PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF ESTABLISHING SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED BAKERIES IN ENUGU URBAN)

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ABSTRACT
It also paid attention to the foundling of the small-scale business in Nigeria. Whereas failure of the large-scale import department assembly to propel the country into a satisfactory course of industrialization necessitate the demagnification of strategy to embrace the promotion of small-scale enterprises achievement under the new strategy has not been adequate with expectations of the stated objectives which were economic growth and development through the mobilization of available local resources, employment generation and industrial dispersal as well as mitigation of rural urban migration.

Out of a population of eighty drawn from the selected bakeries, sixty seven were selected as the sample size using statistical sample tools (Taro Yamani). A questionnaire was designed and distributed to elicit information from the sample population; also data was sourced through primary and secondary sources. These data collected were presented and analyzed by means of tables and percentages. The hypotheses adduced were tested using such tools as chi-square. It was observed that to achieve economic growth and development to use, such as increasing availability of credit by raising interest rate ceiling and permitting a “spread” that makes it worthwhile for banks to lend to small-scale business or by increasing the number and range of investment etc. problems of small-scale business will be a thing of the past.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCITION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The contribution of small –scale business in fostering economic growth and development has been well articulated in different areas of this study .the specific attention on them based on their expected impact and potential contribution on broad and diversified production base, as well as their accelerative effect in achieving macro objectives pertaining to full employment, income distribution and the development of local technology. They are particularly most conducive for diffusion of management skills and emulation of indigenous entrepreneurship overtime.

 

Small business provides financial opportunity and a chance to develop wealth. It is a place where creative, motivated individuals can use their talents and expertise to the fullest, because it provides satisfying careers and job opportunities and it’s also the back bone of the market economy of the word. Every big business starts as a small business, and it started with an entrepreneur (small business), who at first, earns little or no profit. It was the new ideas of small business that brought about Ekene Dili Chukwu Transport, the FAN Milk, Nnewi “Tokumbo” parts, and even the many commercial banks in Nigeria. Untried ideas become annulations that become concepts that changed the business world. And so it goes. Small business is the basis for the economic well being many developed nations including USA/Japan.

Entrepreneurship is what makes a small business successful. Entrepreneurship occurs when an individual develops a new venture, a new approach to an old business or idea, or a unique way of giving the market place a product or service by using resources in a new way under conditions of risk. Small business triumphs and entrepreneurship are closely related to it. It is difficult to separate them.
The unemployment situation in the country coupled with the new government instinctive towards easing social tensions among unemployed youths, through the programmed of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), were intended to lure a lot of unemployed Nigerians, including graduates into self determination through self employment. Graduates and school leavers are now realizing that government and the established private companies are not ready to come to their aid directly, through paid employment due to the dividing state of the economy. Short of the alternatives, Nigerians including our graduates are therefore launching themselves into various small-scale business ventures, such as cottage soap and cosmetics production, fairing, restaurants, fast food, publishing, writing, block making, garri processing, food processing, refuse disposal, taxi driving, cleaning services, weaving, baking tailoring, advertising and other same business venture which depends mostly on local raw materials. The determination to succeed is also fast becoming the order of the day.
Government has been playing appreciative role in promoting the survival and growth of small-scale enterprise in recognition of them flexible and adaptive nature as well as their re-generative power in promoting economic growth and development. Government also encourages people to establish their own small

business so as to reduce the problem of unemployment in the country and also reduce the problem of importation of goods, more so, to produce exportation products.
Government in believing that a dynamic and growing small manufacturing sub-sector can contribute significantly to the implementation of a wide range development effectives, has thus enunciated various policies to encourage their proliferation and make them veritable engines of growth and development. In the third and for the development plans and the on-going three years rolling plan, priority has been accorded industrialization with greater emphasis on small-scale enterprises. The basic activities of government policies as maintained in the monetary and fiscal policy measures, are to improve the financing and other supportive services of small-scale business by expanding and improving access to credit and infrastructural facilities, reducing their production costs, boosting their profitability, enhancing their survival and growth capacities as well as expanding their contributions to non-oil exports by making their products competitive in the export markets.
Hardly could any major industry succeed without the services of small

INCENTIVE SCHEMES AND WORKERS’ PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF UNILEVER NIG. PLC)

COMPLETE MATERIAL IS N5,000.

