FORMULATION AND PRODUCTION OF LEVERA SOAP

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 5000.

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
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 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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ABSTRACT

The production of the soap was carried out using all the necessary equipments like the reactor, mould, stirrer, hygrometer guage etc. and all the required reagents for soap production in correct proportion.

In the production, palm kernel oil (P.K.O) was used instead of tallow or grease.  This was because soap produced from grease or tallow tends to dissolve slowly at room temperature, whereas, soap of palm kernel oil product gives a quicker lather which is relatively suitable.

Different formulation were developed, but the most appropriate was the ratio 2:1 of P.K.O to caustic soda solution.  This ratio gave a very quality soap.  The other formulation are 3:1 and 1:1 of good quality and physically, they were observed to be brittle.

The test and analysis carried out on the P.K.O and the soap produced proved that the saponification value of the P.K.O was 248.24; refractive index was 1.451, free fatty value of 1.58; acid value of 4.43; moisture content of 26.78%; free alkali of 0.214%, alcohol insoluble matter of 1.43% and PH value of 9.98 at a temperature reading 298⁰c.  The soap was moderately soft and very soluble in water.

The quality of soap produced conformed to all the requirements for toilet soap from Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON).  It was found out that the soap has no inferiors effect on the skin; does not contain any visible foreign matter which means that the soap was properly mixed, does not encourage microbial growth and lathers effectively.

It was also found that the cost of producing the herbal/medicated or antiseptic soap was N63.00k compared to that sold in the market for N100.00k per tablet.  Thus, the production based on the research work was profitable and more economical.

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Soap is defined as the sodium salt of fatty acid.  It is a saponification products of fat and oil.

The washing industry, usually known as the soap industry, has root over 2000 years in the past, a soap factory being found in the Pompeii excavation.  However, among the many chemical process industries, none has experience such a fundamental change in chemical raw materials as have the washing industries.  It has been generally accepted that the per capital use of toilet soap is a reliable guide to the standard of living for any country.

Moreover, the process of soap making has progressed from batch-wise saponification process to continous saponification process, which was first installed in 1937 by procter and gamble.

In otherwords, soap is the earliest detergent known to man and apparently was first made by the Roman from animal’s fats and wood ashes (which contains the alkali potassium carbonate) about 2500 years ago.  In colonial America and until the 1940s, most soap was manufactured by an alkaline hydrolysis reaction called saponification.

1.1     SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK

This project is concerned with the production of a high quality soap from local raw materials such as palm kernel oil, hence emphasis shall be placed on soaps rather than on soapless detergents.

The making of soap is one of the oldest of chemical synthesis/whom the German tribeman of Caeser time boiled goat tallow with potash leached from the ashes of wood fire’s they were carrying out the some chemical reactions as the one carried out on a tremendous scale by modern soap manufacturers, hydrolysis of glycerine which yields salt of the carboxylic acids and glycerol.

Soap may vary in composition and method of processing: if made from olive oil, it is enstile soap; alcohol can be added to make it transparent; our can be beaten in to make it float; perfumes, dyes, germicides can be added; if a potassium salt (instead of a sodium salt) is used; it is a soft soap.  Chemically however, soap remains pretty much the same and does its job the same way.

The overall objective of this research project is geared towards producing soap of very good quality from palm kernel oil at a very economic way.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH

Soap can be produced with a wide range variety of raw material.  It basic composition is a product of an alkali, or a mixture of alkalis an oil or its blend.  However, from literature survey, it was found that various types of oils differed, consequently their soap product differed.

In this research work, high quality industrial soap can be produced using palm kernel oil.  The work involves working out the soap formulae and using the formulations to produce soap.  The soaps so produced will then be tested analytically to determine their various physical and chemical properties.  Finally, recommendations will be made.

CONTRUCTION OF A BLENDER

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 5000.

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

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ABSTRACT

Blender is an electric machine for size reducing soft food or liquid mixture.  Blender is some time called liquidizer consists of a glass jar or jug containing a steel blade assembly at the base driven by a small electric motor.

Construction of blender was done based on the principle of size of reduction using electric motor as the major driver force.  During the construction of blender, we adopted different stages which includes:

1. The production of preliminary drawings with details and dimensioned sketches.
2. Choosing of design and materials used in the construction.

• Construction and fabrication of all the component of the blender which includes blender container, shires, blade and the motor, all these was coupled together.

