  the  Instruments…..…

 

 

• Distribution and  Retrieval  of  the

 

 

• Method of Data Collection and Analysis:……………………………..…35

 

 

• Analysis:………………………………………………………………

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

 

 

• Finding and Discussion of Finding Questionnaires

 

 

Distribution………………………………………………………

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

 

 

• Summary of findings, conclusions and  Recommendatio

 

 

• Summary of Findings:…………………………………………….……

 

 

• Conclusion:……………………………………………………………..………

 

 

• Recommendations:……………………………………………………………

 

Appendix:……………………………………………………………………

Questionnaire  :……………………………………………51

 

Bibliography  :………………………………………………………

 

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CHAPTER ONE

 

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN EXPORT FINANCING IN

 

NIGERIA

 

INTRODUCTION:

 

 

Financial institutions are organizations which deal basically in money.

 

`They constitute the financial framework of an economy. Financial institutions help to pool savings and excess liquidity from millions of individuals and firms within the country and make them available to those who need them for various purposes.

 

Financial institutions include commercial bank (Joint stock banks) discount houses, the central bank, saving banks, development bank (BOI), insurance companies, hire purchase companies, the national providence fund, the stock exchange building etc.

 

Before the introduction Nigeria export- import bank (NEXIM) in Nigeria as at 1999 the commercial banks were generally referred to retail bankers, while merchant banks were known as wholesale bankers.

 

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However the two operate and offer almost the same services that any line of demarcation is now rather fussy- one can only say that the distinguishing factor between the two sectors of the banking industry is that the commercial banks are members of the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) clearing house, While the merchant bank are not members of the Central Bank clearing house.

 

Another contentious factor is the licence granted merchant banks to take companies to capital market which the Nigeria stock exchange denied the commercial licensed them to do so, the introduction of the universal banking system of divide effect. A trader could approach either commercial or merchant bank for financing facility for his transactions. They can provide both short and long term facilities and can design any product which meets any requirements of customers.

 

The Nigeria export-import bank (NEXIM) was established in 1988 but commenced operations in January 1991. The bank was established to provide mainly short term financing for exporters who need working capital to buy hair activities. Among the function of the banks is the maintenance of a foreign exchange revolution fund which

 

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is to be made available as loans to exporters who need to export machineries, raw materials and spare parts to satisfy export orders. It can also consider loans involving domestic trade which are likely to assist exports.

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

 

The banking system has been integral part of the structural reforms and it has a leading role in management of policy change. The role of financial institutions in export financing is that of a cartelist and a committed broker. It ranges from assisting company and individual on how to enter export market through financing and handing shipping document and collect export proceedings.

 

Generally an export can meet his financing needs in the following number of ways.

 

LOAN GRANTING AND ITS RECOVERY PROBLEMS ON COMMERCIAL BANKS

(A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK PLC, OJO-ALABA BRANCH)

 

 

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Bank Name: GTBank
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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

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ABSTRACT

 

This research work was undertaken to assess the Loan granting and its recovery problems on Commercial Banks. The research was intended to achieve the following objectives: To find out the several problems facing loan recovery, the effects of loan default on commercial banks and the measures that will be used in reducing the incidence of loan default. Relevant data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Questionnaires were the main primary data collection instrument employed while data from various relevant publication constituted the sources of secondary data. Upon the analysis of data, the following conclusions were drawn: That problem of loan default stemmed from the fact that there is unavailability of security to be

 

disposed by banks to realize funds. And al loan payment. On the basis of the above findings, it was recommended that commercial banks should use some risk control measures to guide against

 

loan default. Also, before granting loan, they should examine critically the project statement submitted by the customer or borrower which will help them to find out the realistic repayment pattern and also help them in knowing if

the          projects  are  realistic  based  on  the  cus

 

Central Bank of Nigeria should create a conducive environment for the successfully operation of commercial banks in Nigeria.

