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Sustainable democracy: a dependent variable to national development

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Sustainable democracy: a dependent variable to national development

(a case study of Anambra state from 2007 – 2009) mr. Peter

Obi’s administration.

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Abstract

The primary aim of this research work is to deeply investigate and identify the national development in the achievement of sustainable democracy in anambra state, and how their attitude foster, encourage, promote or retard the development of the area since the formation of the anids. To conduct a thorough research, the researcher sampled the population and those chosen were administered with questionnire. There findings were analyzed using simple percentage method. Based on the analyses the researcher found that anambra state with a laudable development strategy that is development oriented and which has the peoples interest at heart. Sequel to the above, the researcher recommended that government should support and assist both financially and otherwise to the development projects initiated and executed by the anambra state government which are in the best interest of the people to foster national development and sustainable democtracy. In conclusion, therefore, the role of anids should be well comed by the people of anambra state for the interest of maintaining their status quo in the area of national development and sustainable democracy.

Table of contents

Chapter one

  • Introduction

1.1   Background of the study

  • Statement of the problem
  • Purpose of the study

1.4. Significance of the study

  • Research questions.
  • Research Questions
  • Scope of the Study
  • Scope of the Study
  • Definition of Terms

        Chapter Two

  • Literature Review
        Brief introduction
  • Concept of Nation Development
  • Induces of Nation Development
  • Strategies of National Development
  • Concept of Democracy and sustainable democracy.
  • Factors militating Against sustainable Democracy
  • Solution to the problems of Democracy.
  • National Development in Anambra.

        Chapter Three

  • Research Methodology
        A brief out line of the study
  • Design of the study
  • Area of the study
  • Population of the study.
  • Sample of the study
  • Instrument for data collection
  • Validation of the instrument
  • Distribution and retrieval of the instrument
  • Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

  • Data presentation and Analysis
    • Presentation and interpretation of data According to research Questions.

Chapter five

Summary, conclusion and Recommendation

  • Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations
  • Limitation of the study
  • Suggestion for further research

Reference

Appendix A   __   Letter

Appendix  B __ Questionnaires

 

Chapter two

  • Introduction

sustainable democracy a dependent variable to national development cannot be over emphasized in the sense that national development is the bedrock of every nation. Whether developed or underdeveloped in the nation. They still work towards improving or maintaining their national development.

national development is also the gradual manifestation of positive changes in the economic, industrial, political, social, cultural and administrative life of a country. In viewing the process of a country, term national development is more comprehensive than economic development or economic growth.

democracy on the other hand is a system of government which gives periodic opportunities for the masses to choose their leaders. It ensures massive participation in governmental activities. A sustainable democracy is therefore a controlled reasonably high and stable level of democracy.

having seen the meaning of the two concepts, that is national development and sustainable democracy, it is of no doubt that sustainable democracy will help increase the rate of national development because of the special feature of democracy.

the aim of this research is to show how sustainable democracy improves national development in anambra state. Also, the barriers to sustainable democracy will not be left out.

 

  • Background of the study

A critical study on sustainable democracy and national development has shown that sustainable democracy is crucial for national development. They manifested in the context of anambra state from 2007-2009 where peter obi’s administration made a tremendous efforts to carry out and execute development projects for the national development. As a matter of facts, it becomes paramount important that in order for obi’s administration to achieve his aim of bringing sustainable democracy in anambra state so as to foster national development he introduced anambra integrated development strategy (anids) which serves as machinery to carryout developmental projects.

there are however, studies which have demonstrated how political, united and harmonies anambra people have through this strategy, achieving national development without waiting for the central government to take initiative.

it is believed that national development and sustainable democracy in anambra state is now on its climax since the inception of anambra integrated development strategy (anids). But before i delineate (describe) the identifiable developments attained in anambra through this strategy in order to achieve sustainable democracy, let us look into and examine what development is all about.