1. Examination and testing of the performance and efficiency of the machine.

After strictly adopting the aforementioned stages, a well structured blender made of steel (stainless & mild) was obtained as the end product.  Also, for effectiveness of the size reducing action, the steel blade was sharpened and also the number of the blade was increased.  Actually, the material selected for this project has reduced the cost of painting and it is found to be anti corrosion due to the high degree of chromium contents and other alloy.

The main object of this project which is to be able to fabricate the component using the primary tool in the mechanical workshop was achieved after all the difficulties uncounted during the construction of blender.

The project construction of blender in relation to materials for construction costed N22,000.  Comparing this with the price of normal domestic blender, can be seen to be extremely high.  This high is due to the material of construction and fabrication processes.

In considering all the resources channeled towards the construction, it can be rightly stated that the machine is economical in relation to materials used in the construction and the performance of the machine after construction.

CHAPTER OF ONE:   INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO:        LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1            Origin of blender as a size reduction equipment

2.2     Mechanisms of size reduction

2.3     Energy for size reduction

2.3.1  Energy utilization

• Behaviour of material in size reduction process
• Size reduction equipment
• Modes of operation
• Nature of the material to be crushed
• Importance of size reduction
• Reasons for selection of stainless steel
• Maintenance of blender and use
• Material selection for construction
• Commonly used materials of construction

 

CHAPTER THREE:    CONSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE

 

CHAPTER FOUR:       DISCUSSION

 

CHAPTER FIVE:        CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION

 

CHAPTER SIX:           REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Blender as a size reduction machine is mostly used in both home for domestic purposes and in the chemical industry.  In chemical industry, size reduction or communication is usually carried out in order to increase the surface because, in most reactions involving solid particles, the rate is directly proportional to the area of contact with a second phase.  Thus the rate of combustion of solid particles is proportional to the area presented to the gas, though a number of secondary factors may also be involved; for example, the free flow of gas may be impeded because of the higher resistance to flow of a bed of small particles.  Again in leaching, not only is the rate of extraction increased by virture of the increased area of contact between the solvent and the solid, but the distance the solvent has to penetrate into the particles in order to gain access to the more remote pockets of solute is also reduced.  This factor is also important in the drying of porous solids, where reduction is size causes both an increase in area and a reduction ion the distance the moisture must travel within the particles in order to reach the surface; in this case the capillary forces acting on the moisture are also affected.

There are a number of other reasons for carrying out size reduction.  Thus, it may be necessary to break a material into very small particles in order to separate two constituents, especially where one is dispersed in small isolated pockets.  Further, the properties of a material may be considerably influenced by the particle size; for example, the  chemical reactivity of fine particles is greater than that of coarse particles, and the colour and covering power of a pigment is considerably affected by the size of the particles.  Again, far more intimate mixing of solids can be achieved if the particle size is small.

Also, blender is very much important because domestically it aids both the grinding and blending of the material at the same time.  It is a very fast process which have substituted the use of manually operated grinding machine due to

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COAL AND COCONUT ACTIVATED CARBON

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 5000.

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!!!

 

ABSTRCT

The experiment was carried out to analyze comparatively coal and coconut activated carbon.  The coal sample used in bituminous and with density of 1300kg 1m³ tile coconut shell was used.

The coal and coconut shell was first activated using phosphoric acid.  The activated coal and coconut carbons mere then used to bleach palm oil after preliminary treatment of the palm oil.

The 10 dine value, saponification value, peroxide value and acid value of the oil bleached with coal activated carbon and coconut shell activated carbon were determined separately and compared.  From the experiment carried out it was discovered that coconut shell activated carbon is a better absorbent than coal activated carbon.

The results obtained from the experiments during experiment can be used to dram further inference on the comparative analysis of coal and coconut activated carbon.