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ABSTRACT

This study is focused at finding out the root cause of customer complains; determine whether the variety on the part of Unilever staff is a direct result of lack of incentive scheme. The aim of any organization is to manufacture products and provide services and earn profits. To be able to accomplish these, workers must be motivated by ensuring that their human needs are adequately satisfied. Customers have often complained of poor products or services for many years especially in the areas of customer’s retention, after sales services e.t.c. All these centre on attitude of company staff and thus the inefficiency on the entire organization. In view of this, the management should increase and administer effectively the motivation available as part of mechanism to increase worker’s performance.

 

 

 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of The Study  –       –       –       –       –       –       –   1

1.2   Statement of Problem      –       –       –       –       –       –       –   1

1.3   Objective of Study    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   2

1.4   Significance of Study              –       –       –       –       –       –       –   2

1.5   Research Questions –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   3

1.6   Research Hypothesis       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   3

1.7   Scope of Study         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   4

1.8   Method of Study      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –   4

1.9   Organization of Study      –       –       –       –       –       –       –   4

1.10         Definition of Terms  –       –       –       –       –       –       –   8

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   Literature Review     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  10

2.1 The Essence of Motivation         –       –       –       –       –       –       –  11

2.1.1        Motivation And Motivators       –       –       –       –       –       –  13

2.1.2 The Hierachy Of Need Theory –       –       –       –       –       –  15

2.1.3 Mc Clelland’s Need Theory      –       –       –       –       –       –  18

2.1.4 Incentives Scheme And Management Today   –       –       –  19

2.1.5 Salary Structure     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  20

2.1.6 Staff Education And Training         –       –       –       –       –       –  21

2.1.7        Welfare Packages    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  22

2.1.8 The Future of Employee Relation    –       –       –       –       – 22

2.1.9 Employee Relation Perspectives:     –       –       –       –       – 24

2.1.10      The Carrot And Stick Theory   –       –       –       –       –  27

2.1.11      The Motivation Hygiene Theory        –       –       –       –  28

2.1.12      The Expectancy Theory            –       –       –       –       –  29

2.1.13      Equity Theory –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  31

2.1.14      Elton Mayo’s Work   –       –       –       –       –       –       –  32

2.2          Individual Incentives Plan       –       –       –       –       –  34

2.3   Problems Associates With Individual Incentives      Plan –  36

2.4   Group Incentive Plan       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  37

2.5   Wide Productivities Plans –       –       –       –       –       –       –  39

2.6   Profit Sharing Scheme:    –       –       –       –       –       –       –  40

2.7   Incentive Applicable To Employees of Unilever        Nigeria Plc -41

 

CHAPTER THREE

Method of Study

3.1   Introduction     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  43  

3.2   Library Research      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  43

3.3   Field Work       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  44

3.3.1                Population/ Sample Size         –       –       –       –       –       –  45

3.3.2        Sources of Data       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  45

3.3.3                Method of Data Collection       –       –       –       –       –       –  45

3.3.3.1     Questionnaire –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  46

3.3.3.2     Oral Interview –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  46

3.4           Data Analysis Techniques        –       –       –       –       –  46

3.4.1                Analysis of Research Questionnaire         –       –       –       –  46

3.4.2                Empirical Evaluation Tool              –       –       –       –       –  47

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis, Interpretation And Discussion Of Results

4.1   Introduction     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  49

4.2   Analysis of Personal Data        –       –       –       –       –       –       –  49

4.3   Data Presentation and Analysis       –       –       –       –       –  53

4.4   Hypothesis Test       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  55

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   Summary, Conclusion And Recommendation –       –       –  62

5.1 Summary Conclusion        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  62

5.2   Recommendation And Contribution To Knowledge –       –  64

5.3   Suggestion for Further Studies        –       –       –       –       –       –  68

Bibliography    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  69

Questionnaire –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  70

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Unilever Nigeria PLC is the oldest manufacturing outfit in Nigeria. The company was established in 1923 to manufacture soap using local palm oil. The company was formerly known as Lever Brothers Limited (LBN).

It is a member of the famous unilever group of companies, one of the world largest producers of consumer operating it security main companies, one of the world largest producers of consumer operating it security main companies through five hundred sub-companies.

Over the years, the company diversified and expand  it operation in the production and marketing of personal product including toothpaste body cream, lotion, baby care and hair care products etc. that is why it is a visible friend in every home.

