PRODUCTION OF HOUSE HOLD INSECT- KILLER

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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ABSTRACT

This research work was carried out on the production of house – hold insect killer. The production was carried out using 250ml beaker, stirrer, a measuring cylinder, sieve, and a thermometer. The chemicals that were used in the formation include: Gasoline, palmkernal oil, crash pepper, soda ash, Aluminioum sulphite and sodium and sodium powder.

Many formations were tried using different active ingredients but the most effective of all was. 4 litre of gasoline, 2.0litre palm kernel oil and 1.5kg of soaked soda ash.

The efficiency of the product was tested using spider, ants and roaches in the following ways_ direct contact with spiders and spraying the insecticide around the colony of the cockroaches and ants.

The result obtained shows that it is very effective by killing the insects (spider) instantly, while it took time to kill the cockroaches when sprayed. This insecticide has little or no effect on the environment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE —————————————————-II

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ——————————-III

DEDICATION ————————————————–IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ———————————————V

ABSTRACT —————————————————–VI

TABLE OF CONTENT —————————————VII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION ———————————————–1

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW —————————————5

CHAPTER THREE

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE —————————-26

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT —————————32

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                     35

DISCUSSION                                                                         35

CHAPTER SIX                                                                               38

RECOMMENDATION  AND CONCLUSION            38

CHAPTER SEVEN                                                            41

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS                                                 41

REFERENCE                                                                       45

APPENDICES                                                                      47

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The health of man is always his concern after food. Everyday by day, research is carried out to improving the health of man. The major problem facing man today is disease and most of these diseases are caused by insects of different kind eg mosquitoes, tse-tse fly, beetle etc. mosquito carries the disease pathogern of malaria and malaria has killed many in the world in general.

In this, the need for insecticide came up 100 BC ago. Insecticides are materials used in destroying insects and related animals. They are categorized according to their action.

Recent discoveries of new synthetic insecticides led to major advances in insecticide technology. Insecticide can be organic or inorganic and they have different ways of action, such as stomach poisoning, residual poisoring, furnigants, repellants, systemic poisoning. Stomach poisoning are applied to the plants and as the insect chew the leaves, the insecticide is ingested. Contact poisoning is applied directly to insects and is used principally to control species which obtain food by piercing leaf surfaces and withdrawing liquids. Residual poisoning is applied to surface so that insects touching them will pick up lethal dosages. Replants prevent insects from reaching their host. Insecticides have different ways of formation and application eg dust, water suspension, emulsions and solution depending on the method of application. Insecticides are made to be friendly to the environment.

House-hold insects like mosquitoes, spiders, roaches etc ae destructive and that is why this research work is made to produce an insecticide that will kills these insects and will not harm cause harm to other organisms.

In addition, when the permissible concentration is not exceeded then the insecticide if friendly to the environment. An insecticide that does not cause fire hazard, corrosion, reaction or explosion and toxicity to untargeted objects on application is also friendly to the environment.

The insecticide produced should conform to the amendments in the federal insecticides fungicide and pestricide Act of 1972 and that of federal environment protection agency act of 1994. These Acts is that it should be effective and friendly to the environment.

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

From our findings, we discovered that most of the synthetic insecticides to be more precise DDVP is environmentally unfriendly – it can affect other objects that is not made for it. Hence the need to develop insecticide from natural source cannot be over emphasized. A research on gasoline and active ingredient is to be carried out. we restricted our research to gasoline having the ability of killing or scaring insect without attacking the object.

Nevertheless, the research project has made us to succeed in producing an insecticide from gasoline has little or no effect on the environment. In addition, the insecticide produced can serve as preservatives in timber by preventing the breed of termites on the logs. The insecticide is sourced from natural oil which developed a pesticide action on living organisms.

From our findings, it was observed that although the insecticide

CONSTRUCTION OF METAL MOULD FOR SOAP

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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ABSTRACT

A mould can generally be defined as a pattern constructed for the production of the same shape of the prototype and the constructional material differs from one operation to another.

When one considers the money at hand, he decides whether to start from the primary production hence or secondary production live. Every establishment starts from the small scale production level. Referring to this project, the main aim is for the establishment of small scale production and acaoid some problems that might arise during the cutting process. Since it is difficult for a poor man to adopt the mechanized method of soap production, this metal was constructed to enable him achieve his aim. In the construction of this project, a tablet soap mould was made which is capable of producing the standard sizes and shapes of soap required.

In the construction work, wild steel was accessed, cut and assembled by welding in such a way that the whole assembly contains a cell. The cell is designed to produce the standard soap according to dimensions used in the construction work.