the concept of development is as old as the creation of man immediately after the creation of man and the emergence of his consciousness in his environment of operation. It become very obvious to him that his immediate secular environment possess a crude nature. A nature, which in its character, is against the existentialist of man, hinges on his three basic needs which are food, shelter and clothing consequently, for man to eat, he must hunt, gather fruits and develop agricultural technology for him to be sheltered, he must build houses and develop contraction technology, for him to cloth, he must make his cloth and develop manufacturing and mining technology. This implies that development in human socio-economic environment hinges on technological base will enable man to surmount these environmental obstacles that are problems to his existence.

one of the greatest problems of the developing countries is development. This is the more reason why it occupies a part of every national discussion with much emphasis of it pursued through planning. The problems of development are permeating that it affects every sector of the economy as well as individuals.

todano (1985) in his own view defined development as a multi-dimensional process involving the re-organization and re-orientation of the entire economic and social system. This involves in addition to improvement of income and output, radical changes in institutional, social and administrative structure as well as in popular attitudes custom and beliefs. Development is then both a physical process and a state of mind, involving the transformation of institution and the change in the thinking of people.

abah (2000:1) sees development as a tri-dimensional concept having a utilitarian or consumatory dimension which connotes increase in the quantity of usable items available to man in society. Based on the above interpretation of development, one can see development as a social change in which new ideas are introduced into a social system thereby bringing change in the parameters of political, economical and socio-cultural.

on the same view, rodney (1972) sees development both from the level of individual and that of the society as a whole. At level of the individual, development implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self disciplined, responsibility and material well being on the level of the society, development cannot be seen purely as an economic affair, but rather as an overall social process, which is dependent upon the outcome of man’s efforts to deal with his national environment.

from what we have said so far concerning development, i would not hesitate to say that anids introduced by peter obi’s administration have been able to effect some changes in national development and sustainable democracy in some of the areas mentioned in discussed in the national development of anambra.

anambra state was created in the year 1991 with 21 local government authorities (l.g.a) it shares a common boundary with abia, delta, enugu, imo and kogi states.

the state is well known for its industrial centers and markets, with 75% of the state involved in agriculture located in the south-east region of Nigeria, anambra state is the center of the major transport routes in Nigeria onitsha expressway and the onitsha owerri highway. The position of the state makes it a focal point for transport and trade in Nigeria.

Leadership of the state, started from the creation with the military regime meanwhile the democratic governance of the state started with dr. Chukwuemeka ezeife (okwadike igboukwu) through military toppled the nascent democracy till 1999 when dr. Chinwoke mbadinuju emerged as the governor till 2003, when another election was conducted in order to replaced the then government. The April 2003, election saw Dr. Nwabueze ngige (moon) into power instead of mr. Peter obi as the case may be. Then in june 14th 2006, the appeal and supreme count granted mr. Obi the power to the power to be the governor of anambra state. Hence as an astute and efficient administrator, he peter obi formed anambra state integrated development strategy (anids) as an umbrella for all development of all programmes throughout his tenure anids is like a vehicle for the delivery of the millennium development of all sectors of the economy, it is also a realizable strategy for anambra people to attained their sustainable democracy.

1.2 statement of the problem

it is a notable fact that sustainable democracy and national development in anambra state confronted by numerous problems on a close observation of development in anambra state, one notice that the problem faced by sustainable democracy and national development is on its great magnitude.

there has been the problem of corruption, the representatives when corrupt willing elections to their own advantage thereby working against the democratic feature which says that elections should be free and fair, corruption will contribute to the backwardness of state.

secondly, dependency of the judiciary is another problem confronting the sustainable democracy and national development of the state. Even when a democratic government is claimed to be operating, the judiciary that ought to be independence still dances the tune of both the executive and judiciary. They are being bribed in the discharge of their duty thereby military against sustainable democracy which will deplete the plans have in mind for national development.

in nigeria, equality before the law as characteristics of democracy is practiced only in paper not practical some top government officials break the laws on daily basis, yet go scot-free. The facts that these top officials are not charged to court while in office makes them see themselves as people above the law and hinder the effective functioning of sustainable democracy.

the press is not free to let loose some information that will be of paramount importance to the public due to fear of favour. They only say what they are asked to say, by so doing, sustainable democracy cannot be achieved.

finally, most of the populations are ignorant and doubt even knows their rights and they are trampled upon.