 

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	TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page——————————————————————————–	ii
Approval page————————————————————————–	iii
Certification—————————————————————————-	iv
Dedication——————————————————————————-	v
Acknowledgment———————————————————————–	vi
Table of contents——————————————————————-	vii-ix
Abstract———————————————————————————-	x

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• Background of the study

 

1

 

• Statement of problems—————————————————————–

 

3

 

• Objectives of the study—————————————————————–

 

4

 

• Research question———————————————————————-

 

4

 

• Research hypothesis——————————————————————–

 

5

 

• Scope of the study———————————————————————-

₅ —————————————————————

 

9

 

• Significance of the Study 6

 

• Definition of terms———————————————————————-

 

6

 

• Limitations of the study—————————————————————-

₇ ————————————————————-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

LITERATURE REVIEW

 

2.1   Brief introduction——————————————————————— 8

 

2.2    The nature of loan and advances granted by banks—————————–9

 

2.3   Problems of loan default————————————————————-13

 

2.4    Causes of loan default—————————————————————14

 

2.5   Effects of loan default—————————————————————-19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 

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3.1   Research design——————————————————————— 21

 

3.2       Definition Population ————————————————————–21

 

3.3       Sample size————————————————————————–21

 

3.4       Sources and method of data collection——————————————22

 

 

 

 

3.5       Method of data presentation and analysis————————————–26

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

 

4.0   Data presentation and analysis—————————————————23

 

4.1   Presentation and interpretation of data——————————————23

 

4.2        Data analysis and findings——————————————————–31

 

4.3       Discussion of the findings———————————————————32

 

4.4       Recovery measures——————————————————————33

 

CHAPTER FIVE

 

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

 

5.1   Summary of findings—————————————————————- 39

 

5.2   Recommendation———————————————————————40

 

5.3   Conclusion—————————————————————————–41

 

5.4   Suggestion for further research—————————————————-42

 

Bibliography ————————————————————————–43

 

Appendix A—————————————————————————-45

 

Appendix B———————————————————————–46-48

 

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CHAPTER ONE

 

 

 

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

 

Virtually, every business has a credit relationship with a financial institution, especially banks. Some rely on periodic short term loans to finance temporary working capital needs. Others primarily use long-term loans to finance capital expenditure, new acquisitions or permanent increases in capital. Regardless of the type of loan, all credit request

 

mandate a systematic analysis of the borrow due.

 

 

 

Commercial banks carry on ordinary banking business with the general public, changing cash for bank deposits and bank deposits for cash,

 

12 transferring bank deposit from one corporation to another, giving bank

 

deposit in exchange of bills of exchange, providing of trustees and executo services, providing safe custody of funds and valuables as well as foreign

 

exchange remittance.

 

Though commercial banks differs from country to country, their profit and banking motives are the same. Their activities are of interest to their customers, workers (staff), and above all, shareholders. The commercial objective of the bank is to maximize profit, though other social and economic functions tends to deflect banks from profit maximization.

 

The aims and objectives of commercial banks have therefore paved way for their customers to make and obtain credits, in form of loan of which the researcher is interested in.

 

Lending has become a vital function on operation because of its direct effect and impact on economic growth and business development.

 

In a market oriented economy, there are two main participants that move the economic growth; these are the suppliers of invisible funds and the users of the funds for productive purposes. These two participants are spread widely in the economy and may not have direct relationship with each other. For this, there is the need to have an intermediary to link them up. The banking sector mobilize surplus funds from small and big savers who have no immediate need for such funds. The users of these funds are

 

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the business entrepreneurs and investors who have brilliant ideas on how to create additional wealth in the economy but lack the necessary capital to execute their ideas. These groups of people approach banks to obtain loan.

 

Subsequently, lending is a risky venture which banks only engage on after a rigorous and satisfactory analysis of the project for which lending is being made. The main preoccupation of banks is extending loans to their customers. Thus, the formulation and implementation of such lending policies are some of the important responsibilities of the management of the bank. The lending policy of a bank must be specific on how much loan will be made available to whom, what period and for what reason. For this reason, lending policies should be well documented so that lending officers will be able to know the areas of prohibition and the area of where they can operate. Also, such policies should be subjected to periodic review to make the banks keep abreast with the dynamic and innovation nature of the economy as well as competing with other changing economic sector.

 

Therefore, the basic objectives of credit analysis t=is to assess the risks involved in extending loans to bank customers. In financial circle, risk typically refers to the volatility in earnings. Lenders are particularly concerned with adverse fluctuation in net income or cash flows, which

 

hinder                 the  borrower‟s  ability  to  service  a

 

with historical and projected financial data, while others such as those

 

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associated                         with  borrower‟s  character  and  wi

 

directly measurable.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS:

 

Banks in recent times has failed as a result of loan recovery problems. Loan is the major source of bank profitability.

