FLOOD GENERATING STRUCTURES IN KUBWA URBAN LANDSCAPE

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ABSTRACT
This research work examined flood generating structures on Kubwa urban landscape Bwari Area Council. It is a combination of field observation through the distribution of questionnaire to the residents of the area and library research. Background for the study was discussed as well as problems were identified such as the causes and devastating effects of flooding in Kubwa which necessitated the need for this study. Research objectives were stated among which is to identify the flood generating structures and the areas vulnerable to flooding. Research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide in achieving the objectives.

The study reviewed both theoretical and related empirical literatures under headings such as the concept of flood, types of floods, effects of flood, pattern of floods among others. The study adopted the quasi-experimental research design which is a combination of both survey and field work. 170 respondents were selected using the stratified random sampling technique from each of the study areas; structured questionnaires were distributed to them.

The researcher used both descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data obtained from the respondents and field work. The questionnaires were analyzed and presented in tables using frequency and simple percentages; while the data about the generating structures were analyzed using the standard multiple regression technique to estimate how the parameters (i.e. ponds, drainage, polythene, vegetation and house clustering) affect the rate of flooding. Some of the findings of the study revealed that the major cause of flooding in the area is rainfall and lack of sufficient drainage system, which occur mostly from July to September annually to high amount of rainfall within that period.

The residents close to the drainage or blocked surfaces experience higher rate of destruction than those far away from the drainage. It was among other things recommended that there should also be regular and periodic sanitation exercise to clear refuse in drainages as this will go a long way in averting possible incidences of flooding; ponds should be well taken care to avoid escalation of floods in addition to construction of dry dams/levees for the purpose of flood control as well as flood-mapping of vulnerable areas as these will go a long way in reducing the incidence of flooding in the study area.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The world at large has in the recent past developed great concern over environmental issues such as global warming and its effect; flood which constitute a great problem to man, is both human-induced (anthropogenic) and natural disasters. Global warming is as a result of human activities such as deforestation, the release of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere in various ways and thereby creating hole in the ozone layer. The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), fourth assessment report reveals that the frequency of heavy precipitation has increased over most land areas that appear to be consistent with the global warming phenomenon.

The impact of global warming on specific regions of the world has been estimated and predicted that “heavy precipitation events which are very likely to increase in frequency will augment flood risk”. This means that floods will get more severe in areas that are already prone to such disaster. They also observed increase in atmospheric water vapour, extreme temperature and increase in intense tropical cyclones in some regions.

Natural and Anthropogenic disasters had from prehistoric periods had serious impact on man and his environment. Natural disasters and anthropogenic disasters could come in form of earthquakes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, landslides and floods. Impact of disasters on men are exacerbated by a number of factors which include poor land use planning, population growth, environmental mismanagement, increasing levels of vulnerability, poor governance and climatic change.

The loss of human lies, loss of assets and rise in the cost of reconstruction efforts as a result of flooding has placed Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) on the policy agenda of many countries especially those areas prone to flooding. The hope of realizing the International Strategy in Disaster Reduction (ISDR)’s aim in reducing disaster is to mobilize the governments of different countries, United Nations (UN) agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), multi and bilateral agencies, regional bodies, private sector and civil societies to unit efforts in building a resilient societies by developing a culture of prevention, preparedness against and managing disaster (UN-ISDR, 2003).

Floods accounted for about 30 percent of all the natural disasters and 40 percent of the fatalities (Schecham & Hewitt, 1969). Flood is the outcome of a rainfall events or cumulative effects of episodic events, that comes man-induced disaster because of violation of the sanctity of the hydrologic cycle through man’s quest to control nature,(Adefolalu, 2008). Flood incidents are becoming annual events in all parts of Nigeria with varying degrees of impacts on man and his environment. The yearly report in various parts of Nigeria has been that of flood causing destruction and the death of many people and rendering people homeless. The destruction of scores of houses and many social infrastructures such as schools, roads and bridges are n the increase.