CHAPTER ONE

• History of activated carbon
• Forms of Activated carbon
• Kinds of Activated carbon
• Actuated carbon properties
• Adsorption parameters of activated carbon
• Application of actuated carbon
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• History of coal
• Coal formation
• Mining of coal
• Properties of coal
• Rank and classification of coal
• Uses of coal
• Classification of coal
• Coconut
• Classification of coconut palm
• Uses of the coconut palm
• Structure of the coconut palm
• Utilization of coconut shells
• Destructive distillation of coconut shell
• Manufacture of coconut shell charcoal
• Properties of coal and coconut carbon
• Activation of coal carbon
• Types of activated carbon
• Coal based activated carbon
• Properties of coal activated carbon
• Coconut shell-based activated carbon
• Properties of coconut-shell activated carbon

CHAPTER THREE

• Experimental procedure
• Preliminary treatment of palm oil
• Experimental procedure for adsorption process

CHAPTER FOUR

• Analysis
• Results

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion
• Recommendation
• Conclusion

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• HISTORY OF ACTIVATED

Activated carbon was first know to treat mater over 2000 yeas ago.  It was first produced commercially at the beginning of the 20th century and was only available in powder form. Initially activated carbon was mainly treatment to remove taste and then from 1930 for mater treatment to remove taste and odor.  Cranlar activated carbon was developed as a consequence of WWI for gass masks and has been used subsequently for mater treatment, solvent recovery and air purification.

The unique structure of activated carbon produces a very lager surface area.11b of granular activated carbon typically provides a surface area of 125 acres {1kg = 1000000 sq}.  Activated carbon be produced form a varnicty of carbonaceous raw material, the primary ones being coal, coconut shills, mood and lignite.  The intrinsic properties of the activated carbon are dependent on the raw martial source.  The activated carbon surface is non-polar which results in an affinity for non- polar adsorbates such as organics.

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon in which an adsorbate is held onto the surface of the activated carbon by vander maals forces and saturated is represented by an equilibrium point.  These forces are physical in nature, which means that the process is reversible (using heal, pressme etc) Activated carbon also capable of chemisorptions, whereby a chemical reaction occurs a the carbon interface, changing the state of the adsorbate {dechlorination is an example of a chemisorptions process}

 

1.2     FORMS OF ACTIVATED CARBON

There are three main forms of activated carbon and these include:

A.                    GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON :  this is irregular in shape with respect to its particles.  The particles sizes ranges from 0.2 to 5mm.  It is used in both liquid and gas phase applications.

B.                    POWDER ACTIVATED CARBON:  This is a pulverized carbon with a size predominantly less than 0.18mm.  these are mainly used in liquid phased applications and for flue gas treatment.

C.                    PELLETED ACTIVATED CARBON: it is extruded and cylindrical shaped with diameters from 0.8 to 3mm.  These are mainly used for gas phase application because of their low pressure drop, high mechanical strength and low dust content.

 

 

• KINDS OF ACTNATED CARBON

There are end kinds of activated carbon

1. LOW DENSITY ACTIVATED CARBON: this is used for ligind phase adsorption
2. HIGH DENSITY ACTIVATED CARBON: This is used for gas phase adsorption

 

• ACTIVATED CARBON PROPERTIES

The following are the properties possessed by activated carbons irrespective of the base material from which they are made.

1. 10 DINE NUMBER/VALUE: This is the fundamental property used to characterize activated carbon performance. It measures the activity level, higher number indicates higher degree of activation.
2. METHYLENE BLUE: this is a measure of mesopore structure of activated carbon. It is between 20-500A.
3. CARAMEL DP {MOLASSES VALUE}: this is the measure of macro pore structure, it is less than 500A. it is important for decolorizing performance of activated carbon.
4. SURFACE AREA: this is use to measure the adsorption capacity. Pore size distribution or pore volume is also important to determine ultimate performance.
5. APPARENT DANSITY: activated carbon with higher density possesses greater volume activity and this normally indicates better quality activated carbon.
6. PORTICLE SIZE: smaller particle size provides quicker rate of adsorption which reduces the amount of contact time required. Smaller particle size brings about greater pressure drop.
7. HARDNESS/ABRASION NUMBER: it is a measure of activated carbons resistance to attrition, and important indicator of activated carbon to maintain its physic integrity and with stand frictional forces imposed by mashing etc
8. DECHLORINATION HALF-VALUE LENGTH: this is a test to measure the dechlorination efficiency of activated carbon. The depth of activated carbon to reduce influent chlorine level from 5ppm to 2.5ppm lower half-value length indicates superior performance
9. ASH CONTENT: this reduces overall activity of activated carbon and efficiency of reactivation. Metals {Fe203} can leach out of activated carbon resulting in discoloration.  Acid/mater solvable ash content is more significant then total ash content.

