EFFECTIVE MOTIVATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND PRODUCTIVITY IN GOVERNMENT PARASTATALS

 

(A CASE STUDY OF IMO STATE HEALTH MANAGEMENT BOARD)

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ABSTRACT

The continued decline in productivity government  parastatals despite huge financial and material resources invested in them has been a matter of concern to all  well meaning Nigerians. This has in its part contributed to  the economic crisis which the country is currently facing. This research work is designed to look into the motivational aspect of the work environment and its relative effect on productivity  in these parastatals.

Some how workers in the public sectors of the economy are no effectively motivated into increasing their productivity and this has a major factor in contributing  to the decline in productivity and subsequently to the present condition of the economy. these it is the purpose of the study  to investigate the     assumptions as stated in the hypothesis.

The data used for this research were collected mainly through the use of questionnaire. These questionnaires were positioned in various cadres of workers in the Imo State hospital manageemnt board in all the three (3) zones of the state. The data collected were analyzed by percentage and chi-square statistical methods the findings of the research are:

1. That a fairly good majority of  workers in these parastatals are happy with  their job
2. That the management of these parastatals does not pay worker nor reward staff for putting more effort in their job
3. That majority of the workers opted for promotion salaries  recognition high payment of wages/salaries as the major conditions for them to increase their productivity
4. The management of the parastatals virtually make no effort to recognize and compensate workers.
5. That sponsored training programme in the parastatals are few
6. That very good inter-relationship exist among the worker.
7. That 96 percent of workers affirmed to the fact that if they are compensated affectively they will increase their productivity.
8. That the inherent problem of financial benefits and welfare especially has covered the standard of living of the workers.

Finally the recommendations suggested to help alleviate the problem areas are:

1. The employers should device an effective and efficient means of paying the worker the various benefits and care fro welfare
2. The motivational  factors like promotion increase in salaries and recognition should be used as means of gingering the workers into increase performance.
3. That recognition and appropriate financial reward should be given to workers who put in more effort on the job
4. That the management of the parastatals should increase their sponsored training programme as its tool of increasing productivity
5. That the management of the parastalats should do everything possible to maintain the work environment

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     A brief historical background of the Imo state health management board

1.2              Statements of problem.

1.3              Research questions

1.4                Purpose/ significant  of the  study

1.5              Assumptions  of the study

1.6     limitation of the study

1.6              Definition of terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review

2.1            The concept of motivation

2.2            What is motivation

2.3            Definition of motivation

2.4            The importance of motivation

2.5            Theories of motivation

2.6            The concept theories

i.        Douglas H. gregor’s theories x and Y

ii.       Abraham H Maslow’s need of hierarchy theory

iii.      Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory

iv.      David Mc cleland needs theory of motivation

v.       C.P Alerfer’s era theory of motivation

vi       Elton mayo’s human relations theory of motivation

vii.     The equity theory

2.5.2  other motivation factor

i.        The expectancy theory

ii.       Summary of literature review

Reference

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research design & methodology

3.1 Data selection

3.2            Determination of sample size

3.3            Sources of data

3.4            Methods of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Finding and analysis of data

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary of research finding

5.1     Recommendation

5.2     Conclusions

Appendix

Appendix I letter of authority

Appendix II questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION.

There is clearly and widely accepted belief that the economy of this counting is weak. This has in effect caused such as untold economic hardship to the populace, such that has never been experienced in the history of Nigeria since its independence. It is an acknowledged view that the economy of the entire world is undergoing recessional period. This is much noticeable and hard- feet in the third world countries of which Nigeria is one.

Nigeria is much up of thirty- six  (36) state and Abuja as the federal Capital territory (FTC) and she practices mixed economy ideology system. This is an inheritance from her colonial masters. This resulted to her economic structure in relation to ownership of factors of production being divided into sectors.  Earlier before the outset of the third commendable and the standard of living was fairly high, as the purchasing power of our currency was also high. The factors that led into the buoyancy were the revenue that was constantly earned from the sales of crude oil.