1.3 purpose of the study 

the purpose of this research is to evaluate sustainable democracy as dependent variable for the attainment of national development using peter obi’s administration in anambra state from 2007-2009.

a critical analysis of this will help the federal government to know their weak points concerning those things they have to do in order to foster national development in different states of the federation. The objectives of this study therefore are aimed at.

  1. Identify the problem that militates against sustainable democracy and national development in anambra state.
  2. Examine how the people in anambra state are courage to embrace national development in their areas.
  3. Identifying the areas the obi’s administration has played cure role in bringing national development to the state.
  1. Suggesting measure of solution through which the problems militating against national development and sustainable democracy in anambra state could be alleviated.

1.4 significance of the study

it is wise and important to mention that study dealt primarily in national development and sustainable democracy in anambra state. It is also important to mention that this research was undertaken essentially to know how far national development has played it role in bringing sustainable democracy in the state.

however, this research shows how states can strategize for development and ways to attain it. Again, the academic and all future generations of people who may wish to undertake a study in the discipline or related discipline.

finally, this study is significance because the statement finding and recommendation of the study enable the governor in the state to learn from other people mistakes and effects changes where necessary.

 

1.5 research question

in pursuance of the research work the researcher deemed it necessary to formulate research questions. Thus these research questions will enable any reader of this work to comprehend clearly what the study is all about.

  1. To what extent has anids gone in bringing about national development and sustainable democracy?
  2. What are the problems militating against the national development and sustainable democracy intended by anids?
  3. Do you think anids introduced by peter obi is the right strategy for tackling the problems in anambra state?
  4. Which sectors of anambra’s economy have felt the impact of anids?
  5. What do you think are the problems preventing or delaying the successful implementation of anids?

 

1.6 scope of the study

oruala (1985:38) stated that an adequate statement of the problem also defines if very carefully in terms of its scope and it very obvious for a researcher to set forth the bounds of the topic being studied. These are the essential things in the scope of a research work. Based on the above issue of sustainable democracy a dependent variable to national development, the areas t5hat this study is mostly affected is anambra people (from 2007-2009)

1.7 definition of terms

Democracy:   abraham lincoln, a one time president of the usa, defined democracy as government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Development:       the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advance, stronger a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happen in a continuity situation. It could be in political and economic.

Essential:      it means completely necessary, extremely important in a particular situation for a particular activity.

National development:        ademolekun (1986:92) true national development resides in the development of man a process by which man’s personality is enhanced and that it is that enhanced social economic transformation of any society.

Sustainable democracy: according to lorimer et al (1995) sustainable democracy means continued reasonably high and stable level of democracy.

Variable:        oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 6th edition defined variable as often changing lively to change.

Dependent:    oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 6th edition defined dependent as needing in order to survive or be successful.

 

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EVALUATING THE ROLE MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES AND THEIR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES

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EVALUATING THE ROLE MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES AND THEIR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES A CASE STUDY OF CHEVRON PLC PORT-HARCOURT  RIVERS STATE

 

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nine steps on how to conduct research

CHAPTER  1

Introduction

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of the problem
  • Purpose of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Research Question
  • Scope of the study
  • Definition of Term

 

CHAPTER 3

Methodology

3.1     Design of the study

3.2     Area of the study

3.3     Population of the study

3.4     Sample of the study

3.5     Instrument for data collection

3.6     Validation of the instrument

3.7     Distribution and Receival of Instrument

3.8     Method of data analysis

CHAPTER 4

4.1     Data presentation and Analysis

 

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation.

5.1     Summary finding

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

5.4     Limitations of the study

5.5     Suggestions for further Research

References

Appendices

Questionnaire

ABSTRACT

This research work to investigate and evaluate the role of multinational companies and their social responsibilities in port-Harcourt rivers state with special emphasis on (chevron Nigeria Plc). It expresses the need for multinational companies to assist the communities on which they operate and run their business. It also reviews the background of the study including a brief history of chevron Nigeria Plc, the sample size of 370 was randomly selected and use out of the total population 500 workers and based on these 370 questionnaires was distributed to ascertain the social responsibilities of chevron plc to their host community. The basic impediment to the companies objectives are discovered to be the problem of pressure groups affecting the corporation improper financial management, riot by indigenes of the host community and vandalization of the company’s property. Similarly, the community experience some problems as a result of the company’s operations, these includes business hazards on environment such as air, lend, water pollution and consumerism.