Human factors responsible for flood in many areas are the improper operation of water resources infrastructure such as dams, and reservoirs, which were constructed to contain water and provide means of livelihood in times of need. Such structures introduce elements of risk to people upstream and downstream. These risks include destruction of unique habitats and biodiversity therein. There is also the possibility of levee and drain breakage, improper refuse disposal habit and occupation of the floodplain and impervious caused by trampling, roads and bridges constructions.
The need to reduce the effects of flood hazards or disaster becomes very imperative because it is difficult to control basic atmospheric processes which produce floods. The first step attempt by man in the process flood disaster reduction is to identify the factors responsible for flood in any flood prone areas. The occurrence of flood in Kubwa satellite town of the Federal Capital Territory in 2012 is one of the most recent severe flood disasters in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). There are no records of flood disaster reported in the Federal Capital Territory before 2012, which indicates that flooding in the area can be attributed to the influx of people into the FCT which led to the emergence of various human activities in the area in recent time. Hence there is need to examine the phenomenon and proffer solution.

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

Flood has been an old time disaster that had plagued man and his environment in the world at large. In the recent past, most parts of the states in Nigeria had witnessed flood especially during high rainfall frequency and intensity.

In the past four decades, economic losses due to natural hazards such as, floods disasters have increased in folds and have also resulted in major loss of human lives and livelihoods, the destruction of economic and social infrastructure, as well as environmental damages during this period (Munich Re, 2002). Recurring floods and other disasters have been identified as a serious threat to sustainable development. Floods cause about one third of all deaths, one third of all injuries and one third of all damage from natural disasters (Askew, 1999).

Nigeria has suffered immeasurable losses to flood disaster – ranging the Imo State flood of (1988, 1989) which left over 50 people dead, 10,000 rendered homeless, oil and power infrastructures submerged; Ilorin also suffered a heavy casualty following the 1988 flood which left over 100 villages destroyed, 10,000 families displayed, over 70 km of farmland and 440 hectares of sugarcane plantation destroyed (Akintola & Williams, 2006).

In 2012, Nigeria was hit by a large wave of flood which was probably the biggest and most deadly flood disaster in Nigeria’s history, which affected about 2/3 of the federation, leaving scores of people dead and properties worth billions destroyed, with Kubwa District in the FCT having more than a fair share of the disaster.

One important point to note about flooding in this part of the world is that they are mostly human induced as a result of some harmful environment practices such as dumping of refuse in drainages, building on water ways, failure to adhere to building regulations among others.

Despite the obvious adverse effects of flooding, little has been done to savage the situation or correct the abnormalities, and hence, flood continues to threaten Nigeria’s wellbeing as well as the lives and properties of the citizens.

In the past, many works have been done on assessment of flood vulnerability risk but majorities of this work do not provide a reasonable solution to this devastating disaster and also lack of proper techniques to assess the flood risk, this is a major gap which this research intends to fill.

It is in the light of the above problem, that the researcher embarked on this study to determine the flood generating structures in Kubwa Urban landscape as well as suggest mitigating measures to curb the menace of flooding.

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AN APPRAISAL OF BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN BY FACILITIES MANAGERS IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT
Happenings all over the world have shown that no business facility is devoid of disaster. It is in the light of the above that good facilities management practice, demands a proactive approach to such problems by preparing business continuity plan (BCP). This research project is undertaken to appraise the plans prepared by the facilities management firms in Nigeria as fall back measure in case of any disruption in organizations business procedures. Field survey was undertaken with structured questionnaire and oral interviews with stakeholders as the instruments of research.

Purposive sampling was adopted in the interview. Seventy questionnaires were distributed out of which forty three were completed and returned, giving 61.4% response. Results showed that although facilities managers in Nigeria are well aware of the risk portfolio of their organizations, but adequate measures are not put in its proper place to prevent and prepare for any eventuality. For example, respondents opinion on how often BCP is being used in managing facilities shows that 65.1% do not use it often, 69.8% agreed that BCP is based on demand by client/organization.

The outcome of the result of the study showed that even if BCP is in use, it is not proactive, also refusal of government and clients to request for BCP contributed to the lack of preparation of plan. It was recommended that government should make it mandatory for all organizations to request facilities managers to prepare BCP to guide and prepare for any eventuality in the form of disasters and their position as part of their financial statement. Professional bodies and associations affiliated to disaster management, should assist organizations by organizing workshops, trainings, awareness campaigns for personnel of such organizations.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
While governments, not-for-profit institutions, and non-governmental organisations also deliver critical services, private organisations must continuously deliver products and services to satisfy shareholders and to survive. Although they differ in goals and functions, business continuity planning (BCP) can be applied by all governments.