 

However, in going about their lending activities, banks have their own objectives among which are profitability, growth, safety, suitability and liquidity.

 

Loan, when not recovered could adversely affect banks. It is easily granted than recovered. It usually needs proficiency i.e. competency and expertise in the recovery process. It sometimes become an uphill task to recover. When they are not recovered, the impact is often disastrous to the bank. It can lead

AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT CRISIS IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

ABSTRACT

Sequel to the growing rare of economic activities and the consequent need to meet up with the expanding roles of financial institutions, the equally increased rate of management crisis has equally generated an alarming level of disturbance to the global financial world. The issue of increased level of production and the resultant nationalization of the economy gave room for the level of management crisis being experienced today in our financial institutions.

The promise under which these factors are persuasive are examined by the investigation. These inherent crisis will no doubt continue to contribute to management crisis in our financial institution if not checked.

The second premise is that of technological advancement, which came with it, computer, electronic transfer and so on.

The fraudulent premise, which is an age-long system of grand, still contributed substantially to the level of management crisis in financial institutions in Nigeria.

It is however the opinion of the investigator that the understanding of the dynamics of the crisis is lacking in the financial institutions system the obvious discovery of this research is that the authorities and managers of financial institutions including the stake holders in this sector are involved in the management of crisis rather than being involved in crisis management.

With the increasing rate of closure of banks and financial institutions in Nigeria, I continue that there is no effective tool and machinery for crisis management in financial institution system.

In this direction, the excessive involvement in rivalry, competition instead of comprehensive total growth of all financial institution in Nigeria make their engage in smatter ways of out wetting the others.

This is very unhealthy to the sustainable growth of the institutions.

Moreover a careful study of that the NDIC (Nigeria Deposit and Insurance Corporation) has done were X-rayed and the discovery recommended for better financial institutions system.

United Bank of Africa (UBA) as a fiancial institution has been chosen as a proper representation of financial institutions administration in the country as this is case study of this investigation.

Most outstanding crisis situations will be identified by this research and those are peculiar to UBA in addition to all other general situations in the financial institutions will be identified what has led to the discontinuity and constant instability in the banking sector in Nigeria is not unconnected with the spate management crisis and fraudulent crisis in this important sector.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    Introduction

1.1    Background of the study

1.2    Statement of the problem

1.3    Objective of the study

1.4    Research question

1.5    Statement of hypothesis

1.6    Significance of study

1.7    Scope of the study

1.8    Limitation of the study

1.9    Definition of terms

References

2.1    CHAPTER TWO

2.2    Review of related literature

The consequences of management crisis in Nigeria Financial Institutions.

2.3    Remote and manifest causes of management crisis in Nigeria Financial           Institution.

Reference

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1    Research design

3.2    Date Types

3.3    Date Location

3.4    Population size

3.5    Sample size

3.6    Method of data presentation

3.7    Data analysis

References

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0    Introduction

Reference

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1    Finding

5.2    Recommendation

5.3    Conclusion

Bibliography

          Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION.

Management crisis characterize the Nigeria banking including, Many financial development institutions the imperativeness of management crisis in the Nigeria development financial institutions cannot be therefore be over emphasized. Suffice this to say that the enormity of growth in this sector and the need to meet up with the changing roles of financial institutions have made the development rapid.

Management crisis are bound to be experienced when one examines the changing roles like banking operations and processes, commercial banking, corporate banking, public sector, consumer banking, treasury and financial institutions, credit risks management and so on.

Due to the heavy loss being experienced in most financial institutions a study of the management crisis is apt. Some notable banks have had their license withdrawn, savanna bank plc. Being the most recent. The 2002 annual financial report of one of the biggest banks first bank plc narrated the loss of over 10 million naira. These and more are management crisis dangerously affecting the Nigerian development of financial institutions through the prevalence of management crisis.

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Financial institutions play pivotal roles in the evaluating of sustainable development anywhere in the world. The need for the study of the subject matter becomes more imperative in the banking industry in Nigeria for as the cheese that lays the golden eggs, economic growth and development of the nation rest squarely on it.

Banks account dominantly for financial institution in Nigeria as a result, a review of the forum of management crisis vehemently exist in banks in Nigeria include the following.

Industrial relations

Poor management techniques

Shortage of equipment

Staff in adequacy

Industrial unrest

Fraud

Ignorance of modern information technology management of change in information technology.