 

The findings revealed that business social responsibilities creates cordial relationship between Chevron Plc and its host community which helps in raising the standard of living of the people of the community. It is recommended that the company should give employment to the indigenes and scholarships to their children, the company should establish centers where training programmes should be carried act for training their staffs to increase efficiency and success of Chevron Plc. If is also recommended that the host communities should not in turn make the company their enemies rather they should reason together for mutual growth.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

To enhance effectiveness and efficiency, companies have to create the cordial relationship with their host communities if business organization relies on society for existence it is only logical that the environment be cultivated and natured to ensure its continuity. It is only in this regards that the oriented of the modern business manager has been changed to reflect the increasing important interdependence between organizations and their communities. With these there is an increasing clamour that business should participate actively in the well being and welfare of the community, society and environment in which they operate and make their profits.

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However, it is very obvious that the main motive of establishing any business is to private competitive goods and services to the consumer and society at large. This does not however mean that they have concluded their obligation to the people especially the host communities where the business is sited and operated. Although there is no law as what form of services the host community should benefit from the company. It is normally obliged to cafer for at least their host communities. This they do by aiding the development of infrastructures such as good road network where necessary and again through the provision of electricity to the local populace other forms of services that could be rendered to youth members of that community are of course the provision of gainful employment for school leavers

There are a lot of other services that the hole communities can gain from the business such as the provision of safety measures against pollution whether air, water or land.

On the other hand, the business also looks forward to the local populace for continuous patronage and also for ensuring he business of their support. Therefore the recognition of the business by the community is very important and there is the need to keep the good of the good of the society as a whole in mind while the company is the bedrock of social responsibility.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEVRON NIGERIA PLC

Chevron was found in the year 1913 in the United States of America by Dr. David Rockefeller, it was formerly known as American overseas petroleum company Ltd. In 1963 when the established themselves at escravos River, it discovered oil at the koluama field, offshore Nigeria. In the same year it started drilling for oil deposits at Oka field in the present day Rivers state following the Nigeria indigenization decree of 1972 and 1978 which was designed to raise the level of Nigerian participation in business, chevron Plc divested 40 percent of its shareholdings to the Nigeria public while retaining 60 percent equity in chevron oil Nigeria Plc.

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Chevron is the third largest oil producer in Nigeria and one of its largest investors, spending more than N30 billion annually. The company operates under a joint venture arrangement with the Nigeria national petroleum Corporation and has assets on land swamp and near offshore concession covering approximately 2.2 million acres (8,900549km) in the Niger Delta region. In 1996, they built a states of the art 103,000 barrel storage terminal and loading facility at Onne in port-Harcourt River state. In the year 2010 chevron’s total daily production in Nigeria average 524,000 barrel of crude oil 206 million cubic feet of natural gas and 5,000 barrels of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

 

Chevron Nigeria Plc Onne-port-Harcourt has been participating in all aspects of petroleum including exploration, production, marketing, transportation and distribution Chevron Plc indulges in programmes which its purpose have been to promote academic excellence, training of indigenous workers, encouraging indigenous participation in the development of infrastructure and social amenities for the community and manpower development in Onne community in particular and port-Harcourt River state in general.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Chevron Plc port-Harcourt encounters the problem of pipeline vandalization of the oil pipeline by the community another problem is he demonstrations being carried out by the community youths because of unemployment and this leads to serious riots which will have a negative effect to the company by hindering work performance for some weeks or even months as the case may e. this also may lead to the harassment of chevron plc staffs by the community youths.

 

On the other hand, the excessive government taxation levied on business actually end down the profit margin of Chevron Plc Port-Harcourt rivers states in order to take up their social responsibility. A turbulent environment is usually proned to risk, and it’s certainly should be planned for. The problem of kick back philosophy of Nigerian business rode chevron plc profit margine thus ignoring its social responsibilities.