The second factor was that the nation’s agricultural productivity was also higher than what is obtainable now. Some of the resultant effect of high flow of revenue from crude oil was that people became reluctant to work and displayed a great deal of non- chalet attitude towards the continuation of their agriculture and small sale industrial operations. This subsequently led to a decrease in productivity of goods and services. It further resulted in an increased dependence on imported oil. Thus, there existed a great disparity between our foreign exchange earnings and our expenditure of which the later was greater.

The emergence of the oil, glut, made it clear that Nigerian’s economy is hanging on a balance. This situation led to the introduction of the structural Adjustment programmes other wise known as ‘SAP’ by the Babangide administration. This was designed to help bring the rumblings economy its shape. The main strategy here is to reduce the rush for foreign goods, increase production locally and to restructure the entire economy to operate at a greater degree of indecency from foreign influence. The role of effective management of financial, material and human resources cannot therefore be underestimated as one of the means of achieving these economic goals. The government is doing her best through viable policy plans and strategies to influxes substantial materials and financial resources of the two arms in production and ultimate economic stability.

On the note, its very important to recognize that for economic growth to be achieved, full and effective consideration must be given to the well being of the individual workers that required to carryout their respective activities in the economic system. When workers are being taken care of, there is the tendency for increased productivity. If productivity increases, there will be the urge for generating more revenue (that is profit) from taxes to the government. Undertaking higher motivational programmes on the individual workers can only do this as it effects human resources management among other factors of production.

It is the objectives of the study to examine the extent if positive effect that could be achieved through effective motivational programmes on productivity unique semi- independent government sector called prostates.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There is an ‘Igbo’ adage which says that ‘a collectively owned goat starves to death’. But why? This adage goes to explain the differences that have been existing in efficiency, effectiveness and productivity between the private owned and government establishments.

The main functional area of these parastatals is centered on provision of services of various types such as healthcare, information dissemination, electricity supply and so on. Competition between these private organizations that offer the same services in the parastatals and the parastatals themselves therefore exists.

People seems to patrnize private sectors than the public sectors, Reasons, being that the private sectors that offer similar services are more efficient and also offer them with keen interest. Typical examples are a situation where people patronize private owned hospitals. The question now is ‘why do people drift away from patronizing public set up.’?

A caused interview confirmed some serious complaints by the members of the public over the uncaring and non-chalet attitudes of these government hospital workers.

Conversely, a very close fact finding investigation within the workers confirmed these allegation further questioning as to why workers behave that way, gave the investigator these impressions and they include the following;

 

–         High degree of frustration and stigma in the work place.

–         Wrong timing in administration of salaries, wages and fringe benefits and other various ills that have befallen the workers which involve bribery, corruption, inefficiency and ultimately downward plunging of productivity which would continue unless something is done to remedy these problems.

 

1.3                        RESEACH QUESTIONS.

-Is motivation really a means of achieving the desired result in an organization?

 

–    Dose it mean that effectiveness of production depends on the motivated factors of employees?

–         Has efficiency be improved since some motivated system was introduced?

EXPORTATION OF “MADE IN NIGERIA” GOODS AS A TOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY

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ABSTRACT

An investigation into exportation of “made in Nigeria” goods as a tool for the development of Nigeria economy is an interesting topic.

The population for this study consists of all the workers of the Nigeria export promotion council information was gathered using questionnaires from thirsty-one employees of which only twenty of them were returned.

Findings showed that exportation of made in Nigeria have much role to play in the development of the Nigeria economy.  It also shows that in order to achieve this purpose incentives should be provided for producer of exportable goods, stiff prohibitive measure restricting export of goods should not be adopted and also to manufacture exportable goods to meet international make goods enhances the standard of living of Nigeria.  The so much needed foreign exchange depends on exportation of goods made in Nigeria goods enhance the  standard of living of Nigeria they include prohibitive tariffs, lack of export market.

The Nigeria export is dominated by a particular product serving as a major foreign exchanges and revenue earner, the federal government has may roles to play in strengthening the export sector of the Nigeria economy.

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study

1.2            Problem associate with the subject.

1.3            Purpose of the study

1.4            Research question

1.5            Signification of the study

1.6            Delimitation

1.7            Limitation

1.8            Definition of terms used

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.