These factors had been the development of financial institutions in Nigeria.

In this era, when the banking industry is undergoing transformation driven by the changing political climate deregulation, the economy use of technology Local and Foreign Competition and increasing customer sophistication. A banking whose ones would characterize these factors had to be selected ie UBA PLC. This choice is informed by old nature if incorporation on Feb 23 1961 with the introduction of mobile banking services in 1963. The bank introduced UBA GARD with 234 branches in Nigeria and America. It has trained 3832 numbers of staff in Local and international courses. This investigation requires such a bank that has continued to restructure the earning assets with a selective reduction in aggregate credit volumes and on the liability side have secured a good share of the public sector deposits. The research requires bank whole total assets in 2001 stood at N188 billion. The bank equally won the Euro Money best Domestic Bank in Nigeria. The bank which in 2002 was also named by the new fork based global finance magazine as the best trade finance bank in Nigeria for the second year running, one of the only two banks that won the award in Africa the issues of management crisis in Nigeria financial institutions development are believed by experts to be the people in the organization. Any business organization boost of the people in that organization as it’s greatest assets in out fit. It equally follows that on organization especially a financial institution can only be as good as the people you employs

Therefore, the institution should appreciation the individuals that make it up and recognize and appreciate the value of their participation. It is ironic however, that some institutions lack this giving rooms to possible fraud and unleashing vendetta on the institution by her employees who nevertheless are agitated by such state of affairs.

Its noted by (Ene 1984) “As the organization grows, its human resources must also be seen to grow with it and develop to their maximum capacity”. The issue of uncreative remuneration as been ignored by financial institutions and the collapse of some of them. This gave rise to the sudden realization by new financial institutions develops who now place a very high premium in remuneration making the Nigeria financial institutions highly very attractive recently. The sudden upsurge of emergence of financial institutions in Nigeria is yet to witness a corresponding failure rate of such banks. (Financial Institution) the lack of attractive incentive does not promote the efficiency of employees in the bank because when people are trained, they become efficient on the Job thereby increasing their productivity and that of the financial institution. Such efforts should receive corresponding lucrative remuneration (Double 1999) “It will be pertinent to state categorically that crisis in the banks and other financial institutions have become the order of the day in the past and research has proved that in spite of the increase in the number of banks and institutions lucrative remuneration seem to have stemmed the tide institutions lucrative remuneration seem to have stemmed the tide of such occurrences to a minimal level to the surprise of skeptics”.

1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The evaluation effect of management crisis in Nigeria financial institution development is highly may negative in that it has also made this sector highly vulnerable to the problems.

1. There now exists a high rate of instability in the banking sector as threats of liquidation face the strong ones ordinary would not think          of such negative development.
2. Another problem associated with it is discontinuity in the banking industry ranging from inability to meet with CBN requirements to the situation where demanded remuneration by worker’s and       interest rate demand by customers cannot be met by the financial        institutions and   banks, especially the community banks etc.
3. Bank distress account too for one of negative effects of financial institutions development hinged on management crisis because      even the community banking system, some of these banks still          weather the storm and are afloat. Savanna bank plc case terrifies           the incidence of distress which is a purely management problem.
4. Complete dissolution of some banks. This Eneh (1984) identified    too as the evaluation effects on management crisis in that the         problem could be due to financial management crisis or an off    shoot of political crisis on government policy objectives like     indigenization.

1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The research objective is the further evaluation of the evaluation effects of management crisis in Nigeria financial institution development. Consequently the under listed objection are pursued by this research as follows.

1. To identify and further analyze those resultant effects which management crisis has on financial institutions development       especially in the United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA).
2. 10 workers attitude to financial institutions development and the consequent administration with a view to explaining the extent of       their involvement.
3. To identify and evaluate those variables to lead to management crisis in the development of financial institution in Nigeria          especially UBA Plc.
4. To examine the prospects of Nigeria development financial institutions           inductively through the investigative and to adduce         recommendations for the effective crisis management in financial         institution economic development in Nigeria.

1.4    RESEARCH QUESTION.

For the purpose of the research, the following research questions   are adopted.

1. How does management crisis effects, development of institution in Nigeria.
2. What factors constitute management crisis in development of financial institution in Nigeria.
3. What normally forms the financial institutions works perception of management crisis?
4. How would an adequate answer be provided to the issues of key variables in development of financial institutions in Nigeria such as   assist in providing insight into the kind of measures ensured      effective and efficient crisis management?