1.2   STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This project will attempt to address two main issues.

1. Problem emanating from lack of incentives or inadequate incentives.
2. The solution that most be offered tom stop it.

The Effective Utilization of Management By Objectives in Nigerian organization.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION:

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Management needs a lot of tools to be able to administer effectively in the day to day running of the business. Management by objectives is one of such tools. It is a way of getting improved results in managerial action. Management by objectives can be described as a managerial method where by the superior and the subordinate managers in an organization identify major areas of responsibility, in which they will work, set some standards for good or bad performance and the measurement of results against those standards Derek (2005:156).

Management by objective is also called Managing By Objectives. However, there have been certain individuals who have long placed emphasis on management by objectives and by so doing have given impetus to its development as a system. Management by objectives refers to a structured management technique of setting goals for any organizational unit.

George S. Odiorne (1981:1) in his book management by objectives defined this concept as “a system of management whereby the superior and subordinate jointly identify objectives, define individual major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected, and use these objectives and expected results as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its member. Besides, Odiorne points out that management by objectives is a “system of management” an overall frame work used to guide the organizational unit and outline its direction. He went further to point out that “the superior and subordinate jointly identify objectives”. In other words, it is a participative management procedure that requires commitment and co-operation. The definition deals with identifying the “results” that are expected. Thus management by objectives concentrates on the output of the organisation evaluating people by assessing their contribution to this output.

Management by objectives is a strategy where in the management sets specific goals for the employees to accomplish within a fixed time period. Management by objective is a dynamic system which seeks to integrate the company a need to clarify and achieve its profit and growth goals with the managers need to contribute and develop himself. It is a demanding and rewarding style of managing a business.

Management by objectives can work in any size of organization if the procedures are understood and managers are patient in letting the system set in first. Management by objective is an effective planning, control and development system.

Management by objective was defined by Koontz and O’Donnell (1968:485) as a technique or system or method of management where by the superior and subordinate managers of an organization agreed on its broad goals, translate these goals into a chain of specific short term goals, defined each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of result expected, continually reviewed the accomplishment as the sole basis of assessing and rewarding them.

Management by objectives gives the employee the opportunity to participate in decision making, the limits within these limits. It assumes that the employee has been properly selected and trained, and is informed that the employee will be responsible for achieving the desired results in the organization.

Organizations are ubiquitous. According to Mullins (2005:256), organizations are designed by people to overcome individual limitations and achieve individually. Hence, organization become a means of survival for the people and exerts an important daily influence on the life of the people and the way they live. The major decider for the survival of any organization is the presence of capable men and women with the right technique to combine the organization resources (man, machine, materials and money) to achieve organization goals.

It is appropriate to note that management of companies in Nigeria lack sufficient techniques to make them manage effectively. Some of these tools are not used and when used they are not properly utilized. Management by objective is not only a managerial strategy to achieve a well co-ordinated managerial goal, but it is also a popular management technique that cut across or pervade all human activities namely business areas, educational, government, health care and non profit organisation.

Most of the techniques, system, tools of management are hardly understood resulting in losses and damages to the organisation. Besides, it is the wrong use of technique and unwillingness of top management to utilize the right tool to solve the management problems.

It is on these trends that the researcher intends to find out the prospect and problems of effective utilization of management by objectives by companies in Nigeria. In order to investigate some of the above problems, one of the leading financial institutions in the country, first Bank of Nigeria Plc Okpara Avenue Enugu has been chosen.

 

1.1    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is pertinent to note that management of companies in Nigeria. Lack sufficient technique to make them manage well. Some of these tools are not used and when used they are not properly utilized. Management by objective if not only a managerial strategy to achieve a well co-ordinated managerial goals, but it is also a popular management technique that cut across or pervade all human activities namely; business areas, educational, government, health care and non-profit

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN NIGERIA’S TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR. A CASE STUDY OF GLOBACOM NIGERIA LIMITED ENUGU ZONE

 

COMPLETE MATERIAL IS N5,000.

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!!!

ABSTRACT                           

The topic of the research is Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria’s Telecommunication Sector (A case study of Globacom Nigeria Limited, Enugu). The researcher used survey design in the study.

The population of the study was one hundred and twenty; comprising of both staff and customers of Globacom .The sample size was ninety two and it was determined using the yaro Yamane formula.

The research used both the primary and secondary sources of data in the course of study.

The primary data were collected through the instrument of questionnaire, interviews and observation.

The secondary data were collected from text books, journals, magazines, newspaper and libraries.