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study are:

1        To evaluate the extent corporate organizations has contributed to the development of host community.

  1. To investigate the causes of non-challant attitude of multinational companies towards social responsibilities.
  2. To determine the extents of benefits host community has received through social responsibility.
  3. To determine the effects of social responsibility on the corporate image of an organization.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

Over the years it has been very difficult for many multinational companies to exercise their full social responsibilities to their host communities which have made the communities to keep on giving some problems to the companies. It is with this view that the importance of this project cannot be over emphasized.

  1. This study will enable the management and staff of Chevron Plc Port-Harcourt rivers state and other organization to know the proper procedure of assisting their host communities.
  2. To the student. This study will expose the student to the functions performed by multinational firms their problems and possible situations.

3        To the society: This study will help the members of the society to know that multinational companies have contributed greatly to the rapid development and economic growth of the communities.

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1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1        To what extent does corporate organizations contribute to he development of host community?

  1. What are the causes of non-challant attitude of multi-nationals towards social responsibility?
  2. To what extent has host communities benefited through social responsibility.

4        What are the effect of social responsibility on the corporate image of an organization.

 

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the research work is limited to the establishment Chevron Plc Port-Harcourt River states. This study will be carried out with in the geographical boundaries of Onne community in port-Harcourt River states of Nigeria.

1        The attitude of the workers in matters that affects them directly are to be covered.

  1. The relationship between the management and staff of Chevron plc port-Harcourt is to be treated.
  2. Extensive discussion on how Chevron plc port-Harcourt management would imbibe discipline in the workers in order to form a stale organization would be looked into.

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. i) Multinational Company: According to (Eni 2005:26) a Multinational Company is an organization doing business in tow or more countries, according to Lawal (1993:285). A multination company can be defined as an enterprise which the manages interact globally by coordinating, and interchanging Technology, production sales and distribution among subsidiaries and with the parent company.
  2. ii) Business: Nnadozie and Nwana (1995:2) defined business as all profit directed economic activities that are organized and directed towards providing goods and services to mankind.

iii)     Social Responsibility: Luttans and Hodget (1976:185) defined it as the obligation of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or follow those line of actions which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society.

  1. iv) Community: A community can be defined as all the people who live in a particular area or country etc. when talked about as a group.
  2. v) Organization: David Hampton (1977:54) defined on organization as a systematic arrangement of people and technology to accomplish some purpose.
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS PREVIEW

THE IMPACT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON WORKERS PRODUCTIVITY

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THE IMPACT OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON WORKERS  PRODUCTIVITY

IN LEMON NIG PLC OWERRI

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This work is aimed at ascertaining the impact of training and development of workers in industry, i.e knowing the extent to which training and development of workers productivity have reduce most of the problems encountered in the organization. The problem of inadequate training and development on the part of the management for a particular job and fining out steps for effective training and development. the research view that  by the era of this work, the importance of training and development to the organization will be known. The instrument used for data collection were made up of primary and secondary data, interview, journals, and methods of personnel interaction. The presentation of table. The population used was 200 people while 133 were the sample size. The researcher used simple percentage method in analyzing the data and this helps in analyzing the data and ascertaining the fact that training and development are effective tools in an organization because they can lead to high level of technical competence, hence should be encouraged in an organization.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER  1:

Introduction

  • Background of the study
  • Statement of problem
  • Purpose / objective of the study
  • Significance of the study
  • Research Questions
  • Scope of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER  1:

           Review of Related Literature

  • Historical background of manpower training and development
  • An overview of the concept of training and development
  • Principles of training
  • Steps for maintaining the effective development & training process
  • Method of training
  • Method of developing managers.
  • Relationship between training Development and productivity
  • Reason for training and development of workers productivity
  • Problem of training and development
  • Solution to problem of training and development
  • Consequences of lack of training on employees productivity
  • Summary of the chapter.

 

CHAPTER  3:

Research  Methodology

3.1     Design of the study

3.2     Area of the study

3.3     Population of the study

3.4     Sample of the study

3.5     Instrument  for data collection

3.6     Validation  of the Instrument

3.7     Distribution and Retrieval of the instrument

3.9     Method of data Analysis

CHAPTER  4:

Data presentation and Analysis

CHAPTER  5:

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • Summary of the Findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendation
  • Limitations of he study
  • Suggestions or further research

References

Appendix A

Appendix B

Questionnaires

 

 

CHAPTER  1

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

The major issue here is the impact of training and development on workers productivity.