1.5    STATEMENT OF HYPHOTHESIS

These testable hypothesis are geared to wards in depth examination of the research investigation.

These are null and alternative hypothesis in this investigation represented as (H_o) and (H₁) respectively.

They are as follows:-

1. H_o : Instability is not one of the management crisis that effects the Nigeria financial institution .

H₁: Instability is one of the management crisis that effects the           Nigeria financial institution.

2. H_o: Fraud does not negate development in Nigeria financial institution.

H_o: Fraud negates the development of Nigeria financial institution.

3. H_o: Financial management crisis does not lead to bank distress and consequent dissolution of banks.

H₁: Financial management crisis bring discontinuity in Nigeria           financial institution.

1.6    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY.

The research is imperative in the following areas and will immensely benefit the Nigeria financial institutions in general and the banking industry in particular. It proffered solution and suggested ways and measure of better crisis management and control in a developing economy such as ones.

Management crisis is a regular feature of every organization and therefore non-financial organizations will equally ripe the fruits of this investigation since this study will provide ways and tools of crisis management in organizations.

Academically, student and those engaged in financial studied in addition to evolved in financial management and project analyst in financial matters will find this research on management crisis.

However, it could also be clearer that this study needs more enterprising investigation so as to illuminate this area i.e management crisis as a dangerous virus besetting the Nigeria financial institutions especially banks which has become turbulent owing to the infiltration of all manner of management crisis into the system. These significances will no doubt instigate the intense of intending researchers in the financial institution area.

1.7    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The investigation however reflected on the numbers fact of management crisis that has characterized the financial institutions development in Nigeria more so when the resultant effect has been the withdrawal of licenses by NDIC and the sudden denial of peoples (Culture) deposit in such banks thereby casting expressions on the nation’s financial institution.

United Bank of Africa Plc (UBA) as a case study whose management services sector crisis of medical services sector crisis of Amen resources and Training, industrial relation, medical services, classified Asset management, legal services and registration department. The administrative measure strategies effectual management crisis and identify possible management crisis that could affect the institution, their evaluation effect on development of the financial institutions and their like hood of occurrence. The research however attempted to develop management crisis tools that would benefit and minimize the probability of such incidence in Nigeria financial institution development.

1.8    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

It is however instructive to mention here that in the course of the sample survey conducted by this researcher, it was discovered that many few up-to-date material/literature that deal with management crisis could be found. The confidentiality and absolute secrecy with which data unfavourable and sometimes favourable to an organization is treated in Nigeria need much to be desired. Reference to headquarters for delicate information has characterized my visits to the UBA Plc Enugu, which is on adequate representation for finance institutions in Nigeria.

Finally, financial and time constraints prevented this researcher from visiting all the banks in the country for first hand information in critical independence in the area of management crisis one existence in the banking industry.

At UBA Plc, the management Director directly oversees financially critical strategies management, general administrative, corporate affairs and properties with management of the banks interest finding and exchange rate risks, as well as tracing of foreigner currency. This is to forestall fraud and enhance crisis management in the bank serving, the managing director proves impossible but relentless efforts will still be made to actualize this research

Definition of terms

Terminological confusions are avoided through the conceptualization of term. Certain key words are met along the line, which may be given different interpretation for the purpose of this study therefore, the following working concepts are operational zed thus.

CRISIS

Ugorji (1989) described crisis, as “an unusual situation of outcome of which is uncertain or capable of generating conflict. The loss of financial resources accompanying such development in the financial institution.

MANAGEMENT

Double (1996) noted and described management as the creation of an enabling environment to achieve the goals of an organization” its per articulation, formation and implementation goes a long way to ameliorating the problems of financial institutions especially the banks.

BANK FRAUD

Bank fraud can be defined as a conscious or deliberate effort armed at obtaining unlawful financial advantage at the detriment of another person who is the rightful owner of the fund “described Orjih (1996) this could involve a collection of positors” money or the banks assets and finances. Leaden advantages are sometimes taken of the changing political climate, deregulation of the economy and the use of technology to incident such frauds.

Bank Distress

In his description, Orjih (1994) described bank distress as when it is unable to meet the bank examination rate system” management crisis is usually the problem of distress in banks.