The research finding of the project work revealed that social responsibility programmes are necessary .the findings also unveiled that Globacom Nigeria, a telecommunication firm carries out its social responsibility programme in its host community. The researcher recommended that the company should increase and expand its social responsibility programmes. Corporate social responsibility is therefore something that a company should try and get right in implementing. It is something that business today should wholeheartedly be committed to. The danger of ignoring social responsibility is too dangerous.

.

 

      CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Purpose of the Study
• Research Questions / Hypothesis
• Significance of study
• Limitation of study
• Scope of study
• Definition of special terms

    CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1     Theoretical Framework

2.2     Historical Background

2.3     Current Literature on theories postulated

    CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Research Design
• Sources of Data
  • Primary Sources of Data
  • Secondary Sources of Data
• Population of study
• Sample Design and Determination of Sample Size
• Methods of Data Collection
  • Questionnaire Design, Distribution and Collection of Responds
  • Secondary Method of Data Collection

3.6     Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• Data Presentation
  • Presentation According to Key Research Question
• Analysis Based on Research Hypothesis

      CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,            RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

• Summary of Findings

5.1.    Conclusion

5.2.    Recommendation.

References

Bibliography

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION:

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Corporate Social Responsibility an essentially American phenomenon has over the years become a major concern in Western Europe and in other countries of the world following the western model of development.

According to Drucker, (1986:66).The genesis of the debate on the concept of corporate social responsibility has been traced to the wave of crisis in social values that engulfed America in the post World War II period and most especially in the sixties. The Chief Executive of General Motors who observed the changing trend could not help observing:

“I am concerned about a society that has demonstrably lost confidence in its institutions – in the government, in the press, in the church, in the military, as well as in business”.

Business to America has had a most unique history.  Its development growth and impact on social life in America since the civil war II is almost common knowledge.  What may not be common knowledge, however, is the fact that business which has hitherto shaped and controlled the lives of millions of Americans some two hundred years ago is today being threatened by a wave of protests from various publics it uses to serve.  The crisis of confidence in the social role of business as made explicit in debates on corporate social responsibility points to the fact that America sees big business as a big powerful machine gone out of control.  And efforts to control and at least re-orientate its directions form the core of the argument of all who urge business to change with the times.  In other words, to deemphasize its so much vaunted profit maximization dogma and pay attention to the human lives and environment which it is subtly, ruthlessly and almost surely grinding out of existence.  As one of the protagonists has viewed the concept of corporate social responsibility it is a crude blend of long-run profit-making and altruism, a doctrine which fuses social values with profit maximization goals.

In the early years of the American Republic and especially in the post civil war reconstruction era, business in America played an almost indispensable role as a powerful social tool for harnessing resources and ensuring material progress. Ducker (1986:66). But as the years rolled on and business began to concentrate and centralize capital, its role in the economy became expansive and pervasive.  At the height of prosperity, the captains of industry were heralded as heroes of the society.

The later years of the post World War II era harbored a different story.  The boom period following the end of World War II soon gave way to a periodic wave of depressions and crisis that was to rock every foundations of society on which business existed.  The  frustrating economic situation characterized by inflation, unemployment, failing profit, declining investment, pollution of the external environment etc., pushed Americans to re-examine almost every old values and the assumptions behind them.

According to Drucker, (1986:96) the debate on corporate social responsibility did not only take place in the United State of America.  The noise of the debate filtered through to other countries that shares similar business cultures with America most especially the Western European countries.  While the western European nations have responded positively to the debate, accepted and even implemented some of its own far reaching conclusions it is pertinent to know if the discussions and conclusion so far reached have had an impact on the countries  periphery.

One of the objectives of this study is to investigate to what extent the current debate on corporate social responsibility and its conclusion has trickled down to the periphery of Nigeria in particular and how it is applied here by firms who

INFLUENCE OF INFORMAL GROUPS ON PRODUCTIVITY  (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU.)