 

1.5     ADSORPTION PARAMTERS OF ACTIVATED CARBON

The adsorption parameters of activated carbon show the trend and degree of adsorption of activated carbon and they are:

 

1. CAPACITY VERSUS KINETIC RATE: capacity parameters determine loading characteristics of activated carbon. Maximum adsorption capacity of activated carbon is only achieved at equilibrium.  Kinetic parameters only determine the rate of adsorption and have reliable effect on adsorption capacity.
2. SURFACE AREA: adsorption capacity is proportional to surface area and it is determined by degree of activation
3. PORE SIZE: correct fore size distribution is necessary to facilitate the adsorption process by providing adsorption site and the appropriate channels to transport adsorbate
4. PARTICLE SIZE: smaller particle size provide quicker rate of adsorption. Note that total surface area is determined by degree of activation and pore structure and not particle size
5. TEMPERATURE: lower temarature increases adsorptro capacity except in the case of viscous liquids
6. CONCETRATION OF ADSORBATE: adsorption capacity is proportional to concentration of adsorbate
7. PH: adsorption capacity increases under PH conditions, which decreases the solubility of the adsorbate.
8. CONTACT TIME: sufficient content time is required to reach adsorption equilibrium and to maximize adsorption efficiency

 

• APPLICATONS OF ACTIVAED CARBON

Activated carbon is mainly used as an agent for refining, decolorizing, purifying or filtering substances in varied industries.

It is used in air deodoration and seperation of permanent and rare gases from air sulphur removal from sythesis gases, removal of foreign odor from in carbondioxide from dry ice or carbonated beverages, gelatin in cold storage and refrigerators. It is also used in deodorizing vegetasusores, purification of various organic liquids, mater purification and recovery of gold and silver from ones.

 

• DEFINIION OF TERMS

ADSORBENT: This is a natural or synthetic material of microcrysetatheine structure in loose internal surface is accessible for selective combination of solid and solute

ADSORPTION: It is the process by which liquid or gaseous molecules are concentrated on a solid surface, in this case activated carbon . It is a surface phenomenon.

SELECTIVITY: It is the ability of activated carbon [adsorbent] to adsorb certain  component more strongly than other Adsorbent.

ADSORBANTIC: this is the solute liquid or gaseous molecules that is concentrated on the solid of the

contruction of a reading table and a chair

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 5000.

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!!!

 

ABSTRACT

The table constructed has a horizontal top with vertical support or legs to raise it from the ground. The aim of the table constructed is for the preservation and storage of useful materials like books, files, computers, result booklets, electronics, office equipments and some vital home equipment etc.

 

However, before the construction of the table, selection of wooden materials were carried out for long and lasting durability of the table. Mahogamy wood was selected for the construction. Marking out sawing and dimensioning operation was also carried out in order to obtain the required standard shape and size of the table (48” X 24” X 30”) for length, width and hight respectively.

The divided parts was fixed together appropriately and nailed. Then sand papering was carried out in other to make it surface smooth. Spraying and painting was the next operation which carried out to achieve a polished surface. The result obtained after construction was ninety-five percent (95%) compared to the result from literature review and further investigation. The wood use for construction has good workability, durability and can withstand any attacks from fungi harmful insects and bacterial infections

INTRODUCTION

The need for table comes only second to the need for seats in out door furniture. They will vary from permanent structures attached to the ground and of sufficient size for many people to enjoy meals, to smaller tables that can be moved to others, which may be folded and stowed away.

 

Folding tables are described as one of the type of table. Within the other categories exist a vest number of designs, the primary need is a flat top at a suitable height from the floor. It is in the means of support that designs vary.

 

Table tops for use indoors are always without gaps. If boards have to make-up a width, they are joined tightly edge-to-edge. Sometimes such a closed top is needed out doors, but in many cases the top is made of many boards with gaps between. One advantage of this is in shedding rain water more easily, the gaps should no be too wide or there will be difficulty when a cloth is spread over and cutlery and other small items process the cloth into gaps.

 

For normal use, the gaps should not exceed ½ inch (although there are many table in use with wider spaces).  A table should stand firmly, the ideal arrangement for stability is three legs that will not wobble, no matter how uneven the ground.  For most tables, it is preferable to have four legs to give support near each corner.

The spread of legs on the floor is greater than the spread of most chair legs.  This aids in finding a level stand if the support are not individual legs, but there are broad surfaces at the bottom.  It is always advisable to thicken at the corners to provide feet (As in the first example).

 

Be careful to brace against diagonal or side ways loads, as well as those pressing directly downward.  There must be enough stiffness in the joints.  If the top and any shelf arte firmly attached, they also serve as stiffness, but if it is a table where someone will be sitting on a chair with their legs underneath, the rails have to be kept out of their way.