BANK

Campton (1979) described it as “a person or company on the business of receiving money, and collecting drafts for customers subject to their obligation’s though the banking industry is undergoing transformational innovations characterized by increased duties and responsibilities in addition to the traditional roles banks had played in the past.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Ugorji (1989) described crisis management as any measure that plans in advance that removes the risk and uncertainty from a given situation and thereby allows one to be more in control of ones own destiny is needed a form of crisis management”

DEVELOPMENT

The emergency of a new quantitative state of the object of its composition and structure.

REFERENCES

1. Orjih, J (2002) Element of banking, Nigeria. Pock                                                                   Communication, Pg 234.
2. Ugorji, R. (2003) Management crisis in business                                                              organization.
3. Campton, E (2004) Principles of Banking, Printed in USA Pg 38

 

4. Ene C (2003) The Nigeria Economic crisis, causes and                                             suggested solution” The Nigerian Banker,                                            vol 4, No. 1 May, Pg 38.
5. Double, P (2002) Management in Business Times Vol. 21 No                                         34 April Pg 17.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

FRAUD AND ITS CONTROLS MECHANISM A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER USAGE IN BANKS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

• Background of Study 1
• Statement of Problem 7
• Purpose/Objective of Study 8
• Significance of Study 9
• Research Question 10
• Hypothesis 10

1.7     scope of delimitation of the study                                           11

1.8     Definition of Terminologies                                                     12

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review 15
• Growing Role of Computer in Banking Industry 20
• Nature of Computer Fraud 20
• Stages of Computer Fraud in Banks 27
• Processing/Program Stage 30
• Output Stage 32
• Control of Computer Fraud in Banks 34

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology                                                                     39

• Design 39
• Area of study 40
• Population of the Study 40
• Sample and Sampling Procedure 40
• Instrumentation 42
• Validity and Reliability 42
• Method of Data Collection 43

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data Presentation and Results 46
• Data Analysis Interpretation 52
• Summary of Result/Findings 57

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion, Implication and Recommendation                                 58

• Discussion of Results 58
• Conclusion 60
• Implication of the Results 62
• Recommendation 63
• Limitation of Study 64

References                                                                               66

Appendices                                                                                       68

LIST OF TABLES

Response to question number One

Response to question number Two

Response to question number Three

Response to question number Four

Response to question number Five

Response to question number Six

Response to question number Seven

Response to question number Eight

Response to question number Nine

Response to question number Ten

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Definition of Fraud

          Fraud has been variously defined in literature of scholar and experts.  It is defined as a criminal deception by the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.

Fagbenri (1996) defined it as the act of dishonesty depriving a person of something which is his or of something to which he is or would or might be entitle, but for the perpetrating of fraud.

In its lexical meaning, fraud is an act or course of deception deliberately practiced to gain unlawful or unfair advantages deception directed to the detriment of another (F.I.T.C).

According to Omotoso (1992), fraud may be defined in a layman’s new as “any activity that is trained with criminals intention to cheat or deceive”.

Archibong (1992) described at as “a predetermined and well planned tricky process or device usually undertaken by a person or group of persons with the sole aim of cheating another person or organization to gain ill gotten advantages be it monetary or otherwise which would not have accrued in the absence of such despiteful procedure”.

From the above definitions, we can define a clearing fraud as an act of stealing from, depriving of, duping or exploring an individuals, or organization or group of individuals, or institutions through criminal manipulations of clearing instruments, eg. Computer.

The reasons why I am interested in fraud is to control fraud through compute.

A computer is an electrical device which works faster than ordinary human brain.  Although compute has no brain of its own to reason like a human being, but has built in memories that enable it perform complete mathematical problems as fast as possible, even faster than the human brain.  The American herritone dictionary of the English language defines a compute as:

A device that computers: especially, an electronic machine that performs high speed mathematical or logical calculations, or that assembles, stores, correlates or otherwise process and print information derived from headed data in accordance with predetermined program.

There are two major types of computer, namely the Digital computer and the Analog computer.  Also there is computer language that concerns the accountant is the common business orientate language (CoBoL) which is English like in nature.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

          Although, the computer is a relatively recent innovation, the development rest on centuries of research, thought and discoveries.  To search for better way to store and process data is not recent.  The processing equipment has gone through generations of changes and improvement.  An understanding of the evolution of data processing will be very helpful in understanding the capabilities and limitations of modern compute.

