THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2010)

 

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ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of industrialization on economic growth in Nigeria. Because of the link between industrialization and economic growth, both theoretical and econometric analysis are used to examine the contribution of industrialization to economic growth in Nigeria, using GDP as the dependent variable and industrial output, labour force, capital stock and human capital as independent variables from 1980-2010.

 

The results show that industrial output, capital stock, significantly contribute to economic growth while human capital and labour force do not contribute significantly to economic growth. The detailed results are: in industrial output, an increase in industrial output by 1 unit increases GDP by 2 folds; an increase in capital stock increases GDP by over 100 folds; an increase in human capital does not stimulate increase in GDP because the t-statistic is insignificant; and in labour supply, the same remark on human capital applies. On the whole, the adjusted R²value shows that the explanatory power of the model is as high as 92%.

 

The study recommends that government should develop policy measures to improve formal education that will produce graduates relevant for industrial needs of the country, improve legal frame works to protect human right, and property rights, and improvement on social and economic infrastructure to make the industrial sector competitive.

 

KEY WORDS: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

 

 

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION

 

1.1     Background to the Study

Industrialization has been regarded as a veritable channel of achieving lofty and desirable goals of improved technology and improved quality of lives of the citizens of the country. Countries develop their industrial sectors for many reasons: (i) industries have more backward and forward linkages to the other sectors of an economy; (ii) they exhibit increasing returns to scale; and (iii) they have the ability to diffuse technology in the economy wider than the primary sector. According to Bolaky (2011), industriesare very essential in a developing country like Nigeria because the marginal revenue products of labour in the industrial sector are higher than the marginal revenue product of labour in the agricultural sector.

 

Based on this, the releasing of labour force from agricultural sector to the industrial sector increases the marginal product of labour in the agricultural sector and increases the overall revenue and output of the society and hence contributes to economic-growth. Therefore, industrialization is an ideal policy option for sustainable economic growth in Nigeria and it is what the present regime needs to achieve its transformation agenda.

 

Based on the above, Nigeria has designed policies to attract manufacturing and industrial activities during the colonial and postcolonial periods. In the jcolonial era, the focus was to extract rawmaterials from Nigeria to foreign based industries. Like the rest of African countries, the colonial government in Nigeriawas interested in extracting raw materials for its industries at home. For this reason no conscious efforts was made to industrialize Nigeria. It used to be argued that countries should specialize in areas of production that they are best suited. Between the periphery and the centre, the centre had more advantage in industrial output and the periphery in raw materials ( Jhingan, 2008).

In the post-Independence Nigeria, the indigenous government that emerged was very ambitious not only to industrialize, but also to ensure indigenous participation. This led to the emergence of Indigenization policy along with Import substitution strategies. Nigeria had practiced this from 1960s to the early 1980s. It was noticed that the twin policies of import substitution and indigenization could not yield the expected industrialization in Nigeria.

 

Two main problems were encountered here. One, the Nigerian citizens to whom import substitution and indigenization policies favour lack the financial capacity, the technical knowhow, the entrepreneurial ability and the managerial acumen.Second, import substitution necessarily entails inefficiency of local industries because they are not established to face foreign completion and so were over protected. To industrialize, it became necessary to abandon these twin policies.

 

In 1985, Nigeria adopted the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) that was supposed to restructure the Nigerian economy, encourage both local and international investors to invest in Nigerian economy. The implementations of the policy, rather than improving the Nigerian economic performance, worsen the situation, leading to under capacity utilization of the economy.

 

SAP was finally abandoned in the 1990s for private sector to take the leading role in the manufacturing and the industrial sectors of the economy.Government has agreed to take up boosting local technology expertise and promoting small scale industries. It is not yet clear how government intends to improve local technology and encourage small and medium scale industries for stimulating industrial growth in Nigeria.

 

Now that the Nigerian government has decided to play the role of motivating industries through provision of infrastructure and improving the environment where businesses are done, it is not clear how this can affect industrial growth in Nigeria. After one and a half decades, there seems to be no remarkable improvement but rather industries have folded up without new ones coming up. What is the way forward?

 

 

1.2 The Statement of the Problem

The tendency of the industrial sector to stimulate more economic growth has prompted many economists to formulate theories to encourage industrialization. Famous among the early theories formulated are: Leibenstein’s (1957) theory of critical minimum effort thesis; Nelson’s (1956) theory of low equilibrium trap; Rosenstein – Rodan’s (1943) theory of the big push; the doctrine of balance growth; Hischman’s (1958) doctrine of unbalance growth; the import substitution strategy; and export promotion strategy.

 

Overtime, the influences of these theories on policy decisions have been varied. The first three of these theories(the theory of critical minimum effort thesis, the theory of low equilibrium trap and the theory of the big push) emphasize market constraint as a main barrier to industrialization and advocated state intervention to help minimize this constraint through massive investment of resources.