According to Chukwuemeka  (2015:3,7), in his first published text other functions of management (incisive approach) the most valuable assets of any organizations are employees. Hey can as well called human resources. Employees are the people who work for the organization. For employees better performance, the management organize a programme which is training and development as the method for enhancing the employees skills, increasing the individual and organizational performance, improving the employee morale and achieving the business growth and success. This programme improves employees knowledge, skills and ability all this acquire enable them to be more competence and effective with their job and this leads to an increase in their productivity.

This research work is aimed at finding out the impact of training and development towards workers performance and productivity with particular reference to lemon Nigeria Plc. In summary, training and development of workers are factors that influence productivity, effectiveness and performance in organization.

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Two young attorneys form Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around lemon Nigeria Plc.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Recent, business organization has distressed, organization has plan, and the resulting strategy and continue survived is for these in development toward the workers productivity. Most especially on this question, How training and development does promotes the workers productivity. Training and development has been for obvious reasons depending on the motive and reason.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To identify some techniques of manpower, training and development.

To identityproblems, encountered in manpower training and development.

To proffer solution to the identified problems.

To find out the impact of training and development on workers productivity and performance.

To highlight the need for manpower training and development in the industry.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study will aid the national industrial and social-economic policy makers to design potential, viable and implementative policies in training and development programme for workers in the country. The work will also take a national view of the training and development needs of Nigerian workers in terms of their skills attitude self comportment, efficiency, high quality production, reduction in labour turnover, industrial accidents wastages. The study will also add to the stock of existing knowledge on training and development of workers in Imo state

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION

This research work seeks to answer the following research questions.

1        What is the impact of training and development on workers productivity and performance?

2        What are the factors that hinder effective and efficient training and development exercise?

3        What are the steps to effective training and development and also productivity?

4        What is the relaltionship between training and development and productivity?

5        to what extent should negative attitude of training of trainees effected to the train and development effort on cost and productivity?

 

1.7     SCOPE / DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This work is taking a single organizational out-look of lemon Nigeria Plc Owerri. The research restricts itself to examine and evaluating the impact of training and development on workers.

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Training: Is a systematic process of changing the behaviour and attitudes of employees in a direction that will increase the achievement of organizations goals.

Development is he process by which an employee systematically transfers form one schedule to another in a deliberate effort in situation and acquisition of different experience.

Planning: It involves identifying and selecting appropriate  goals.

Skill: Skill is the ability to do work, the strength to be able ot do something very perfectly and expertly.

Productivity: It is a measure of efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system etc. in converting inputs into useful output.

 

 

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Every industry operates within two sets of constraints. Internal constraints are those problems within the organization and over which the enterprise has reasonable amount of control. Personnel problem, capacity utilization and the techniques or process of production are some of such factors.

External factors could pose formidable problems to an enterprise. The problems are made more severe by the fact that these problems are caused by factors outside the competence of a given enterprise to control. Examples of such factors are government regulation, traditional or cultural values etc.

The bakery industry in Nigeria has been a victim of externally imposed constraint. Hitherto, bakers depended on local millers who produced their vital raw materials, flour from imported wheat. Government banned the importation of wheat and wheat product in 1986, thereby, sending shock waves to this very well established and expanding industry. Wheat products has started to consume an unacceptable amount of the nation’s foreign exchange as the table 1.1.1 below clearly demonstrates, as well as figure 1.1.1 in page 3.

Table 1.1.1 Foreign Exchange Spent on Wheat and Food Import 1981 – 1985

Import       1981         1982         1983         1984         1985

N,000        N,000        N,000        N,000        N,000

Total food  1,820,215  1,642,245  1,296,714  843,246     946,567

Wheat       159,422     79,629       255,717     243,067     327,870

C/o of total     9%         5%           20%           29%          35%`

Source: Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos

Given the above circumstances, there was a clear need for government action to check the outflow of the nation’s declining foreign exchange earnings through what important.