The origin of computing aids can be traced to China where merchants first made use of the ABACUS while the history of modern day computers, the best of business traced to France where Blaise Pascal in 1642 invented the first machine for doing the four fundamental operations of arithmetic in money to six digits or figure and was later improved upon by Hotlfied Leibnittz in 1671, and recommended for use in the large volume of astrominical calculations required at that time.  The first analogue computers were derived from Kelvins Jrade.

Analyses in 1876, for predicating ticles.  The first digital computer was built by Charles Babbage in 1833.  The punch cards system was invented by a French textile Engineer…. J.R. JAC QUARD (1752:1834) of Lyons to control wearing looms.

The electronic computers for the both scientific and commercial work were introduced in the early 1950s.  The worlds first stored programme computer EDBAC was built at Cambridge University.

Development of Computer Usage in Banks

The First Bank of Nigeria of recent has gone computerization.  Their service is fest and easy to serve the customers.

Before the introduction of the computer into the business world, accounting computation were usually done manually.  But with the introduction of computers accounting become easier and quicker to perform.  The rate of errors was reduced to the barest minimum since the computer cannot make errors as it is human, unless there is a human error with regard to feeding in of the input where the logic of garbage – in garbage – out (1990) will emanate.

Sophisticated data processing systems are rapidly becoming standard banking equipment and imposed conspicuous changes in methods of banking operation.

By 1955, when Industrial Business Machine (IBM) model le 50 was introduced, two banks one in san Francisco, the other in New York were experiencing in the computer field on their own.  The following year, a method of perfected advancing the process of cheque reading and sorting.  Later computer applications was advancing beyond cheque processing to savings, dividends, disbarrasement and other more challenging activities such as trust and general ledger accounting.

Development of Computer usage in Nigeria

Ben Okezie an analysist recalled in his work in National concord Newspaper, his analysist of Mr. Etiebet.  Like a computer expert, he recalled the advantages of the obodex series and what made them a unique system.  By the way, Obotex in a subsidiary of the man’s frame computer manufacture, Data Science Company which steamed the Nigeria market with compute in 1974.  But the first bank recognized for compute usage in Nigeria in (UBA) United Bank for Africa in 1976 with its IBM 370 model 137 which the bank is still using presently.

Of recent, the first bank has also gone comperization, though after UBA.  Most recently, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc has welcomed the wonder boy.  The main happening people in usage of computer in bank is First Bank of Nigeria Plc.

According to a compute writer, Mr. Steven Boxer, “tested one of the Obeodes series NB 33OC with some processor hungry wind applications.  It adhered some impressive result”.  Today in Nigeria, computer has been designed to suite our climate. Mr. Okezie in countermotion of his analysist described it as it is a genius mouse, with a decent case”.  According to Etiebet Obodex personal computes are tropicalised and manufactured to suit the house Nigeria operating environment.  It has users programmable boot panword which further protects the system from village use or infiltration by unauthorized persons, a district feature that is only available in the Obodex series.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Though the Nigerian banking industry is one of the most profitable within the economy higher performance could be attained in terms of their private returns and obligations to the society.  This must be so if the banking industry is to perform a leading role in reactivating the economy.

The sub-optimal performance of the Nigeria banking industry which is due to an array of problems issue of fraud that has extended even to the introduction of compute is one of the most intractable aspects and quite momumental.

The magutude of this problem and its implication for the industry has inspired this research on compute fraud in banks.

According to the First bank Plc. Compute crime could occur as a result of natural phenomenon, accident, mistakes but largely as a result of and individual expecting to profit out of them.  It is a result of an individual expecting to profit out of them.  A bank is a human institution run by human beings.  Was it ever realistic to expect bankers not to be prone to human afflictions such as greedy power struggles and mordinate ambition?  Was it ever realistic to expect bankers to be such super human beings that some of them would never be over come by the urgent human ambition to sup with the rich who see money they are employed and said to keep safe and help multiply?   The study and answers therefore will eventually go in depth into areas as they relate to the banking industry in Nigeria.  This leads me to sources and collection of data method used in t his research.

 

1.3     PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

          Since it has been discovered that fraud is an aged threat to the smooth operations of every business especially banks and all banks are going computerized even when their managers are ignorant of computer usage.