 

The end rails support a shelf of slats for enough in so as not to interferes with a sitter legs at the side.  Chairs are often made to match tables.  Using generally similar layouts and construction, so there is a balanced appearance when several chairs are grouped around a table.  Some seats for more than one person can be made to match as well.

 

Assess your probable needs and keep in mind a general pattern, even if you are only making one chair at first.  If chair are made from prepared wood, stock size of sections can be less than specified, because the quoted size is before us machine planed.  For example, you will find that 2×3 inches quoted is actually not much more than 1 ¾  inches finished.

 

Allow for it during making out, mark form the actual pieces of wood, rather than rely on measurements for widths of cuts.  To obtain a better quality chairs and table galvanized nails are preferable which had good resistance to corrosion attack.  Iron screw should also be protected effectively.

 

Finally, wood also has good mechanical properties, thermal properties, electrical properties, Acoustical properties and high density and specific gravity which contribute primarily to high durability and workability characteristics during and after constructional operation.

 

CONSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES

Constructional procedures means all the various steps taken during the construction of the project.  The above named project topic was constructed at the carpentry workshop.

 

The constructional procedures are as follows:  selections of materials of construction, sketching and drawing, making out and cutting operation, creation of mortise and tendon, dressing, assembling and joining, sand-papering and finally spraying and painting.

 

SELECTION OF MATERIALS

The first and foremost thing was to select constructional materials needed for construction.  Then mahagony wood was selected due to it properties and characteristics during and after construction, gum, point, white glue, Glossy material, galvanized nails, sand paper and sandy-sealer.

 

QUNATITIES:

2” x 3” x 12” Mahagony wood = 1

1” x 12” x 12” Mahagony wood = 1 (Plank)

one sheet of ¾ ply wood.

½ sheet of ¼ ply wood.

21bw of 1 ½  wire nail.

One pair of hinges

One fin white glue and one gallon of spraying material (stain)

One gallon glossy paint

½ gallon of thinner

3/6 yard of sand-paper.

½ gallon of sandy-sealer.

 

SKETCHING AND DRAMING

The table to be constructed was represented in an isometric drawing on a drawing sheet using a pair of pencil, meter rule, and other drawing equipments.  The drawing was dimensioned which help to know how the table would look like after construction.

 

MARKING OUT AND CUTTING

Drawing, the dimension was used to marked out and cutting the dimensional parts was done into their respective sections.  The dimension parts are as follows:

The table:-  Top (cover) is 48” x 24” x 1 ½ “ length, width and thickness respectively.

 

Dimension of parts for two legs framed at right side of the table are 29” x 22” x 1 ¾ for length, width and thickness respectively.

Dimension of the connecting rails that connects the two vertical legs at the right side of the table are 1” x 3” x 19” for thickness, width and length respectively.

 

Dimension of the connecting rails that connects the drawer case and the frame legs at right side of the table are 1” x 3” x 42” for the thickness, width, and length respectively.

 

Dimension of the parts where the drawer were fitted are ¾ “ x 23” x 22” for thickness, length and width respectively.

 

Creation of mortise and tendon:-

Mortise are space hallowed out in a timber (wood) to received a tendon or it is a hole into which something of corresponding shape is to be fitted.

Tendon are parts created on a wood to enter into a mortise and correspond with it, these was done by using a pair of tape, chisel and tendon saw.

 

Dressing:    After the creation of tendon and mortise, jack plan was used to dress the area that required dressing to achieve smoothness of dimensioned edges.

 

 

ASSEMBLING AND JOINING OPERATION:

However, the mortise and tendons which was created on the legs and rails was joined together.  In order to get the frame work using try will look like.  Then the frame work was nailed together including the top of the table and the necessary parts that make up the table was friends properly.

 

SAND PAPERING:      After the assembling of the table, the entire surface of table was sand papered mother to obtain a smooth surface for easy spraying and point.

 

SPRAYING AND PAINTING:       Finally, the constructed table was sprayed to bring out it esthetical nature using compressor machine with spraying materials.  Then the table was allowed to dry, tad was ready for use.

 

Finally, following all the procedures read from literature review and further investigations made, the table constructed can be compared to the standard table and chair.  The table constructed is ninety five percent (95%) compared to the standard structure and it is fit to withstand any environmental conditions.