2.1     Export and exportation

2.2            Constituent of export

2.3            Causes of non-affectation of made in Nigeria good

2.4            Factors leading to effective exportation.

2.5            Barriers to effective exportation

2.6            Export and the Nigeria economy

2.7            Scope of the study

2.8            Population size

References

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Research methodology

3.1     Sources of data

3.2            Sample size determination

3.3            Research instrument used.

3.4            Presentation of data

3.5            Analysis of data

3.6            Summary of finding

3.7            Conclusion

3.8            Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The issue of exportation of good in Nigeria dates back to the beginning of this country.

Its importance cannot be over emphasized because it contributed immensely, to the development of the Nigeria economy.

After the Amalgamation of the two protectorates that formed Nigeria in 1914, exportation of goods because an economy element but mainly agricultural materials which were semi-finished.  After independence, expectation because the  main stay of the Nigeria economy.  If stood the only sources of foreign, exchange to a very great extent that if because a development stimuli of the economy exportation is the act of making available goods produce in one nation to another nations.  It is an international trade variable.  It is an international trade variable. It is difficult to write a detailed descriptions of export, its importance and implications because writers have not been interested in this field.

The exportation of made in Nigeria goods is in its infancy.  This study tends to emphasize the importance of exportation of made in Nigeria goods in order to ensure a fast growing economy.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Nigeria has been marketed as one of the industries state in Africa exporting  some of her goods.  If has also been showed that agriculture, products, constituted export in the early stage.  From the 1970’s, Nigeria has been know to be endowed abundant natural resources industrial institution has taken the economy sphere of Nigeria.  Despite this great achievement in the years that most made in Nigeria goods are not exported.  This project tends to emphasize the importance of exported of made “in Nigeria” goods as a tool for the development of the Nigeria economy.

 

To find out what constitutes Nigeria export and its economic effect.

To find out what reasons account for the non exportation of Nigeria goods  that is to say can the goods be exported and how, there are problems a researcher is faced with and for which this study will by to solve.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

motivation and interest for this study is stimulated goods dwindling exports and continued under development of the Nigeria economy.

Specifically, the purpose of this study are:

1.       To ascertain how “made in Nigeria” good can be exported.

2.       To ascertain what should constitute export in Nigeria

3.       To know what caused the non-exportation of goods in Nigeria.

4.       To know the effect of export on the economy.

1. To ascertain the factory leading to effective exportation

 

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTION

The study is faced with the following question.

1.       What constitutes export in Nigeria?

2.       Can their goods be exported?

3.       How can they be exported?

4.       Can Nigeria  export all her goods?

5.       Which do you think is not liable to be exported?

6.       Should Nigeria satisfy all her citizen before exporting ? why

7.       Do you referee Nigeria exporting only one for her goods to two or more?

8.       Is export regulated, how?

9.       Who is responsible for export regulation of goods in Nigeria.

10.     what are the factors that retain export of goods in Nigeria.

11.     why the need for Nigeria to export?

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study when completed will emphasize the importance of exportation to exporters, manufacture and government.

They will be familiar to the economic effect of exportation of goods produced or manufactured by them.  They will come to know how, they can go into production of goods suitable for export.  Finally the importance of export will be exposed to every individual as a result of its impact on the general economy.

 

 

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY(A CASE STUDY OF PHINOMAR NIGERIA LIMITED NGWO)

 

 

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ABSTRACT

Business organizations in Nigeria have failed to realize the role a good corporate image policy has in business dealings. This is probably because they do not understand the concept of corporate image and the necessary tools for promoting them. Corporate image, in fact goes beyond attractive products or rending quality service, advertising paying good salary and so on. It pervades every aspect of a business concern from the least worker’s personality to the dealing within the organization and with the larger society. In the face of the dynamics of our society, especially in the business world, brought about by technology, companies are faced with stiff competition that maintaining a competitive edge requires aggressive strategies. One of such strategies as efficient corporate image management and promotion.

The focus of this research work was to determine the strategies that could be employed to build and promote corporate image efficiently and enhance profit margins of an organization. A case study of Phinomar Nigeria Limited, Ngwo  was therefore undertaken.