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ABSTRACT

        Informal group came into existence through the interaction of people as a result of socialization. When individual meet and interact with one another, there is the tendency for individuals with similar interest and characteristics to form powerful cohesive groups in order to obtain organizational objectives. It therefore, the objective of this research was find out the relationship that existed between informal groups activities on productivity levels in organizations for effective management of the informal groups in Nigeria organizations. A review of the related interactive was made to provide a sound theoretical background of the concept of informal groups. This was done by review of work previously done by scholars on the concept of informal groups. By making use of a case study, questionnaires was distributed or rather administrated to the workers at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. The data collected from the filed was analyzed, the hypotheses, which were formulated, were tested through the use of statistical models. The findings of the research were that workers were found to be keenly interested in belonging to informal groups in their work places such as the trade unions. They agreed that they derive benefits groups offered by the groups to workers given the opportunity to work for their benefits. Workers should realize their primary objectives through group association. Managers should realize that team spirit is the important characteristics of informal groups which motivate them to be effective in organization. Informal organization are not officially recognized and do not have any space in organizations organigram. My conclusion is that since informal organizations continue to exist and can not be stopped or terminated in any set up, it should continue to be accommodated as much as it does not adversely affect the attainment of organizational goals.  During recruitment, selection and orientation, new employees should be made to join informal groups such as trade union or any other, this makes the workers to socialize and adopt quickly and better to the values existing in the organization. More consultation of the informal groups by the management should be encouraged and suggestions made by the workers be utilized as this motivates the workers more for greater performance.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE:

• Background of Study – –        –        –        –        –        1
• The statement of the Problem – – –        –        –        4
• The Objective of the Study – –        –        –        –        5-6
• Research Questions/Hypothesis – –        –        –        6
• Significance of the study –                  –        –        –        –        6-7
• Limitation of the study – –        –        –        –        –        7
• Delimited/ scope of the study –        –        –        –        8
• Definition of special terms – –        –        –        –        8

Reference

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

The review of the related literature

2.1 Theoretical Frame Work for the Study –                  –        – 10-13

2.2 Historical Background –       –        –        –        –        – 13-16

2.3 Current literature on postulated above-       –        – 16-45

References

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design and Methodology –          –        –        –  47

3.1 The research design – –        –        –        –        –        –  47-48

3.2 The source of data –     –        –        –        –        –        –  48

3.2.1 Primary sources of data – –        –        –        –        –  48

3.2.2 Secondary sources of data –     –        –        –        –  48

3.3 The Population for the Study –     –        –        –        –  49

3.4 The Sample Design and determinations of

Sample size –     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –  49

3.5 Method of data collection –  –        –        –        –        –  50

3.5.2 Secondary methods of data collection –    –        –  51

3.6 Methods of data presentation and Analysis-         –        –  51

References

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation –      –        –        –        –        –        –  53

4.1.2 Demographical Characteristics –       –        –        –  58

4.1.3 Presentation according to key research

Questions –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –  62

4.1.4 Analysis Based on Research Questions –  –        –  68

References

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary of finding –   –        –        –        –        –        –  70

5.2 Recommendations –    –        –        –        –        –        –  70-73

5.3 Conclusions –       –        –        –        –        –        –        –  73

Bibliography

Appendix

1. Questionnaire
2. List of frame for sampling

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        The organization development is a vital exercise that must be carried out with a successful conclusion if technological bondage is to be avoided in the nation. In our society today there is need for adopting a creative approach for our technological take off. The reason is to encouraged employees to cultivate the ability of making maximum use of resource available to them, develop new ways of resources utilization that may come in the course of their job.

Since Nigeria independence, the nation has gone through a gradual rise in the level of industrialization and the evolution of both small and complex organization. An organization as defined by Griffin (1984:86) is a combination of people, or human efforts, working in pursuit of certain common purposes called organization goals. It is any group of two or more people working to achieve a goal or goals.

Organization range from the small business units to the very large and complex corporate bodies. There are two groups the formal and informal groups.

The formal group come into being as a result of organizational hierarchy which defines expected relationships among its workers in most cases, a group of people come together and discuss about the problems of the company, individual problems and how the problems should be handled. Also, talk about those with different opinion from other and how such people should be treated or handled. Furthermore, this kind of group will usually have its mission or area of activity spelled out.

Informal groups, on the other hand, Michael (1985:1990).develop in response to the needs of the people making up the group. As a result they do not have an explicitly stated set of goals nor are there institutionally defined in and position of authority. These aspects of an informal group develop as a result of group of individual with the same objectives. Hence, informal groups are not set up by the management of the organization but arise as a result of people with similar interest interacting and also as a result of friendship association. Most cases, group of people come together and discuss about the company’s problems, some individual problems and how they should be dealt with, does who have contrary opinion from others would be convinced, are forced to accept the opinion spell out by other members of the groups.

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