Finally, after the construction process, the soap mould was produced.

CHAPTER ONE 

Uses of moulds in the production industries                  1

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                        6

CHAPTER THREE

Fabrication procedure                                               15

CHAPTER FOUR 

Discussion                                                                   19

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendation                            22

References                                                                  24

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The equipment mostly used in the industries and manufacturing set-ups requiring the production of different patterns, shape and different designs, embossments and others, are usually moulds. The ability of moulds to withstand pressure, distortion and corrosion determines the application.

A mould has been defined as a pattern constructed for the production of he same type of the prototype. The constructional material differs from one operation to another. The need for the designing and development of moulds of different materials, composition, shapes, texture and corrosion resistance.

Moulds plays a very vital role in production industries. In the mechanical engineering set-ups, moulds are usually used for the production of different machines parts with intricate shapes that cannot be easily manufactured on a lathe.

The food industry applies moulds processes for their food production. Production of bread is usually a mould pattern process. This still applies to the  other food items like sausages, roll, biscuits and others.

The metallurgical industries uses mould patterns for different casting operation and diverse application for the production of metal blocks, building blocks. Like in the production of both industrial and household plastic wares, moulds are used.

In the candle producing industries, moulds application is used for the process. This has resulted to the increase of activities in that section. In smaller mould production application, the building industries production of blocks, bricks and others.

With reference to the pharmacention companies where tablets of drugs of different size and texture are made, ninety percent (90%) of the tablet drugs were produced in moulds.

The electrical components manufacturing industries utilize moulds for the different production of accessories and fittings used in the household and commercial lighting activities.

Conclusively, the costs of application of moulds in the solution to societal problems are in exhaustible and very relevant for the economic development of any nation.

The setting up of moulds manufacturing industry in the nation has a lot of implications. Thus, practice of importing most machines parts from the overseas have really rendered the action of setting up moulds making industries useless. The economic implications of mould industries are discussed below:

The high foreign exchange cost spent in the importation of moulds different machines parts could be saved for the nation. Moreso, the mould industry will assist in producing high texture and corrosive resistance mould that would serve effectively rather

COMPARISM RESEARCH ON SOAP AND DETERGENT POWDER

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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ABSTRACT

For comparative research on soap and detergent, both product were produced. In the production process ratio 2:1 of blended oil and caustic soda was used. The blended oil comprises of acid oil and palm kernel oil. Builders and additives were also added to increase the cleansing and qualities of the products. These builders and additives include sodium silicate, bodium carbonate hydrogen peroxide, perfume and colourants.

A comparative test were carried out on the soap and the detergent produced. The analytical test carried out on the products include: determination of moisture content, foamabilion test, free caustic acid test, free fatty acid test, pH value alycerol content and signification value.

The results obtained from the analysis were tabulated for easy understanding and comparasim of both soap and detergent product produced.

CHAPTER ONE                                                                 

Introduction                                                                          1

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                                 4

CHAPTER THREE

Experimental procedure                                                     25

CHAPTER FOUR

Experimental result                                                             42

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion                                                                            43

CHAPTER SIX

Conclusions                                                                          45

Recommendation                                                                 47

Appendix                                                                              49

Reference                                                                                       54

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Soap and detergent are products which are commonly used in various homes and industries for domestic and industrial purpose respectively. Soap is a classical example of determine (cleaning agent) but different from detergent in processes of manufacture and chemical composition. Determine contains among other material of production surface active substance which enhances the cleaning action of water by penetrating and breaking up the oily or soiled film that binds dirt particles. This substance is also known as wetting agent which helps which helps to make the dirt float off.

Since both soap and detergent are both cleaning agent, for efficiency and quality reasons there is need for comparative research on both soap and detergent powder. The basic raw material for manufacturing of both soap and detergent is caustic soda or caustic potast and fats or oil in a chemical process called sponification which yields glycerol as a by-product.

 

OBJECTIVE      

          The motive of this project is to distinctively indicate the different qualities of soap and detergent. Through this process, a method of production that will yield an improved soap and detergent will be created.

 

SCOPE

          Since both detergent and toilet soap are made of he same basic raw material which are caustic soda and fat or oil, the project work will include production of both detergent and soap, comparing the different production process, and analysis on the product produced.

 

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE

          In manufacturing detergent and soap from neutal fats and oils or from fatty acids, either batch or continuous methods may be employed. The choice of method and raw materials to be used depends on a member of factors which include:

• Quality of product desired.
• Facilities available for soap making and glyceiol recovery.