The findings revealed that:

1. Phinomar Nigeria Limited has a laid down corporate image policy though not effectively managed.
2. Strategies employed to promote corporate image are limited.
3. Response to Phinomar products is fairly high, hence it can be said to be profitable.
4. Employee welfare and work environment need improvement.
5. Phinomar needs to increase the scope of its social responsibility.
6. Phinomar needs a well-managed corporate image, which should be reviewed periodically for improvement.
7. Customers’ response to Phinomar product is high.
8. Communication among workers in Phinomar Nigeria Limited is not adequate.
9. Phinomar Nigeria Limited lays emphasis on public relations.

LIST OF TABLES

 

1.       Return of questionnaires

2.       Determination of the qualities Phinomar possesses.

3.       Determination of strategies Phinomar adopts to communicate its products.

4.       Summary of tables on Phinomar corporate image records

5.       Customers response to Phinomar products.

6.       Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of customers response to Phinomar product

7.       Communication with Phinomar

8.       Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of communication within Phinomar

9        The emphasis laid on public relations by business organization in Nigeria.

10.     Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of the emphasis laid on public relations by business organization in Nigeria.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of the study

1.3            Purpose of the study

1.4            Scope of the study

1.5            Research question

1.6            Research Hypothesis

1.7            Significance of the study

1.8            Limitations of the study

1.9            Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1            Meaning and history of corporate image management

2.2            Different views and opinions about corporate image management and organizational profitability

2.3            Different approach to corporate image management

2.4            Corporate image management at Phinomar Nig. Ltd.

References

 

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1            Research design

3.2            Area of the study

3.3            Population of the study

3.4            Sample and sampling procedure/ technique

3.5            Instrument for data collection

3.6            Validity of the instrument

3.7            Reliability of the instrument

3.8            Methods of data collection

3.9            Method of data analyses

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1            Presentation and analysis of data

4.2            Testing of Hypothesis

4.3            Summary of Results

CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND

CONCLUSIONS

5.1            Discussion of result findings

5.2            Conclusions

5.3            Implications of the research findings

5.4            Recommendations

5.5            Suggestions for further research

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“A company’s product as such is no longer the chief media projecting its image”. What counts more today is the public postures of management. Its concern for consumer welfare and its visible response to imperative social and economic needs. In short, management must concern itself as much with protection as it does with profit” (Harold. H. Margins).

 

Every aspect of business and industry is undergoing rapid change in terms of philosophy and technology and there is more rapidly changing function of corporate management to   public attitudes and reactions. In the same vein, the corporate image of any organization has to be steered to change to correspond in response to the demands of its ever –changing business publics and environment. Making good product, marketing them aggressively, paying fair wages to the employees, and even paying taxes etc. is not just enough to maintain a competitive edge. The  are now economic and social responsibility that faces every business.

Perhaps, it would be necessary to ask; Is there any need to engage in corporate image promotion? Does promotion  have effect on the returns of an organization? Are there right and wrong ways to project a corporate image? What is the place of employee motivation, communication, customer relations, social responsibility etc. in the whole role of image promotion programme?

Margins H. Harold (1979. 7) stated, “Mass merchandising, new method of advertising, increased competition, and government regulations have brought corporate reputations into public view and cause executives to seek more favourable reactions.” However, many hardheaded business men do have an uneasy feeling that promoting the corporate image is little more than a perceived gesture of public goodwill.

The critical importance of corporate image becomes apparent when consumers protest provokes from large organizations series or explanations and apologies for the faults they are accused of. Companies must therefore give its public the same order of priority it gives to finance, marketing and research in the table of rapid, social and technological change. Otherwise, it cannot expect to command public respect and support in the market place.

To live and grow, to command respect and regard, the corporate image must be more than a product of public relations. Therefore corporate image promotion should not left in the hands of the public relations men, but should be the responsibility of top management and indeed every member of staff. This implies that the image programme should be part of the over all-planning for the company’s future. No matter how impressive a firm’s achievements are, they must be properly presented in the public for them to be acknowledged. Thus corporate planning is an integral part of policy decisions. For some companies,  image programmes is part of board planning for greater sales and profits. This is one the fundamental objectives of management and all its activities will be programmed to that end.

 

Aaker, A.A. Myers, J.G (1975. 138) Stated that, “It is not an exaggeration to say that a good image is fundamental to the existence of any business enterprise. The concept of image is often considered to be an important determinant of long-term sales and profits. Therefore it is reasonable to consider the use of image as an objective, not only for an advertising programme but for marketing programme and an organization as a whole”.