Besides, it can also be argued that there were suitable local substitutes of wheat flour for bread baking; rice, cassava, maize and sorghum have been  mentioned as such suitable substitutes. To some people these substitutes were at least as good as wheat as it

 

 

FIGURE 1.1.1

FOREIGN EXCHANGE SPENT ON WHEAT AND FOOD IMPORT

1981 – 1985                                                             

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos

was suggested that local bakers rejecting them were doing so our of ignorance, or out of a slavish preference for imported products or whether one accepts the above arguments or not, what has become clear is that the effect of the ban on the importation of wheat was swift devastating on the bakery industry.

In Enugu Urban alone, some famous baking houses closed up. Nigerline bakery, St Georges Bakery, many bakeries and Mother’s Pride Bakery all shut down between the middle of 1986 and the end of 1987. As at the time of starting this project, not every  Bakery has resumed operations.

A far more reaching effect on this ban on the industry as a whole is that it has quite clearly changes the eating habits of many Nigerians.

Ubiquitous bread on the breakfast table has vanished and the frequent sight of peoples snacking on bread in the afternoon has also disappeared.

The primary demand for bread products in this country has certainly contracted since then.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

        Such is the background for this study. Most baking houses are small scale business who face the task of devising survival strategies to deal with major changes in government policy that threaten their very existence.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CHOICE OF PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR IN TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL ENTERPRISE IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CHOICE OF PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR IN TECHNOLOGICAL AND NON-TECHNOLOGICAL ENTERPRISE IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the Study 1
  • Statement of the Problem 5
  • Purpose of Study 7
  • Research Question 8
  • Signification of the Study 9
  • Scope and Limitation of the Study 9

CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITTERATURE REVIEW

Summary of Literature Review                                              20

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design                                                               22

3.2 Area of the Study                                                              26

3.3 Population of the Study                                                    27

3.4 Sample of the Study                                                         27

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection                                        29

3.6 Validation of the Instrument                                            30

3.7 Distribution and Retrieval of Instrument                        30

3.8 Method of Data Analysis                                                  31

CHAPTER 4

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Distribution and Collection of Questionnaires                      32

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings                                                       39

5.2 Conclusions                                                                      41

5.3 Recommendation                                                              44

5.4   Limitations of the Study                                                 46

5.5   Suggestions for Further Research                                 47

References                                                                      49

Appendixes                                                                     50

ABSTRACT

This study aims to present micro level perspective and analysis on gender related challenges on the performance of the female entrepreneurs in Lagos state. It examines structural and factor affecting women entrepreneurs and how specific women interviewed in selected cities, perceive and respond to these. This research helps to identify both human and social capital factor affecting the performance of the female entrepreneurs. Furthermore, it explores the main causes of performance variance among the business owned by female entrepreneurs. Data analysis shows that women entrepreneurs’ personal resource (human and social capital) has an important role in business progress

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The beginning of business ownership in Nigeria data back to pre and post-colonial era and involved commercial activities such as wholesale and retail trading of which women were pre-dominate. There were also enterprises such as weaving, fishing, food processing, agricultural production, blacksmithing, goldsmithing etc. Much more pre-dominant with the men. Nigeria enjoyed a phenomenal economic growth during the oil boom period of 1973-1980 with per-capital GDP rising from N25,740 in 1971 to N128,700 in 1980. In this period despite the dramatic rise in oil revenues, misdirected government policies left the country’s economy vulnerable public was often focus on costly prestigious and inappropriate infrastructure projects with questionable rate of return. The government also failed to strengthen public finance and pursed expansionary financial policies which created significant inflationary pressures. Inward looking industrial policies also bred a non-competitive manufacturing sector. The Agricultural sector was completely neglected as the real effective exchange rate increased due to oil rising of oil prices. The competitiveness of virtually all non-oil sector of the economy was eroded.

With sustained economic declination individual as well as government increasingly set up encourage entrepreneurship to enrage and possibly eradicate the economic depression. As more Nigeria fail to get employed in the formal and informal section, the need to own a business become more attractive and competitive especially for women who do not have as much opportunity as their male counterpart. There are also associated problem such as difficulty in getting financial, legal trade activities amongst other.

