DESULPHURSATION KEROSENE

 

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ABSTRACT

This report aimed at determining  the presence and removal of mercaptan sulphur in kerosene using colour indicator method.  It is known that impurities such as free  sulphur,  sulphur dioxide, mercapters, funing materials etc. are found in petroleum products. Consequently,absorbents like molecular sieve, calcium oxide and even  activated carbon could  be  used  to trap these impurities, thereby making the  product impurity free.

 

The afficac of  the absorption  using  calcium (Cao)  Ercammerer flask   was determined  by titration. Excess  Silver  Nitrate  is added to the sample ie effluent silves mercaptdes with he mercaptan sulphur compound present.  The excess silver  Nitrate is determined by titration with ammonium  thiocrante using ferric ammonium sulphate indicator .  Illustration  graphically shows that the percentage of sulphur in the sample reduces with increase in time.  Furthermore, it was noted that slight increase in quantity of kerosene fields better result.

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

Experimental procedure

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Experimental result

Data analysis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion

Conclusion

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Kerosene is a petroleum distillate having a flash point of 38⁰c and density of 0.82ca and mainly used as an.  Illuminant when burned and a wick as well as in cooking stove and as solvent in process industries. The sulphur content of an illuminating oil varies greatly with the type of oil and the lese to which it is to be put into.  In general, sulphur or content is important  only when oil is to be burned under conditions where the sulphur dioxide that may evolve in the course of  combustion must be limited or reduced.  This could be found lamps and heating equipments.  At maximum, the sulphur content specification for kerosene is 0.13%

Light odourless paraffin’s can be the primary product used specially as non- aromatic solvents.  This apparently is extensively  used in paint and gerosol industries.  Consequently light odourless kerosene is also used in aviation turbines and jet fuel for air crafts.  Jet fuel is simple kerosene which has been subjected to appropriate treatment to remove the impurities.  Such impurities include mercaptans sulphur, hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) gum etc.  this impurities can be detected in the petroleum products using standard test methods which are extensive elaborated in this work and however removal of these impurities using chemical method.  Some of the test methods include, colour  indicate method, potentiomentric  method mostly applied in kerosene aviation turbine and distillate fuels etc.

Among others in removal of these impurities mostly

FABRICATION OF CANDLE MOULD WITH TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOLES.

 

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

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 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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2. EcoBank:
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4. FCMB:
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5. First Bank
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6. GTB:
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7. Heritage Bank:
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8. Keystone Bank:
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9. Sky Bank:
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11. Sterling Bank:
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12. UBA:
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13. Unity Bank:
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14. Zenith Bank:
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15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
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E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

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AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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ABSTRACT

The candle mould has twenty four (24) holes which could produce twenty four (24) quality candle sticks

Aluminum, a non ferrous metal was used as the construction material for the mould the type of casting technique used was green sand mould method.

In the process of moulding the pattern was placed in the flask which contained the green sand.  The flask was turned upside down and the reverse side of the pattern was formed.  This part is called the positive part, the other part of the pattern formed on the moist sand is called the negative part, the two parts were then joint together to form the cope and the drag.

A gate or opening was provided for the pouring of the molten aluminum into the mould.  Gases and fumes were able to escape through the vents.

It was ensured that the molten aluminum filled all parts of the mould with the least delay.  All part of the candle mould  were machined after casting to get a perfect exterior and interior surface finish.

The fabrication  of the   candle mould cost seven thousand (N7,000) naira for both material and labour.

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review

2.1   Theory of casting processes in the construction of the candle mould

• Properties of sand mould

CHAPTER THREE

• Materials of fabrication

3.1   Selection of aluminum as a construction raw material

• Treatment of aluminum prior to casting.
• Fabrication test

CHAPTER FOUR

• Plug preparation

4.1   Fabrication procedure

• Materials use for the contraction of candle mould
• Purification of aluminum
• Constructions method
• Machining operation
• Safety precaution

CHAPTER FIVE

• Method of operation

5.1   Quality control measures

• Care and maintenance of the candle mould

CHAPTER SIX

• Cost analysis

CHAPTER SEVEN

• Conclusion

7.1   Recommendation

Appendix, References

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Casting as a method of fabrication is defined ceramics into a fire proof container or mould to solidify with the purpose of forming a desired shape.  If they are permitted to retain this shape or are reshaped by machining operations only, the objects are called casting.  If the object formed are subjected to subsequent deformation such as rolling forging, the original shape are called ingots.