The final quality of detergent product depends to a great extent upon the handling and processing of stocks. Whatever method of manufacture of employed, therefore the two basic phases in detergent making include production of mlten detergent and shaping of he molten detergent into

PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE OIL USING  ENUGU COAL

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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ABSTRACT

In this project work, Enugu coal sample from coal co-operation Enugu was collected, dried, size reduced, carbonize and activated under 800⁰c temperature.

The activated coal sample was used to bleach the degummed and neutralized palm oil. And their degree of bleaching was measured using a spectrophotometer through absorbance measurement.

The results shows that at the optimum wavelength of 540nm, absorbance value of 0.82 was obtained at 100⁰c and at a maximum temperature 400⁰c the absorbance is 0.19. The operation was conducted at a time internal of 30 minutes.

The characterization values of the crade and bleached palm oil are, iodine value 128.85 and 108.77, acid value 4.79 and 3.21, saponification value 200.36 and 246.92 respectively. It was also observed that the optimum temperature for bleaching process is 200⁰c, the metling point of the crude and bleached palm oil 80 – 90⁰c and 60⁰c – 70⁰c adequate the boiling point are 160 – 170⁰c and 170c – 180⁰c.

The quality of the bleached palm oil was not good and it takes high temperature to bleach proper.

Therefore Enugu coal should not be use for bleaching of palm oil.

Chapter one

Introduction                                                                          1

Chapter two                                                                          5

Literature review                                                                 5

Chapter     Three

Experimental procedures                                                    79

Raw materials                                                                      79

Material treatment                                                               80

Bleaching operation of palm oil                                                 80

Chapter four                                                                         95

Experimental results                                                           95

Determination of wavelength                                            95

Chapter five

Discussion                                                                            101

Recommendation                                                                 102

Conclusion                                                                            104

Reference                                                                                       106

Table of nomenclature                                                        107

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This research project which is the production of vegetable oil is very important following the economic condition of Nigeria.

We are faced with economic problem which now leads to the exploitation and development of the local raw materials. If we can really help ourselves with the production of vegetable oil using local raw materials that are available to us and stop depending fully on foreign goods and raw materials, it will help improve the economy of this country greatly and make us to be more resourceful and self reliance.

Following this fact, the refining of palm oil in a commercial quantity using local raw material to replace the imported foreign brands is very important to this country in upgrading it’s economy. This now takes us to the study and research on the use of local raw like palm oil and coal for the large scale production of reined oil.

Bleaching coal has been mined and produced in many countries like Nigeria especially in Enugu state as far back as many centuries ago.

Natural vegetable oil has so many sources where they can be obtained such as fruits, seeds, leaves, animals and fishes. We choose to use palm oil as our source here because of it’s widely availability, large quantity yield, essential cost and less bleaching difficulty. All these are to make sure that the cost of production is not much so that during sales the product will be less costly which will make the demand high and also a higher profit.

Almost all these crude oils including mineral oils, demands some level of treatment (purification) before use either domestically or industrially. The most common, critical and usually inevitable step in the purification (refining) process is bleaching or de-colourization.

Therefore, belching is the spatial or complete removal of red colour in the edible oil to colourless or golden yellow depending on the choice of the manufacturer. This research project is done to improve or develop a better laboratory decolorization set up for the production of good quality refined oil, that production of good quality refined vegetable oil for consumption which can compete favourably with imported ones. It is also aimed at verifying the better conditions for the bleaching ability of coal which is abundant in Enugu state.

OBJECTIVES/SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

          The major objective of this research project is to serve as one of the steps to help stabilize our deteriorated economy. It is also geared towards improving our foreign reserves. This research project is also to make provision for the availability of vegetable oil following the recent ban by federal government on the importation of this essential refined oil which now led to the scarcity and high cost of vegetable oil because of high import duty imposed on it. It is very necessary to suggest, explore research, finance and undertake such a viable project as the production of vegetable oil using Enugu coal.

Since the major raw materials are locally available such as palm oil and coal, this project is quite commendable.

The main scope of this research project which is the production of vegetable oil using Enugu coal are;

• To select the best conditions of using coal to refine palm oil which is the decomposition of carotenoids due to adsorption process of coal to suit the market for local consumption.
• To produce refined oil of good standard quality at a high production capacity rate which can be distributed at a reasonable cost to meet the demand of the entire populace.
• To make sure that our local raw materials are used within to produce valuable products in other to promote our industries and also create job opportunity for unemployed.

To be in accordance with government avocations for indigenization of industries and efforts being geared towards making use of available