When a new product is introduced in the market a respected corporate name often benefits from the unknown product. People are more likely to buy a new product if they know and like its manufacturer. Furthermore, the quality image of a company’s product may have considerable influence on the kind of new product the company can market successfully.

Scholes, K and Klem, M. (1987. 85) see the image of a company as resources. They identified four types of resources available to companies which are: physical resources, human resources, system resources and intangible resources. Explaining the intangibles, Scholes and Klem observed that “Many organizations have significant strength in intangible assets such as; image or brand –name. The value of intangible resource should not be under rated. Infact in many service companies, these intangibles can be the key asset of the company. Potential purchases are often willing to pay substantial sums of money for this “goodwill” underlining their real value.

 

Finally, in order to gain the support of its publics, the corporate image must show that management is progressing, mobile, open to innovation, fair to all and free of dogma and convention. Creating and promoting a corporate personality efficiently is mainly communicating company’s objectives, beliefs, reputation and achievements to its publics in order to gain their goodwill.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Adequate emphasis have not been laid by firms in terms of promoting a favourable corporate image and this attitude has affected their performance in the market, more so in the face of the prevailing stiff competition among firms.

The environment in which businesses operate is in constant change and it constitutes an important factor in that, it affects management decisions and actions. For any business, two types of environment exist. The operating environment, which may be classified with external and internal. External environment Comprises economic, social, political cultural, government, technological, while internal forces comprises the top management employees, task forces; and the public environment which is made up of the firms several publics.

For an organization to remain in business it has to  help to shape its environment because of the rapid change that the organization’s operating environment undergoes

Apart from the influence of the environment, the image of the firm is another factor that requires consideration. The type of image which an organization projects is an important determinant of its long run existence and performance. There are strategies that have to be developed and adapted creatively to achieve organizational goals.

 

From management’s point of view , without a good image, an organization is not guaranteed of long life, the profit objective of the organization will not be achieved, the market share will be affected resulting to decreased sales volume, there will be employee dissatisfaction; co-ordination of work will be unimpressible and thereby the organization will collapse.

 

The correction of the above management problems requires the application of the management’s functions of planning, which involves selecting objectives and formulating strategies, policies, programmes and procedures to achieve organizational goals.

 

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Owing to the fact that every aspect of business is undergoing accelerating change, and no function of management is changing more rapidly than public attitudes and reactions, the corporate image itself should be constantly and efficiently promoted.

The image programme pervades the whole management function more especially, planning. The corporate image is a kind of public stereotype or impression. that is, what everybody knows about the company. Although the consumer or the potential buyer may not have a sharp and detailed mental pictures, he does have access to the broad general stereotype, which permits him to make first decisions whether to buy or not. It is these broad stereotype that make him to patronize a particular company. Most times, the consumers cannot differentiate between similar products manufactured by different companies. But the quality of one’s company’s image may suppress other brands in the market to make it distinctively different and much more desirable.

For a company to stay in business and command respect and regard, its corporate image must be more than a product of public relations. It must be an accurate practice and an accurate picture of what the company is and what it does. The corporate image of an organization must show that the management is progressive, innovative and fair to all their public customers.

 

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the problems of building and efficiently projecting a favourable image in all organizations, but with particular reference to phinomar Nigeria Limited Ngwo, focusing on:

i.        To find out if Phinomar Nigeria Limited attaches importance to corporate image promotion

 

1. To find out the strategies they adopt to promote corporate image.
2. To find out if the company has department responsible for creating image for the company.

iv.    To find out if such strategies can contribute to profitability in the organization.

The survey would sample the views and opinions of both management and employees of the company on the above mentioned problems and with information gathered. Suggest solutions to the problems, which would lead to effective corporate image promotion in phinomar. Various public – customers, supplied, stockholders, bankers, potential investors, competitors, government officials and the general public.

Ahamefula Uzoma writing under the caption: “Motivation and Management styles” in Pita Ejiofor (1989:172) noted, “organizations often desire to inform the public through press release speeches, and participation in outside functions by management personnel on what would be of interest to them. With a view of ensuring that they present a public image favourable to the organization’.