Casting is one of the oldest fabrication of machine parts, moulds, fitting, equipment etc

There are various methods of casting moulds machine parts and fitting. These include sand mould casting which makes use of sand mould, permanent or metal mould casting which uses metallic mould and ceramics mould casting which uses ceramic mould. Each moulding method has certain inherent advantages and limitation.  The choice of a particular moulding method depends on factors such as size and shape of castings, dimensional accuracy, surface finish metallurgical properties, production, quantities and cost.

 

The mould used for casting may be made of metals sand or ceramics.  Metallic mould are usually permanent mould used where mass production of identical objects are desired such as casting of steel ingots, in cast iron mould, and casting of automobile piston.  Sand mould and ceramics mould are usually temporary moulds.

Sand mould are made of sand moistened    with a binder such as molasses or clay (French sand) and used in this moist condition in which case it is called a green sand mould or it may be baked to dryness and therefore referred to as dry sand mould.

Sand mould casting is the most variable all the forming processes, and provided the greatest freedom of design in terms of shape, size and product quality.  Moreover, sand mould casting is relatively cheap, easily available and can easily be undertaken by small scale production of machine points equipment fitting.

The choice of casting materials depended on such factors as cost, durability, corrosion resistance and metallurgical properties.  The choice of aluminum as the fabrication materials of the candle is due to its relative availability low melting point (6660), high fluidity on melting and corrosion resistance

THE USE OF LOCAL PIGMENTS AND EXTENDERS FOR FORMULATION & PRODUCTION OF EMULSION PAINT

 

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

ABSTRACT

The major aim of this project research work is to produce emulsion paint from locally sourced pigment & extenders.

The materials used for the production was of local source.

The major raw materials used for the production of the emulsion paint: water, titanium iv oxide, calcium carbonate, kaoline, calgon, natrosol, biocide P.V.A, ammonia, deformer (Ginap) kerosene, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide.

Emulsion paint of two (2) samples was produced, and calcium carbonate locally obtained was used in larger quantity in order to reduce the cost of production of the paint with little of the expensive titanium iv oxide added.

The first sample was a creamy white colour paint, while the second sample has a result of the mixture of blending of locally sourced yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide.  Pigment, that was added to it.  The two (2) samples gave high quality emulsion paints in terms of its brush ability, opacity, coverage, stability etc.

Quality control test carried out on the two (2) samples of emulsion paint showed that the local pigment and extenders used (titanium iv oxide, calcium trioxocarbonate iv, kaoline, yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide) fitted in so well in the paints to give the necessary adhesion, opacity and coverage, with excellent binding effect observed.

CHAPTER OF ONE:

1.0            Introduction

1.1     Objectives of the research project

• Scope of research work
• Significance of study

 

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0     Literature Review

2.1            Historical review of paint industry

2.2     Outline of paint technology

2.3     Paint types

• Emulsion (water-based) paint
• Latex paint
• White wash
• Case in paint
• Cement paint
• Linseed emulsion paint
• Gloss (oil) paint
• Enamels
• Traffic paints
• Making paints

• Specialties
  • Fire-retardation paints
  • Aerosol colours
  • Insecticide paint
• Paint composition and formulation
  • Resins (film formers)
  • Solvents
  • Pigments and extenders
• Exterior building paints – formulation
• Paint qualities and quality control
• Description of raw materials for paint manufacture

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Method of paint formulation

• Raw materials for paint formulation
• Raw materials for emulsion paint formulation
• Functions of the raw materials
• Formulation of emulsion paint
• Principles of paint formulation
  • Pigment to binder ratio
  • Pigment volume concentration (PVC)
  • Solid content
  • Weight per volume
• Process flow diagram (sheet) for production of emulsion paint
• Block flow diagram for production of emulsion painbt
• Formulea for samples selection

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Quality control test

4.1     Equipments for quality control test

• Quality control tests and results

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Economic evaluation

5.1     Costing for sample A

• Costing for formulation B
• Profitability analysis
• Break-even analysis

 

CHAPTER SIX

• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Reference

Bibliography

Appendix 1

The son standard specification and the test properties of the samples

Appendix 2

Formulation for sample A

Appendix 3

Formulation for sample B

Appendix 4

Manufacture of titanium dioxide from its local ore (ILMENITE)

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Paint is a fluid, or semi-fluid material which may be applied to surfaces in relatively thin layers, and which changes to a solid coating with time.  The coating with time.  The change to a solid material may or may not be reversible, and may occur by evaporation of solvent by chemical reaction, or by a combination of the two.

Paints usually consist of vehicle or binder, a pigment which contributes obscurities colour, hardness and bulk to the film, and a solvent or thinner which controls the consistency.

Paint is basically classified into two, which are gloss paint and emulsion paint.

 

1.1     GLOSS PAINTS (OIL-BASED PAINTS)

These are paints that may be classified according to whether the drying mechanism is predominantly solvent evaporation, oxidation or some chemical reaction.  Gloss paints which dry essentially by solvent evaporation, reply on a fairly hard resin as the vehicle.

Paints which dry by oxidation, the vehicle is usually an oil or an oil-based varnish, these usually contains driers to accelerate the drying of the oil.  Paint based essentially on oil with suitable pigment such as titanium dioxide, extenders, and usually zinc – oxide and white lead, are conventional outside ho use paints because these materials give the combination. Of  properties which meet this requirement .

 

1.0.2  EMULSION PAINTS (WATER- BASED PAINTS)

These are paints with water – soluble vehicle and they includes, calcimines, in which the vehicle is glue and case – in paints, in which the vehicles is casein or soyabean protein.

This project research study is directed towards producing and formulating of emulsion paint (water –thinned paint) from local pigments and extenders as raw materials.  The high demand for emulsion paint for protective and decorative purposes has encourage the development of different equipments for the manufacturing operation.

This piece of research work is due to reducing the high cost of emulsion paint formulation and production, because of the imported raw materials.  (E.g Titanium dioxide), and thereby disclosing a local raw material from our natural domin which could also be used for the same purpose.  An example of this locally obtained raw material for emulsion paint production is calcium carbonate in the form of calcite and dolomite.

 

1.1     OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK

The objectives of the research project work is to study the formulation and production of emulsion paint with the use of local pigments and extenders as raw materials, and its economic value, and also disclosing some locally sourced materials from our local environment that could play the same role with the imported raw materials that are used for emulsion paint production, which causes the cost of emulsion paint production to be high.

However, industrial survey reveals that paint manufacturers in Nigeria looks beyond the country territory for supply, and also, Nigerian paints industry is characterized by importation, starting from solvents which could be obtained in abundance from the country.

 

 

• SCOPE OF RESEARCH WORK

The scope of this research project work is organized to cover all vital aspect of emulsion paint formulation and production using local pigment and extenders as raw materials from our local environment, which will reduce the cost of emulsion paint production.

The scope will also cover paint types and classifications, characterization and functions of paints, and also chemicals used in the formulation and production of emulsion paint.  However, emphasis will be laid on the systematic procedure of processing the local pigments and extenders used which will also cover the following;

1. Emulsion paint formulation and production
2. Run-rest on the following properties of emulsion paint
   1. Drying time
   2. Nature of reversibility

• PH value

1. Specific gravity
2. Obscurity
3. Viscosity

• Resistance to external exposure
• Brush ability

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

On considering the high cost of imported raw materials for the production of emulsion paint in the paint industry, which at the end of the production affect the market price, likewise causing economy constrain, there is need to lookout for those locally raw materials such as pigments and extenders (e.g calcium carbonate) which will give such desirable qualities and properties as those of imported raw materials (e.g Titanium Dioxide).

It will be interesting to not6e that chemical Engineering have some of possible solutions towards reduction of high cost of emulsion paint production and also this research project work is directed towards the vital needs for the used of local pigments and extenders as raw materials for the production of emulsion paint of high quality and standards which will stand the test of time and also compete with those emulsion paints produced with imported raw materials.

Finally, this research project work will be of more importance to the paint manufacturers in the country, who spend lost of money for importations of raw material, while they are bless with much raw materials as pigments and extenders for emulsion paint production in their country, it will also be of help to students researchers, and also reveals the importance of research among producers for future betterment and economy improvement.