 

The middle two (the doctrines of balance growth and unbalance growth) acknowledge market constraint but advocated piecemeal approach to minimizing the market constraint. The last two theories (import substitution strategy and export promotion strategy) also identified market constraint as the main factor impinging industrial growth in developing countries and advocated the taping of existing domestic market and external market in tackling the constraint to industrialization.

 

Policies of the first theory (the theory of critical minimum effort thesis) were applied by the erstwhile USSR, Chinaand countries           in Eastern European to develop through huge investment in public resources; while the last method (the export promotion strategy) was first applied by Japan, later by the Asian Tigers (Singapore, Hong kong, South Korea and Taiwan) and more recently by the Newly Industrialized Countries: Malaysia, South Africa, Indonesia, etc. (Clunies-Ross, fosyth and Huq, 2010).

 

 

Given the above scenario, can we say that the present levels of industrialization efforts in Nigeria have contributed in stimulating economic growth in Nigeria? What are the impact of labour force, capital stock, and human capital on Nigeria economic growth? These are the questions this study is supposed to address.

 

 

 

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EFFECTS OF LABOUR TURNOVER IN KADUNA STATE WATER BOARD

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ABSTRACT

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study

In all economic activities human effort is the key. It is the human knowledge transferred into activity that give utilizes or value to all commodities. And that means who cultivates and whether he uses a hoe or tractor. It is the same who saws, weeds, processes, store and sells. It is also man who extracts iron ore, processes it into steel.

It postulates that who invents, designs, makes and operates machines is man who creates, transmits and seeks knowledge etc. thus, every human endeavour here one earth has man’s finger print. Thus without human effort which is considered vital for production so many managerial effort would been proved abortive. This effort also is usually called labour.

Labour is the most important resources in organization. This is why labour is define as human effort both mental and physical assertion legitimately applied in production of goods and services so as to satisfy human needs for a reward known as wages and salaries.

In this sense, labour include all labour, semi skilled labour and unskilled which all gear towards the production of goods and services to earn a living through their wages and salaries.

 

 

Statement of the Problem

The problem of labour turnover attract a reasonable percentage of attention in an organization because labour represent the life wire of any organization. The rate at which employee have organization is

 

 

 

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IMPACT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA. UBA)

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ABSTRACT

The study looked into the social responsibility of commercial banks in Nigeria With particular reference to metropolis. United Bank for Africa (UBA) was used as a case study as would be seen in chapter four. The research is geared towards finding the extent commercials banks are responsive to social responsibilities in the environments they operate and how the government encourages them in carrying such responsibilities I actual sense.

 

The treatment of corporate social responsibility is very complex either in theory or practice. There have been problems ranging from conceptual definition to application, problem of enforcement etc. these problems have surfaced in the Nigerian context very widely. It is the intention of this study therefore to identify the facets of corporate social responsibility, to identify being socially responsible and see the role of the government towards regulating such responses.

 

The questionnaire and verbal interview conducted with the official of the bank shows appreciate contribution on their part towards their social responsibility, they however, noted that the welfare and health of the people is the responsibility of the government. The satisfied with the level of cooperation received from various groups contacted in the course of writing the project hence the contribution of this to the good quality of the work. Also believed this work will assist as well as other interested members of the public. Finally, the problems were critically analysed hence useful suggestions and recommendations were made.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    Introduction/Background-     —      —      –       –       –       –       1

1.1    Statement of general problem –      –       –       –       –       –       6

1.2    Objective of the Study –        –       –       —      –       –       –       8

1.3    Scope of the Study –    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       9

1.4    Significance of the study       –       –       –       –       –       –       9

1.5    Hypothesis –        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       10

1.6    Definition of Terminologies-   –       –       –       –       –       –       10

 

CHAPTER TWO – Review or Related Literature

2.1    Introduction        –       –       –       –      –       –       –       12

2.2    Literature Review –       –       –       –       –       –       –       12

2.3    Summary – –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       27

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    Introduction –     –       –       –       —      –       –       –       31

3.2    Research Design –       –       –       –       –       –       –       31

3.3    Population of the study –       –       –       –       –       –       32

3.4    Sample Size –      –       –       —      –       –       –       –       32

3.5    Method of data Collection –   –       –       –       –       –       32

3.5    Method of Data Analysis        –       –       –       –       –       33

CHAPTER FOUR – Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.1    Introduction –     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       34

4.2    Data Presentation –      –       –       –       –       –       –       34

4.3    Data Analysis –    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       38

4.4    Findings of the Study – –       –       –       –       –       –       41

4.5    Summary – –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       42

 

CHAPTER FIVE – Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations         

5.1    Introduction –     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       44

5.2    Summary – –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       44

5.3    Conclusion –        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       45

5.4    Limitations of the study –       –       –       –       –       –       47

5.5    Recommendations –     –       –       –       –       –       –       48

References

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

No one question has received attention by businesses, government, politicians and people in general in the past few years than probably the question of what the social responsibility of business should be.