The aim and objective of this study therefore is to bring into line highlight that computer aids fraud in one hand and as such can be used in controlling fraud.

The mission of the banks and their primary objectives must be to remain true to its name at all times as a financial institution in the country by providing to its customers, across the nations and beyond, within the parameters of regulatory police, the best banking service in the use of computers.

Moreover to suggest possible ways of controlling fraud associated with the use of computer.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          There have been very great number of reported fraud cases which invariably resulted in the striking of the owners find involved and increasing the liquidation rate of such establishment as it relates to banks.  The prime motive is to expose various areas of the computerized banking operation where fraud can be perpetrated.  The types of fraud involved and the possible controls measures.  The research also seek possible ways of keeping management information on how to detect such fraud.

This will be for the mutual benefit of management and shareholders whose fund is being managed.  Therefore this research is significant in putting management and auditors at alert in the various possible loop holder in computer usage in banks.  This leading to over all security of funds and assets of the organization or the achievement of management over all goals and better output for Nigeria in general.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESITON

          The following are the key questions to be used in the research questionnaire and the details will be in the appendix.

1. Does computer usage facilitate perpetrates of fraud in banks.
2. Do banks officials manipulate international control system in the banks to commit fraud.
3. What extent of collusion bank staff an external influence in fraudulent practice

 

1.6     HYPOTHESIS (H1)

          In this work the writer has selected the following problems for test in this research study.

1. Use of computer facilitate fraud in banks
2. Manipulation of internal control system contributes t o perpetration of bank frauds
3. Internal control system manipulate perpetrate banks frauds.

NULL HYPOTHESIS (H0)

In this work the writer has tested the result of the research question and it will be reflect clearly to research objective

1. The use of computer does not facilitate fraud in banks.
2. Internal control system manipulation does not perpetrate bank frauds.
3. Manipulation of internal control system does not contributes to perpetration of bank frauds.

 

1.7     SCOPE OF DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          The computer application is very vast in the field of human endeavour like in all fields of commerce for instance, banking and finance insturances and other businesses.  There are wide application of computer in the field of physical science like medicine, surveying, applied sciences, and almost every field of human endeavour.

Under the banking circle however, considering many types of banking like Central Bank, Commercial Banks, Merchant Banks, Agricultural Banks etc it may be viewed proper concentration on the areas that the researcher can easily and reasonably handled with regards to the materials and financial resources at my disposal.  The writer therefore will concentrate his research on First Bank of Nigeria Plc Okpara Avenue.

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGIES

1. Hardware: The computer is made up of a number of machines connected by electric hiring, theses machines are referred as hardwares.
2. Soft ware: Embrace the program, voutine and language developed by both the use and manufacturers of the computer

iii.      System Analysis: This is a clear study of the operation of the organization to find out data processing problem and designing system that can be applied to the computers.

iv:     Programme:        The computer programme is the person who programmes ie instruction of the computer.

1. Packages: These are programmes or application systems which are used for complete sequence of operations such as payrolls or sales ledger posting.  It may be purchased from the manufacturers of computer.

vi:     Computer Operator:    He is responsible for handling the software.

vii:    Key Punch Operator:   Works on data preparation, key data from source document to punched cards paper tapes etc.

viii.    Program:   A series of instructions to be performed by a computers to solve a given problems.

1. Program Library: All the program written by the user manufacturers out side agencies, which are stored and used by a particular computer installation.
2. Output: The information or result from a data processing system via an output device eg. Printer.

xi:     Input:         The raw data which is  to be entered into a data processing system also refers to existing file or information to which amendment is to be carried on the procedure output.

xii:    Disc:  A direct access storage device (magnetic) consisting of several flat circular plate (layers from which data can be inserted or retrieved as the case may be, using read or write head).

xiii.    Data Base: All data and files are relevant to an application.

xiv:   Machine Code:    The lowest level of compouter programming language.

xv:    Memory Device:  Storage device

xvi:   Key:  An identifier used to identify records.

xvii:  Data Processing Manager:     The man or woman in charge of all data processing activities.

xviii: Information:       That which is potentially available to computer as data.  The result of relationship between two or more things

xix:   Backing Store:    A store used to supermarket the main store of a computer

1. Batch Processing: Processing batches of record.

xxi:   Address:     The number which identifies a particular location in the store.

Download our android mobile app for more materials

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE