CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL SHELF

 

 

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ABSTRACT

          In the construction of steel shelves, it could be made with metal or wood but one is fabricated with mild steel.

The undismountable steel shelf which has compartment and partitions under went many processes namely the drawing and the dimensioning of the proposed steel shelf, market surveying and buying of the needed materials, the marketing out and cutting of the materials, welding, smoothing and filling of the work then finally the painting.

Actually, the purpose is to produce fabricated steel shelf that will be economically cheep and at the same time meet up with standard in the market.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                 1

Description of metal shelf                                        2

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review                                                      8

Analysis                                                                       18

Determine use of support                                         23

 

CHAPTER THREE

Construction methodology                                                 24

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Calculation and cost evaluation                              27

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion material selection                                  30

 

CHAPTER SIX

Conclusion                                                                  35

Recommendation

Reference                                                                    38

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Steel shelf is an invention with compartments and partitions where files and books are packed in offices, libraries and even homes. Shelf could be made with different types of material such as steel, wood, and some kinds of metals and could also be dismountable and undismountable. In our project, we decided to design and fabricate an undismountable metallic steel shelf considering certain factors were considered.

An undismountable metallic steel shelf, have a longer life span and serves is purposes better than a wooden shelf. Also, a metallic steel shelf cannot be attacked by termites or insects and as such protects books and documents kept in it better than the wooden shelf would have donhe.

Nevertheless, the need for preservation of books to enhance researches and studies purpose has brought about the construction of steel shelf and also to enhance systematic arrangement of books for easy reference. In the fabrication, the frame was first erected before making the sides and the partitions with the mild steel material. The mass and volume of the books to be contained by the partitions were considered before they were erected. So, certain experiments were carried out which will be further discussed.

• DESCRIPTION OF THE METALLIC SHELF

This description of the metallic shelf is as shown in fig. 1. It is made up of the following parts.

The sides

The back

The partitions

The framework

The sides

The sides of the steel shelf are as shown in fig 1a. It is made up of the square pipe frame and the mild steel plate material welded to it. Each part is specially designed to act as the support in carrying the load under any stree. The load displayed on the system. The sides are tacked at 90⁰ to each other, giving the system a more rigid framework. The sides measure 1.67m by 30.6m and 0.001m thick. They are welded to frame at an angle of 90⁰ to each other. This creates a more flat and straight cover.

 

The back

The back of the steel case is shown in fig 1b. It is made up of the same mild steel plates as in the sides. It is welded to the square pipe frame and the sides at an angle of 90⁰. Its measurement is 1.679m high by 1.0709m widths and a thickness of 0.001m.

Since the back serves as a sort of cover, a metallic sheet with a higher thickness was chosen for it so that it can withstand rust and corrosion of any intensity.

The petitions

Our metallic shelf was designed to have four compartments so as to be able to contain larger number of books (see fig 1c). It measures 1.0709m x 0.3009m. The material used for the compartment is a 0.001m thick mild steel plate. This is so be each compartment is designed to carry a maximum load of 50kg at a time (experimental procedure/ calculations to be shown later). This compartment is welded to the square bar frame side and back of the metallic shelf making a more rigid framework out of the system. The volume of partition and the  area is calculated below.

Construction of A SIMPLE SIZE reduction MACHINE

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA

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ABSTRACT

This project (Construction Of A Simple Size Reduction Machine) It was constructed locally with the use of local materials and tools in I.M.T mechanical Engineering workshop.  The various parts of the equipment were constructed separately using mild steel before finally coupled.

During the construction, the conveyors and it’s housing were first constructed.  It consists of a shaft with a helical rod wound round it.  the hopper was measured, out and welded from a mild steel sheet of length 320mm by 60mm with a thickness of 1mm and it has the following dimensions:-

Height of the hopper               –        160mm

Upper part of the hopper        –        140mm diameter

Lower part of the hopper        –        100mm diameter

The conveyor was fixed into it’s housing and welded to the shaft.  The grinding chamber was welded separately and coupled to the grinding discs.  The pressure screw fabricated was welded to the hopper.  The U – channel was joined to the base stand by are welding and the existing setup, the bearing, pulley and the manual handle were all coupled.  It was filed to smoothen the sharp edge and finally painted for corrosion resistance.

After the construction work, test run was carried out using the grains of wet maize and dried maize.  The result shows a greater efficiency in using wet maize.

Also, the high level of noise observed during the test run was reduced by lubricating the essential parts with grease.

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• Objective and scope of size reduction equipment.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW     –        –        –        –

• Origin of size reduction
• Importance of size reduction
• Mechanism of size reduction
• Methods of size reduction
• Classification of size reduction equipment
• Factors to be considered in size reduction equipment
• Behaviour of particles during size reduction
• Theory of crushing
• Factors affecting the nature of materials to be crushed.

CHAPTER THREE

• Selection of material for construction

3.12   Table of summary for the selection of materials and reason

• Construction procedure
• Marking out operators
• Equipment used for marking out
• Cutting operation
• Press size requirements for cutting
• Punching / drilling operation
• Welding joining operation
• Arc welding
• Electrodes used in welding
• Specification of welding electrodes
• Sequence of operation
• The rotating shaft and conveyor housing
• Hopper
• Grinding chamber
• Plate gap and adjustment screw
• Standing
• Driven pulley / prime mover
• Surface finishing and coating
• Safety of the operation
• Precautions
• Cost evaluation

CHAPTER FOUR

• Discussion
• Principle of operation
• Precautions
• Maintenance
• Recommendation
• Conclusion
• References

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1              INTRODUCTION

Size reduction in any industry is a very important operation because it involves the breaking down of larges particles by means of mechanical method into smaller and finer size.  It is a major process in some industries like food processing industries, plastic industries, paint and drug industries, ceramic industries, cement industries and groundnut processing industries for effective and efficient and production.

Size reduction which is a unit operation can be defined as an operation whereby bulky solid particles are reduced or broken down into smaller sizes.

Size reduction is also known as comminution (genetic name).  There are different types of size reduction equipment example are crushers and grinders.  Some factors are considered in the selection of these equipment.  The factors are nature of material being handed, feed or particle size, cost of material and construction, size of the product and small power input per unit of product.

In size reduction, different methods are commonly used in breaking down of solids, but only four are commonly used; compression, impact, attrition or rubbing and cutting.

So, for proper involvement of the equipment in the process (its operational capability), care and maintenance is very essential.  Also, safety measures or precautions should be taken when using this equipment.

1.2              OBJECTIVE / SCOPE OF SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT

Its main objective is to increase the surface area of a given weight of solid.  Other objectives include; increase in reactivity (chemical) of solid, improvement of solvent efficiency, easy handling of materials, for free flow of materials process equipment, permits separation of impurities by mechanical methods and increase the number (numerical strength) of the

RESEARCH PROJECT ON BLEACHING OF PALM OIL WITH NIGERIA CLAY

 

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA 

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  ABSTRACT

In this project work, Enugu clay sample from Enugu State was collected, dried, size reduced and activated with supehuric acid (H2504). The activated adsorbents was used for oil refining.

A percentage colour reduction as high as 94% was obtained during bleating of the palm oil. This performance of the local clays compares very favourably with that of the commercial adsorbents used in vegetable oil refining.

The deodorized oil, with a 99% colour reduction, compares favourably in quality with the commercial reined palm oil a in the market.

 PRODUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY FOAM

 

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA 

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ABSTRACT.

The production of high quality foam was carried.  The actualization of the production of polyurethane (fibre) foam was made possible by using the components / chemical raw materials such as polyol (polyurethes resin).  TDI (toluene di-Iso-cyanate, methylane chloride (MC)-(CH₂CL).  Silicon oil, stannous octoate, calcum carbonate and water. As a result of chemistry of polyurethane foams, properties of foams and fibre materials (physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties) gotten from the literature, review including the functions and reactions of the components proper formulation was made and conversions / translation to actual weights also done which lead to the production of the desired product. The experiment was done at ambient temperature of 32⁰c following the normal procedures.

The foam produced is of very high density, good quality, durable and profitable. The densities of the various samples are 35kg/m³ and 40kg/m³.

As a result of poor storage conditions of the chemicals mentioned above here in the pilot plant, the stipulated and specified environmental conditions, there is a slight deviation of the foam from the international standard specification of 155. The foam produced are measured to standard and can be used for applied to any field of engineering and technology. They can be used for any purpose and is expected to last longer depending on the handling.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

1.0            Introduction

1.1     Problem statement

1.2            Aims and objectives of the project

Chapter two

2.0            Literature Review

2.1     Origin of foam

2.2            Structure of polyurethane

2.3            Properties of polyurethane foam

2.4            Classification of polyurethane

2.5            Flexible foam

2.6            Rigid foam

2.7            Basic chemistry of foam production

2.8            Polyurethane chemicals and functions

2.8.1    Man chemicals

2.8.2    Blowing agents

2.8.3    Catalyst

2.9            Foam stabilizers

2.10       Making / Agitation

2.11       Characteristic features of methyl come chloride

2.12       Some possible faults, causes and their remedies.

2.13       Characteristics of fibre foams

2.14       Physical properties of foam polyurethane

2.15       Thermal properties of polyurethane foams

2.16       Foam fibres applications

2.17       Factors that causes defect during process

Chapter three

3.0            Foam formulation

3.1     The roles of chemicals in foaming reactors

3.2            Determination of Chemical consumption rates

3.2.1    Water

3.2.2    Tohiene DI – Isocyate

3.2.3    Blowing Agents

3.2.4    Schlone

3.2.5    Amine

3.2.6    Stannous actuate

3.2.7    Colorant

3.3            Summary  of the formulation

Chapter four

4.0            Production procedure / Analyses

4.1     Essential Raw Materials Used

4.2            Procedures / methods

4.3            Experimental Results / Analysis

4.4            General Thermal properties

4.5            Chemical properties

4.6            Optical properties

4.7            Electrical properties

4.8            Permanence and service properties

4.9            Characteristic Test

4.10       Sampling and conditioning

4.11       Storage and Handling of urethane raw materials

Chapter five

5.0            Discussion

Chapter six

6.0            Conclusion

6.1     Recommendation

6.2            Cost Analysis

6.3            References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Polyurethane foam otherwise known as expanded polymer products are group of materials developed as gotten by there action between alcohol with two or more reactive hydroxyl group per molecule. This branch of polymer technology are finding increasing applications in many field of engineering including arts and sciences. Foam was discovered as a result of man’s strong desire in quest to his environment. There are many kinds of foam based on their inherent features such as high rigidity, stiffness per unit weight of polymer thermal and acoustical insulating properties. Cushioning properties or shock absorbency characteristics, low internal stresses of foamed mouldings and ease of forming. As a result of these, extensive range of materials and manufactured articles with different applications are produced from polymer.