 

This question, though originally aimed at profit oriented business in now being posed to non-profit oriented business institution in the society; Universities, hospital governmental agencies, charitable organization etc. are all increasingly being confronted with similar demand and being attacked for not assuring responsibility for society’s ills and problems.

 

As society awakens and become vocal with respect to the urgency of social problems is asking the managers of all kinds of organizations particularly those at the top as to what they are doing to discharge their social responsibility and why they are not doing more.

 

About decade ago, a broad movement probably of an evolutionary nature began in the utilized countries of the world. It is movement to take institutions particularly business institutions more responsive to human needs. The business firm is thus caught up in the stream of events as it is being pressed by public sentiment and legislative and regulatory action to respond to issue beyond its traditional task of producing and distributing goods and services at a profit.

 

Traditionally, managers of business enterprises have been asked by society to concentrate on using efficiently the resources at their disposal to produce goods and services that customers wanted at agreed prices, they were willing to pay, maximize profits. But today, businesses are being asked to contribute more to the quality of life.

 

In discussing and analyzing commercial Banks and social responsibility in Nigeria, the emphasis is not on what commercial bank should or might do to tackle and solve problems of society, rather than problems of their employees, shareholders and customers. The concept of social responsibility for social and political goals and that they became the keepers of society’s concern and not merely keepers of society’s financial resources.

 

The emphasis is on the contributions banks can make to such social problems and social issues as support of education, health and medical care, support for disables and unemployed persons, than maintenance and restoration of the physical environment, improving public transportation and involvement in community development (e.g. borehole construction, children park, local market construction etc)

 

It is pertinent to point out that the, social demands on business have been and will continue to increase significantly and the role of business firms in the society.

The amount of attention give not the area of social responsibility by both management and society has increased in recent years and probably will continue to increase in the future.

 

Background of the Study

The modern commercial banking dates bank to the colonial period during which Nigerians was under the political administration of Britain. It is not surprising therefore that the banking scene was dominated by British banks which were affiliates of the leading banks in United Kingdom.

 

Banking began in Nigeria in 1892 “under the initiative of foreign investors, when the Elder Dumpster lines, a shipping company started some form of banking business in the country to facilitate to own transactions. By 1894, what was then the bank of British West Africa, later Standard Bank Ltd, and now First Bank of Nigeria plc, became the first to establish banking business in Nigeria. It remained the sole bank until 1917 when later colonial bank, later Barclays Bank of Nigeria limited and now Union bank of Nigeria Plc, open branches in the country. The British and French Bank now United bank for Africa affiliate of the banquet Nationale Pour’le Commerceetl’ Industries, a large French banking establishment, came in 1947 to make the third expatriate bank which dominated early Nigeria commercial banking. Together the banks controlled close to 90% aggregate bank deposit.

The indigenously owned commercial banks were of more recent origin, from 1914 to the early 1930’s several abortive attempts were made to establish locally owned and managed banks to break the foreign monopoly in banking many of these attempts were unsuccessfully due to under capitalization, poor management over expansion, and aggressive competition from expatriate banks.

 

The first ill-fated bank, the industrial and commercial bank, set up in 1929, went under in 1930 in 1931 the Nigerian Mercantile Bank was established, and dissolved in 1936. national Bank of Nigeria was set up in 1933, which turned out to be the 1^st indigenous banks to survive but died down in 1990 the next private indigenous banks to be established were the Agbonmagbe Bank in 1945. the bank survived until 1969 when its assets were taken over by the then western state government and its named charged to Wema Bank

 

The fifth bank, the Nigeria penny Banks, setup in the early forties collapsed in 1946. African continental bank Plc came into being in 1947 and the bank of the North (now Unity Bank) was established in 1961 all the other commercial and cooperative banks were established in the later sixties or early seventies all of then being wholly owned by Nigeria institution and industrials.

 

The period 1892 -1952 is perhaps remembered as the period of free for all banking with no licensing required and no regulation of any sort to restrict and control the establishment and operation of a Bank. The Banking industry did not come under any regulation until the bank ordinance of 1952. besides the 1952 Bank ordinance and its amendment in 1958 the banking (amendment) Act of 1962, and the banking decree of the 1970’s took several actions to put the banking practices and operation on a sound footing.