The Nigeria industrial sector is dominated macro and small scale enterprises which constitute 65.5% of industrial establishment. Medium scale enterprises constitute 32% while large scale enterprises make up only about 2.5% of the industrial establishment. In Lagos state Nigeria, both formal and informal economic activities are common large members of women work in the informal sector but their contribution to value added is not included in National account (Soetan, 1995).

There are variety of constraints on women and the ability of women to upgrade their production continuously. This include poor access to access to market information, technology, finance poor linkage with support service and unfavorable policy and regulatory environment.

Furthermore, concerted efforts are needed to enable women to make better economics choices and to transform their business into competitive enterprises, generating income and employment through improved production.

As women increasingly start their own business. Political and economic opportunities for women still remain limited. A number of women 4in career planning are discouraged from following their dreams because their career choice does not fit in with traditional gender roles. Men are discouraged from career in nursing, social work and teaching, while women are discourage from career in technology, science and security. Men who are interested in “feminine” job are teased about their sexuality and women who are interested in “male” jobs are questioned as to whether they have brain or stamina to perform.

Informal economic activities in Nigeria encompass a wide range of small-scale, largely self-employment activities, most of them are traditional occupation and method of production of a particular interest to this study is the informal productive sub-sector which encompasses all economic activities involving the production of tangible goods. They include Agricultural production, mining and quarrying (Excluding petroleum), small-scale manufacturing, building and construction, food production, wood work, furniture making, garment making, welding and iron work among others. These categories are classed “technological entrepreneurs”.

1.2 Statement of Problem

The characteristics of women who start high growth companies in technological industries not establish in literature. More women run non-technological than technological business. Hence research is needed to examine the factors that contribute to the performance of each group as well factors that contribute to the performance of each group as well as those peculiar characteristics that promote the choice and successful practice of technological entrepreneurship by women in southwestern Nigeria. Some important questions that are pertinent to this research work are as follows:

  1. What are the sources of information available to technological and non-technological entrepreneurs?
  2. What are the sources of information available to technological and non-technological entrepreneurs prior to stating their business and how adequate are they?
  • Are measures for performance or success the same for women in technological and non-technological businesses?

Thus this research attempts to provide answers to the question by comparing women entrepreneurs in technological and non-technological industries in southwestern Nigeria with a view to identifying factors that would enhance performance and encourage more women into owing technological businesses.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

  1. To develop the women understanding and motivate them to start their own business.
  2. To develop and strengthen the women entrepreneur quality i.e. motivation or need for more achievement.
  3. Understanding the process and procedure involve in sitting up a small large enterprises.
  4. To formulate the women interest for entrepreneurship.
  5. To know the source of help and support available for starting a technological and non- technological industry.
  6. To acquire the necessary managerial skills require running an industry.
  7. To develop a broad vision about industry businesses.
  8. To prepare the women to accept uncertainty in running a business.
    • Significance of the Study
  9. It will enable the women to be independent.
  10. It will also create equality between male and female entrepreneurs.
  11. To increase the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Nation.
  12. To create enabling environment for women education.
  13. To distinguish between successful entrepreneurs from un-success ones.
  14. Enable women possess certain competence or trait.
  15. Right to compete with their male counterpart

 

1.5 Research Questions

In this study; these factor and others that are mare relevant to the Nigeria context were collected and surveyed both in the informal sector. Basically two questions prompt this study they are:

  1. What are the factors responsible for the choice of either service or manufacturing venture by women?
  2. What factors influence the performance of women in service and manufacturing in the micro and small scale enterprises of Nigeria economy?

1.6  Scope/Delimitation of the Study

The research assessed the choice and performance of women in technological and non-technological micro and small scale enterprises in Lagos state Nigeria. The research sheds light on the learning mechanism that influences the choice of non-technological venture by women. The learning mechanism of the entrepreneurs was found to include conceptualization, friends, business contact, and association, internet, radio among others.

However, access to relevant programmers on television, attendance at trade fairs and community outreach program organized by government agencies such as extension service seminar and workshops significantly impacted on the choice of technological venture by women.

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