 

CORPORATE IDENTITY.

Corporate identity according to Advance Learner’s Dictionary is the idea people have of a company marquis (1970:2)defined corporate identity as “that part of image that can be seen or heard. It is evey tangible mark of identity to all vehicles, objects, and means of communication on which the corporate identity is displayed.

STRATEGY:

Peter Drucker (1977: 95) defined strategy as “a company’s basic approach to achieving its over all objectives. It differs from tactics, which is a basic approach to be used in carrying out a pre-determined strategy. A strategy according to Kungen (1975:31) may be in the nature of either aggressive strategy (the first on the market with an advanced product) or defensive strategy (following the leading firm in the particular branch) or absorption strategy (acquisition of advanced technology for further development)

 

PROFITABILITY

Peter Drucker (1977:89) defined profitability as “a measurement of how well the business discharges its functions in serving market and customers”

 

 

 

1.4     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Frankly speaking, this study focuses on effective corporate image management as a strategy for enhancing profitability in Phinome Nigeria Limited Ngwo, tends to look at an organization and its environment, its position in the mind of the public consumers and the industry at large. The success or failure of an organization depends on hoe its products and services are patronized, and any organization whose image have been soiled or smeared with mourned can hardly make it in the business would, which is dynamic in nature. i.e, its rate of subjection to change have posed a great danger to organizations that are static or that pay deaf ear to its changing environment, instead of readjusting itself a way as to conform with the trend or events in the minds of the people.

 

Furthermore, this is not only the task of the public relations department, but it pervades all sections of the organization, comprising the management and the staff of the organization, whose assistance in this research work will make it a huge success.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following  research questions would be necessary to make this research a success

1)     How has efficient corporate image management contributed to the enhancement of profitability in your organisation

2)     Why is efficient corporate image management important in increasing profitability in your organisation

3)     What  factors necessitate efficient corporate image management.

4)     What impact dose efficient corporate create in enhancing profitability

 

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT

 

 (A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY)

 

 

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1    INTRODUCTION

1.2       Historical Background

1.3       Statement of Problem

1.4       Objective of The Study

1.5       Research Hypothesis

1.6       Scope of Limitation of Study

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Definitions and Explanation

2.2       I.M.T Performance and Growth

2.3     Need of Organization and Types of Organization Structure

2.4       Process of Designing and Organization Structure

2.5       Common Mistakes in Organization Structure

2.6       Making Organization Structure Effective

2.7       Essence of Organization Chart

Reference

2.8       Essence of Organization Chart

Reference

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1       Research Design

3.2       The Population

3.3    Sample Size

3.4    Source of Data

3.5    Method of Data Collection

3.6    Method Data Analysis

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1       Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.2       Analysis of Data

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEND

5.1    Recommendation

5.2    Conclusion

5.3    Bibliography

Appendix I

Appendix ii

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1       INTRODUCTION

Every organization is made up of human and physical resources. The resources are bought together in order to accomplish these objectives, tasks must be identified, the tools and technology required must be provided and a structure of relationships must be created. It is the sole function of management to determine the best structure that will optimizes the utilization of the resources.

Thus organization is a means of achieving the best result from concerted effort, organizations deals with people and their relationship within an enterprise.

It is the type of organization that determine the type of people require and their relationships.

Osisoma defined organization as a social and technological device made up of people and physical factors which process certain inputs, and execute functions and tasks that lead to the accomplishment of specified objective”. Organization is also two or more people working together in a co-ordinate manner to achieve group objective or result.

Akpala said that “organizing is a management function of dividing out the constitutions activities into elemental units for facilitating operations, of grouping the units into wider sub-systems called departments branches or division of placing people or decision makers on to the units created of establishing functional or responsibility and authority relationships between the various units and person holding offices”. Hodget said that “organizing entail the assignment of duties and the co-ordination of efforts among all organizational personnel to ensure.

Maximum efficiency in the attainment of predetermined objective.