 

The banking ordinance of 1958, which established the central Bank of Nigeria marked the turning point in government efforts to harness the activities of the banks for national development. This, it could be said that, the legislative control of banking activity was triggered by the crises associated with the early history of banking in Nigeria.

 

The number of commercial Banks and their branch offices has increased tremendously. Today there are many banks in the country although some of them are merchant and development banks.

 

The dichotomy between indigenous and expatriate commercial banks which was very distinct in the 1960 had been significantly blurred capital of the expatriate banks in the 80’s they have now been sold wholly to the public by government disinvestments through privatization and commercialization. These privatization and commercialization of the banks, which had started as private banks, has helped significantly to put those banks on a stronger forting to play their role in

 

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF BUSINESS PROCESS RE ENGINEERING ON THE ORGANIZATION OBJECTIVES IN FIRST BANK PLC, KADUNA

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ABSTRACT

The study examined effect of business process re-engineering on the organizational objectives of First Bank Plc, Kaduna. A survey study was used to obtain empirical data from the field, through the use of 21 item questionnaire design in five likert scale. The population consisted of staff of First Bank Kaduna main branch Yakubu Gowon Way. Out of a total population of 125 staff 100 was selected using the simple random selection technique.

 

The research findings indicate that business process re-engineering facilitates goal attainment through improvement in the workflow of an organization thereby increasing efficiency and enhancing customer satisfaction. The method of business process re-engineering in First Bank is basically continuous process improvement, value-stream reinvention and enterprise redesign.

 

Inspite of the positive effect of re-engineering in an organization, it is confronted with the problem of change resistance by employees, cultural resistance, implementation risk as well as the problem of delegating re-engineering task to outsiders.

 

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study       –         –         –         –         –         –         1

1.2     Statement of the problem-   –         –         –         –         –         –         2

1.3     Objective of the study –         –         –         –         –         –         –         3

1.4     Significance of the study       –         –         –         –         –         –         4

1.5     Research questions     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

1.6     Scope of the study        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

1.7     Limitation of the study         –         –         –         –         –         –         5

1.8     Definition of terms      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         7

2.2     Concept of business process re-engineering    –         –         –         7

2.3     The effect of business process re-engineering on organizational objectives   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         14

2.4     Various method of business process re-engineering          –         16

2.5     The challenges of business process re-engineering  –         –         26

2.6     Summary of the literature   –         –         –         –         –         –         32

 

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         34

3.2     Research design –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         34

3.3     Area of Study      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         35

3.4     Population of study      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         35

3.5     Sample size and sampling techniques    –         –         –         –         35

3.6     Instrument of data collection         –         –         –         –         –         35

3.7     Validity      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         36

3.8     Reliability  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         36

3.9     Method of data collection     –         –         –         –         –         –         37

3.10   Method of data analysis       –         –         –         –         –         –         37

 

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         39

4.2     Respondent characteristics  –         –         –         –         –         –         39

4.3     Data analysis      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         40

4.4     Summary of finding     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         48

4.5     Discussion of Finding- –         –         –         –         –         –         49

CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         52

5.2     Conclusion –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         53

5.3     Recommendation         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         53

Bibliography       –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         54

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Business process re-engineering (BPR) is the analysis and design of workflow and process within an organization. According to Davenport (1990) a business process is a set of logically related task performed to achieve a defined business outcome. Re-engineering is the basis for many recent developments in management. The cross functional team, for example, has become popular because of the desire to re-engineer separate functional task into complete cross-functional processes. Many recent management information systems developments aim to integrate a wide number of business functions. Enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, knowledge management, groupware and collaborative system, human resource management systems and customer relationship management.

 

Business process re-engineering (BPR) began as a private sector technique to help organizations fundamentally rethink how their work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operation cost, and become world-class competitors. A key stimulus for re-engineering has been the constituting development and development of sophisticated information system and networks. Leading organizations are becoming bolder in using this technology to support innovative business processes, rather than refining current ways of doing work (Marshal, 2007).

 

Business process re-engineering is basically the fundamental re-thinking and radical re-design, made to an organization’s existing resources. It is more than just business improvising.

 

The importance of business process re-engineering cannot be overemphasized within the framework of assessment of organizational objective. Hence the need to study the subject matter of this research: the effect of business process re-engineering on the organizational objective in first Bank Plc Kaduna main Branch, becomes worthy of investigation.

 

1.2     Statement of Problem

Business process re-engineering has earned a bad reputation in several organization because such project have often resulted in massive layoffs (Roberts, 2004). This reputation is not altogether unwarranted, since companies have often downsized under the banner of re-engineering. Furthermore, re-engineering has not always live up to its expectation because re-engineering assumes that the factor limiting an organization’s performance is ineffectiveness of its process (which may or may not be true) and offer no means of validating that assumption. Hence the need to investigate business process

 

 

 

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