Elliot et al (1999) defines business continuity planning as identifying an organisation’s exposure to internal and external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention and recovery for the organisation, while maintaining competitive advantage and value system integrity.

There is much misunderstanding of business continuity management (BCM) and as yet no commonly practiced methodology for the assessment of an organisation in this regard (Honour 2001). Elliot et al (1999) noted that there is no structured implementation of capabilities to directly address the risks presented to us in the modern world. These newly emphasized risks in partnership with the inherent vulnerabilities resulting from the lack of a structured approach to BCM calls for a more robust and measurable means of protecting our continuity management that is continuity assurance.
As the name implies, continuity assurance is concerned with actively planning to avert the threat or reduce from the act, though this recovery is implicit in the approach detailed in this work.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Management of facilities in developing countries like Nigeria is replete with a lot of problems. Prominent among them is the disruption of business operations, delays, ineffective or poor quality service. This is due to lack of clear understanding of those organisations risk profile or portfolio and absence of proactive measures that will ensure the continuation of critical business operations. As a result of the aforementioned, this affects the organisations in many ways, e.g. service provision is poor or substandard, profit maximization is seriously affected and the reputation of the organisation is equally affected, etc.

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USE OF BUILDER’S PLANT IN CONTRACT EXECUTION BY INDIGENOUS CONTRACTORS IN NIGERIA

(PROBLEMS AND REMEDY IN THE USE OF BUILDER’S PLANT IN ENUGU STATE)

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ABSTRACT

This project report explains the use of builder’s plant in contract execution by indigenous contractors in Nigeria and the maintenance management of those builders plant. This report also deals on the scope and definition of builder’s plant. Furthermore, this project report deals with the aim, objective and importance of the study and also provide the literature review which deals with the need for application of plant in contract execution and the implications of the relevant plants in various contract particularly in Enugu state. Down is some possible factors that militate against a successful contract made by unavailability of builder’s plant. In addition, it also emphasizes on the method adopted in the research of this study. The write up further explains how long a particular machine can be use and it will be due for maintenance and also how breakdown are being taking care of in some construction companies. At the end, it deals with the corrective measure to be apply in upgrading the use of construction plant in contract execution in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  Background of the Study                                         1

1.1      Statement of the Problem                                 2

1.2      Aims and Objectives of the Study                      3

1.3      Scope of the Study                                          4

1.4      Significance of the Study                                         4

1.5      Limitation of the Study                                     6

1.6      Research Questions                                          7

1.7      Definition of Related Terms                               7

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                       10

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                               24

3.1      Research Design                                              24

3.2      Area of Study                                                  25

3.3      Scope of Work                                                25

3.4      Population                                                      25

3.5      Instrumentation                                              26

3.6      Validation of Instrument                                   28

3.7      Method of Data Collection                                 28

3.8      Method of Data Analysis                                   28

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      Findings and Data Analysis                                29

4.2      Statement of Breakdown in Plants                      29

4.3      Presentation of Data Analysis                            34

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  DISCUSSION, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATION                                   36

5.1      Discussion of the Study                                    36

5.2      Conclusion                                                      39

5.3      Recommendations                                           40

Bibliography                                                    42

Questionnaire                                                  4

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Science and technology have been striving hard to enhance the living standard of man by eliminating stressful method of production with the invention of more efficient and productive methods. This scientific advancement is spread over all areas of human endeavor.

Therefore in the indigenous construction, where the traditional method of construction was providing difficult and tedious with such problem of high work load without adequate skilled labour to carry out the work efficiently and effectively to meet the societal demand.

Hence, the use of builder’s plant by the Nigeria indigenous contractors to supplement the shortage of labour, there by requiring a minimal skilled labour for a relatively large volume of work, and by increasing the speed of construction, can result to earlier completion, enabling the building owner to occupy the building and recover his capital outlay at an earlier date.

Mechanical plant/builder’s plant may also be introduced to carry out operations for which manual labour is not available or is in short supply or to carry out operation which cannot be done either economically or physically by manual labour.

The introduction of this builder’s plant can reduce the effort required to be made by the operators in carrying out his work and can improve his working condition.

1.1  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Certain setback exists over the years to militate against the various indigenous construction firms in Enugu state from the use of builder’s plant in construction work. These operational problems may includes the following:

–             Lack of exposure – The ability of the indigenous contractors to be expose to construction plant as professional.

–             Lack of capital – The money involve for purchasing or hiring of the construction plant which is needed by the indigenous construction firms.

Availability of trained manpower – The use of powered and sophisticated factors based, mobile and fixed machinery in building construction industry, etc.

Meanwhile, these operational problems confronting the indigenous contractors if overlook or neglected might impede the industrialization process of the construction industry in Enugu state.

Therefore in view of these observations, there is absolute need for remedy and prevention of the problems from further confrontation of the indigenous contractors.

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AN APPRAISAL OF BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN BY FACILITIES MANAGERS IN NIGERIA

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST N5000 NAIRA

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Bulk sms company in Nigeria

ABSTRACT
Happenings all over the world have shown that no business facility is devoid of disaster. It is in the light of the above that good facilities management practice, demands a proactive approach to such problems by preparing business continuity plan (BCP). This research project is undertaken to appraise the plans prepared by the facilities management firms in Nigeria as fall back measure in case of any disruption in organizations business procedures. Field survey was undertaken with structured questionnaire and oral interviews with stakeholders as the instruments of research.

Purposive sampling was adopted in the interview. Seventy questionnaires were distributed out of which forty three were completed and returned, giving 61.4% response. Results showed that although facilities managers in Nigeria are well aware of the risk portfolio of their organizations, but adequate measures are not put in its proper place to prevent and prepare for any eventuality. For example, respondents opinion on how often BCP is being used in managing facilities shows that 65.1% do not use it often, 69.8% agreed that BCP is based on demand by client/organization. The outcome of the result of the study showed that even if BCP is in use, it is not proactive, also refusal of government and clients to request for BCP contributed to the lack of preparation of plan.

It was recommended that government should make it mandatory for all organizations to request facilities managers to prepare BCP to guide and prepare for any eventuality in the form of disasters and their position as part of their financial statement. Professional bodies and associations affiliated to disaster management, should assist organizations by organizing workshops, training, awareness campaigns for personnel of such organizations.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
While governments, not-for-profit institutions, and non-governmental organisations also deliver critical services, private organisations must continuously deliver products and services to satisfy shareholders and to survive. Although they differ in goals and functions, business continuity planning (BCP) can be applied by all governments.

Elliot et al (1999) defines business continuity planning as identifying an organisation’s exposure to internal and external threats and synthesizes hard and soft assets to provide effective prevention and recovery for the organisation, while maintaining competitive advantage and value system integrity.

There is much misunderstanding of business continuity management (BCM) and as yet no commonly practiced methodology for the assessment of an organisation in this regard (Honour 2001). Elliot et al (1999) noted that there is no structured implementation of capabilities to directly address the risks presented to us in the modern world. These newly emphasized risks in partnership with the inherent vulnerabilities resulting from the lack of a structured approach to BCM calls for a more robust and measurable means of protecting our continuity management that is continuity assurance.
As the name implies, continuity assurance is concerned with actively planning to avert the threat or reduce from the act, though this recovery is implicit in the approach detailed in this work.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Management of facilities in developing countries like Nigeria is replete with a lot of problems. Prominent among them is the disruption of business operations, delays, ineffective or poor quality service. This is due to lack of clear understanding of those organisations risk profile or portfolio and absence of proactive measures that will ensure the continuation of critical business operations. As a result of the aforementioned, this affects the organisations in many ways, e.g. service provision is poor or substandard, profit maximization is seriously affected and the reputation of the organisation is equally affected, etc.

1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity is one out of the eleven (11) core competencies in the management of facilities. This needs a holistic study of the core competencies to see ways and means for effective facilities management. Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is suppose to be properly put in place for any business to strife, be it small, medium or big.

It is in the light of the above that a critical look at plans that are supposed to be put in place by FM for business to continue and also to mitigate any negative effect of any disaster on the organisation.
It is an acknowledged fact that one of the important and necessary conduction for smooth successful and effective management of any facility devoid of any interruption that may have far reaching impact on the organization is the putting in place proactive measure to ensure the continuation of critical activities considering the facilities management practice in Nigeria (being at the development stage) a feedback system is needed or information is needed on how this important activities were undertaken especially the approach adopted, (1) quality of the plan, (2) how they are implemented and (3) problems relating to the implementation and above all the quality of human resource who prepares and implement (facilities management) this will enable the facilities management practice to benefit from such results.

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