Structure can be seen as a framework providing a pattern for organization structure has been defined by Hurley as “patterns of relationships among the various people occupying the positions” Yode said that “organizational structure is a structure that provides a systematic arrangement of functional assignments in which component parts have specialized duties, a;; presumably contributing to the over all objective organization structure has also been defined by Osisoma as “ the framework of the formal relationship within which management can adequately and effectively control, supervise, delegate and fix responsibilities and synchronize the work done by divisions, departments and individuals” Nwachukwu opined that organizational structure. Involves dividing activities into departments, divisions, units and sub-unit defining relationships between the heads and members that make up the units” while KWCHER and MASOW explained that an” organizational structure establishes the responsibility and authority relationships between people in enterprise. The purpose is to find the structure, which will be most efficient and effective. They went further to defined the key word as follows: responsibility refers to the set of duties one must perform, the requirement one is accountable for or answerable to in order to achieve a purpose. Authority is the right or power to give commands to others to perform duties and requirement” these views are in line with the of hinterland, who defined organization structure as the pattern or network relationships between the various positions and position holders.”

The arrangement within the framework of interaction in-the organizational is hierarchical in the organizational is hierarchical. The definition by professor Akpala which saw organizing as the management function of dividing out the institutions activities into elemental units for facilitating operations of grouping the units into wider sub-system called departments, branches or division or establishing function or responsibility and authority relationships between the various units and the persons holding offices, will be adopted that the purpose of the study.

From the following definitions, organizational structure may be for the purpose of this study be defined as the sanctioned network in interactions and relationship between positions, their functions and occupants and a means through which management attempts to achieve predetermined organizational goals. These includes who reports to who, levels and patterns of communication, the specific functions of members of the organization; the rules, regulation and procedures that govern individual activities.

This is because the definition tries to bring in all the important elements in the understanding of organizational structure. The important of development of an appropriate organizational cannot be over emphasized. It provides the over-all guider-line essential for effective employee performance. The organizational structure provides the guidelines for clarifying and communicating the line or responsibility, authority and accountability within the firm.

Organization structure shows clearly the authority relationship in an organization. It vividly defines the centers of authority. Organizational structure provides a framework within which delegation and assignment of responsibility can perfectly take place. It shows line of communication and also helps to provide an effective mechanism for monitoring performance and taking corrective actions.

 

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 

Main Problem: This study set out to establish important functions and needs for a well-defined organizational structure so as to prevent overlapping of functions in organization.

Sub-Problem: The purpose of the study is to examine how a well-defined organization structure helps to achieve an organizational objective so as to bring about efficiency.

Sub-Problem II: The purpose of the study is to investigate how a well-defined organization structure is arranged in a firm or enterprise do as promote high productivity.

Sub-Problem III: The purpose of study is to discover how organization structure is designed so as to determine the other of responsibility.

Sub-Problem IV: The purpose of the study id to examine critically how functions can be clearly shown in an organization structure so as to prevent duplication of functions.

 

1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH            

The objective of this research is to establish the essence of a sound organization structure as a means of achieving total management effectiveness in an organization be it business, government, religion, educational.

The study will also point out how a well-designed organization structure will be a motivating factor to workers in an organization. Such workers, having known the roles expected of them, their relationship with other workers, their level within the organization as well as the next level they can aspire to as shown in the organization chart, will strive along with others towards realizing the organization goal at the sometime.

To achieve this, I intend to examine leading theories in organization structure, its different models and principles. Furthermore, questionnaires would be administered on workers of the institute of management and technology (I.M.T) to know the working of departments organization structure, observe nay possible lapses and make useful suggestions for improvements.

 

1.4   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 

a)   A well defined organizational structure bring about efficiency

b.    A well design organizational structure leads to a clear order of responsibility.

c.    A well-defined organizational structure in a firm promotes high productivity.

d.    Clearly stated functions in an organization eliminates duplication of functions.

 

1.5 SCOPES AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY  

 

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING WORKERS MORALE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN AN ORGANIZATION.

[A CASE OF STUDY OF ENUGU STATE TRANSPORT COMPANY (ENTRACO)].

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ABSTRACT 

Improving workers morale and productivity. It is very pertinent to improve the workers morale to enhance greater level of productivity. Any organization that has no consideration on how the morale of the workers can be improved is liable to have a lower level of productivity.

This strategy is adopted to increase the employer/employee relationship and if it can be achieved it is by giving incentives like free port allowance and in fact make them have a sense of belonging.