The three types of foams are flexible, rigid and semi-rigid foams. It’s used in many structural applications where they form light weight care. Cellular products contains gas usually air, within their structures, they have lower thermal conductivity and are therefore good thermal insulants. Because foams able to dissipate energy reversible and storage capacity. They are used in cushions and are exploited in upholstery bedding laminated clothing and packaging.

Every polymer can be produced in cellular form but these that have been extensively used includes, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene, poly- (vinyl chloride), cellulose acetate, phenolies epoxides, urea-formaldehyde resins, silicones naturally rubber e.g. later from which is made from liquid starting material; sponge rubber and expanded rubber, both made from solid materials.  Cellular plastics are basically of two types, flexible foam and rigid or structural foam.  They may also be classified according to density as low density foam (< 100kg/m³), medium density foam (600-1000kg/m³).

Cellular polymers may have either an open-cell structure in which the cells are closed separate units (unicellular foams) and may contain gas or air.  Materials with open-cell structures have high permeability’s to liquid and gases but because closed – cell structures contains air, their elastic moduli in compression are higher and they have the best thermal insulations.

Polyethylene foams can be produced by injection moulding or may be processed by special machines designed to measure the required ratio of chemical, mixing them together and dispense the reaction mixture in predetermined amounts.  There has been continuous development of machine for processing along side the development of polyethylene technology.

Based on the environmental impact and protechona, new dimensions to further challenges in the development of polyethylene technology has taken place which have contributed to the increasing application of polyethylene in our daily lives from foam resistant coating.

As a matter of facts, this research project is centered on flexible foam of higher density and characterization and different types of polymeric reactions could produce different materials like plastics rubber, filmos, fire surface coating and adhesive.  As a result of variation in reaction hydroxyl groups of alcohol and isocyanate, senies of polyethylene products have been produced.  This ranges from flexible soft and revilement material to hard, brittle and rigid.

Generally, four bare isocyanates and a range of polyol of different molecular weight and functionalities are used in the production of whole spectrum of polyethylene products/materials.

As the case may be, various types of foams with different characteristics features are produced by varying the medium, mixing ratio etc.

1.1            PROBLEM STATEMENT

Based on the fact that some raw materials are gotten from out petrochenueal industries/chemical industries, these unused materials are property channeled to effective use in producing polymer materials e.g. foam, such materials are toluenemdi-isocyanata, polyether, resin, polyol, etc.

1.2            AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

This project/research is aimed at producing polyethylene foam that could be used or applied in various fields to satisfy human wants in Nigeria particularly and the world in general.

It is expected that if this research project is successful, a medium-layer scale industries would be established to best foam production.

Thirdly, an employment opportunity would be created for many Nigerians and would also bring foreign exchange to the country and also attract foreign investors to come into Nigeria.

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

 

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CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review
  • Classification of heat Exchanger
  • Categories of heat exchangers
  • Types of heat exchangers
  • Material for constructions
  • Tube shape and position
  • Firing
  • Heat source
  • Design approval of a heat exchanger
  • Designing a heat exchanger
  • Essentials in the heat exchanger design
  • Step by step approach to designing

CHAPTER THREE

Design algorithm for a shell and tube heat exchanger

CHAPTER FOUR

Discussion of heat exchanger algorithm computer program

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendation

Nomenclatures

References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The most common type of heat exchanger used in industry contains a number of parallel tubes enclosed in a shell and is thus called a shell and tube heat exchanger.  These heat exchangers are employed when a process required large quantities of fluid to be heated or cooled.  Due to their compact design, these heat exchangers contain a large amount of heat transfer area and also provide a high degree of heat transfer efficiency.

Over the years, many different types of shell and tube heat exchangers, have been designed to meet various process requirements.  In the industry today, heat exchangers are most often designed with the aid of software program.  Given the required specifications for a heat exchanger, these simulators perform the appropriate calculations.

In this project, we try to use a computer approach in designing a shell and tube heat exchanger.  We started by designing an algorithm that covers the chemical engineering design such as the estimation of fluid and material properties, film and overall heat transfer coefficient, exchanger surface, tube layout and pressure drop.  It also covers the mechanical engineering design of calculating the shell and channel thickness, shell cover thickness, channel cover thickness e.t.c.

These algorithm was translated unto a program using a micro soft visual basic 6.0, an object oriented computer programming language.

With this program, the computer takes over and automatically per for all the complex computations with little or no human effort and gives an output which is the design information needed.