 

Finally, the table constructed is fitable and convenient for every home, office, industrial, hospital and further utilizations.

CONSTRUCTION OF A PILOT MOTORISED MIXER

COMPLETE MATERIAL COST 5000.

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE!!!

ABSTRACT

A motorized mixer of 200 liters capacity was constructed to have the capability of mixing 200 liters of fluid during operation.

The construction of the mixer involves the preliminary measures and calculations on the surface area of the metal sheet.  Some basic workshop practices was carried out during the construction such as the marking out of the metal sheet, cutting of different sizes of the sheet, welding of the prints, assembling of the components parts and painting of the equipment.

The material used in the construction of the mixer is mainly of mid steel.  The mild steel was used for the construction due to its quality cost availability and characteristics.

The cost of constructing the motorized mixer was cheep due to the choice of material selected for the constructional project and it was finally painted with aluminum paint to protect it form corrosion.

 

1.0     CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

• Problems encountered during mixing

1.2     Purpose of mixing

 

2.0     CHAPTER TWO         – LITERATURE REVIEW

Theory of mixing

Types of mixers

Classes of impellers

Types of impellers

Other types of mixers

Criteria of mixer effectiveness

Application of mixers

Functions of impellers

Mechanism of a pilot motorized mixer

Degree of mixing

Mixing rates

Selection of material

Steel for construction

Types of steel-in construction

Important properties of steel in construction

Protection of steel

 

CHAPTER THREE

Sequence of operation

Analysis of cost

Operation of the motorized mixer

 

CHAPTER FOUR       

Conclusion/Recommendation

Nomenclature

References

 

CHAPTER ONE

MOTORIZED MIXER OF 200-LITER CAPACITY

INTRODUCTION

Mixers are equipments used to prepare a uniform combination of two or more substances.  Its aim is to obtain a desired degree of mixing in which the product in the mixer may be homogenous or heterogeneous.  The mixing or blending of liquid substances depends on the creation of flow current which transports unmixed materials to the mixing zone adjacent to the impellers.

The motorized mixer consists of different parts which makes up its body, they are:

1. The shaft
2. The impellers, which are usually in the form of flat blade turbine type, either centrally located in the vessel or nearer to the bottom entry of the required material. They are also in axial flow or radial flow depending on the angle which the blade makes with the plane of the impeller rotation.
3. A vessel or tank, in which the degree of uniformity or homogeneity operation is carried out; depending on the material involved such as solid and liquid or required and gas.
4. It also has a motor, which is of about 5 horse power, that helps in rotation of the shaft; connected with a belt.

Mixting is an important unit operation where one substance is made to completely  intermingled with another; like in saponification where a caustic soda is mixed with groundnut oil or palm kernel oil in order to have a homogenous mixture in soap production.

The mixing process depends on the effective agitation used during the operation.

Agitation refers to the induced motion of a material in a specified way, usually in a circulatory patter, inside a vessel or container, and mixing is the random distribution into and through one another of two or more initially separated phases.

A single homogenous material, such as a thankful of cold water can be agitation but it can not be mixed until some other materials such as quantity of hot water or some powdered solid is added to it.

The selection of a particular mixer for a particular purpose depends on some factors such as the process requirements; flow properties of the process fluid; equipment cost and the construction materials required.

A good mixer is therefore is one, which produces a well uniformed product at lowest overall cost; and meets all process requirements.

 

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING MIXING

There are problems that are mainly encounter in mainly process, the commonest one is the overtaking or mass swirling of the liquid.

Vortexing do occur in the mixing processing and it causes reduction in difference between the fluid velocity and the impeller velocity and thereby decreases the effectiveness of the mixing process.  (Vortex occurs when there is gas-liquid surfaces or phases).

If the mixing vessel or container is small in size, vortexing can be prevented by installing the impeller of centre or at angle with the vertical or fixing the impeller to the side of the vessel at an angel.

These problems can be prevented by chosen an appropriate mixer and taking all the precautions in mixing to avoid vortexing.

Note: vortex occurs when there is gas – liquid surfaces in mixing and is prevented by baffle.

 

PURPOSE OF MIXING

Substances or materials are mixed for a number of purposes depending on the objectives of the processing step, they includes:

1. Suspending solid particles
2. Blending miscible liquids
3. Promoting heat transfer between the liquids and a heat exchanger (e.g. coil or jacket)

Dispensing a gas through the liquid in the