Improving workers morale has been one of the main strategies adopted in most of our organizations in Nigerian because it is a process by which workers get motivated in order to enhance productivity services effectively.

This prospect has been a broad area of concern to most of our existing firms or organization who do not know how to get workers motivated thereby improving their morale and productivity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study

1.2            Statement of problem

1.3            Objective of the study

1.4            Statement of hypothesis

1.5            Significance of the study

1.6            Scope and limitation of the study

1.7            Research question

1.8            Definition of terms

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            Literature review

2.1     Extent of workers relationship with top management

2.2            The type of leadership in an organization that could enhance workers morale and productivity.

2.3            Evaluation and recognition of performance

2.4            Effects of goods management appraisal in organizational productivity.

Reference

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Design of the study

3.1     population of the study

3.2            Sample size and sampling technique.

3.3            Instrumentation.

3.4            Method and sources of data collection.

3.5            Limitations of the study

Reference

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.2            TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION.

5.1            Summary of findings

5.2            Recommendations

5.3            Conclusions

Bibliography

Appendices.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In every organization set-up, indispensable groups are discernible. These groups are known as the employees and the employers. They both constitute the point upon which the activities of the organization revolves.

It is said that area of the most common mutual interest where employees and employers may co-operate consciously the advantage of them consist of improving the morale of the worker, promoting efficiency and productivity, eliminating waste, reducing cost of maintenance.

Every organization is set u to attain in some definite and defined objectives. These objectives, which have to be accomplished through the instrumentality of the above, mentioned groups often include high productivity. To do this management has to organize it’s resources to achieve maximum performance.

One of this resource is of course. Human beings, whilst the out put of some factors like machine. May be predetermined activities involving people are not calculated precisely for even if they are, the result may vary, due to what is known as human element. How well a job is done depends on the rewards attached to the work fore the word reward in it’s own stresses has complete meaning. But due to the result of research on human behaviour in work situation, we are able to realize that wage or salary is mainly one of the important needs of the workers.

Every works at work requires the organizations to treat him not just like a community but like a human being of high reasoning.

Beloc (1964) once wrote that workers have certain inalienable right as important as those of their employer and it is the duty of the organization to recognize these rights.

It is obvious that the workers have needs, which the work situation may or may not satisfy. The degree of satisfaction and dissatisfaction will be reflected not only in measured work but also in the morale of workers. The maximization of personnel contribution of the entire human element in an organization is the major objectives of the organization, which is implemented, not only  through the whole management process itself. How those people are organized directly influence their morale.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

Improving workers moral and productive in an organization has been the main study or way to increase the shareholders wealth. The workers are forced with lots of problems concerning the strategies for improving workers morale and productivity in the organization and with regards to these problems; the researcher wants to find answers to the following problems.

1.       What are the ways of improving the workers moral?

2.       How can efficiency and productivity be increased in the organization?

3.       How can waste and redundancy be eliminated in the organization?

4.       What are the ways of reducing cost of maintenance at the same time improve the quality of services?

 

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The rational for conducing this research work lies in the  suspected high degree of dissatisfaction , which reduce the workers moral towards productivity  and it’s effects on the productivity which

 

 

1.4     STATEMENT  OF HYPOTHESIS

H0:    Workers do not have job satisfaction from their routine job.

H0: Their boss gives Workers more knowledge when they are confused on what is expected from them.

H1:    Workers do not have job satisfaction from their routine job.

H1:    Their boss gives Workers more knowledge when they are confused on what is expected from them.

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The importance of the study is that of the end of the investigation into the strategies for improving workers and productivity. It is very important to both an organization and employees as well as government.

It is a very sensitive issue to an organization it is important to an organization in the sense that if an employee’s moral is well improved, there will be increase in the productivity thereby meeting the set goals, with good strategies in improving workers moral. There will be high productivity. The researcher would have thrown more light on the problems caused by low moral among the workers and also level the motivational strategies that would be adopted to  increase workers moral and productivity.

Secondly, the managers would know the management techniques they would employ to pull their workers forward achieving organizational objectives and facilities mutual understanding between the manages, supervisor and his subordinates.

Thirdly, the workers should also understand that should set goals for themselves if there are to win the love and benefits from the organization.

1.6     SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY