FABRICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL MIXER

 

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COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

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5. First Bank
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6. GTB:
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7. Heritage Bank:
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8. Keystone Bank:
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9. Sky Bank:
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10. Stanbic IBTC:
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11. Sterling Bank:
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12. UBA:
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13. Unity Bank:
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14. Zenith Bank:
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15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
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E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

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AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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ABSTRACT

 

Fabrication of centrifugal mixer in accordance with the project is a little manual constriction carried out to show the similarity of the big industrial centrifugal mixer used for the mixing of solid, liquid and gases in a company.

In the construction it was successfully achieved base on the useful instruction and material suitable for the fabrication. Materials like metal sheet of 14 gage metal sheet from pure iron is used. The metal sheet was first of all measured and marked, while the cutting commences immediately to get difference sizes   for the work. It was fitted after the cutting and assembled together by welding.

Finally, a sizeable container with centrally mounted shaft that can rotate on its axis. At the end of the shaft is attached a flat blade that carries out the actual work of pushing liquid outward towards the walls of the container. The basis design features of the paddle include the diameter of the shaft blade which should be 60mm to 80mm of the inside diameter of the vessel. The width of the blade is 30.5mm of is actual length. Generally, a paddle has either a pair of blade or two pairs of blade mounted at an interval. Then, it   was sandpapered and painted which the final construction work of paddles is produced.

It was certified by the supervisors as small scale fabrication of centrifugal mixer.

CHAPTER ONE:      INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
• AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 3
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY                      4
• PURPOSE OF MIXING 5
• PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER 6
• METHOD OF RESEARCH 6
• SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY 7

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO:      LITERATURE REVIEW

• DEFINITION OF MOTION 8
• TYPES OF MOTION 8
• THEORY OF MIXING 19
• TYPES OF MIXER                                                   22
• FABRICATION 30
• VARIOUS TYPES OF METAL WORKING 31

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY                             33

 

CHAPTER FOUR:    RESULT/ANALYSIS                                38

 

CHAPTER FIVE:     DISCUSSION                                   40

CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION                               41   

 

REFERENCES                                                                 43

APPENDIX                                                                       45

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0   INTRODUCTION

In the fabrication of centrifugal mixer, it is evidently known that centrifugal mixer is an operation by names arranged centrally in a vessels. Its movement at the end of a verticals shaft affects the turning motion inside the vessel. In order words, mixer is equipment used to prepare a uniform combination o two or more substances to achieve a uniform product. It is aimed to obtain a desirable degree of mixing in which the product in the mixer may be homogenous or heterogeneous. The mixing or blending of liquid substances depends on the creation of flow current which transport unmixed materials to the mixing zone adjacent to the impellers.

The centrifugal mixer consists of different points which make up the product, namely:

• The shaft
• The impellers which is located near the bottom of the vessel fixed on the pole axis of he vessel which was connected with the manual handle of the mixer
• A vessel/tank where the mixable are introduced
• Outlet tape through which the mixtures are removed
• Borest/bearing which help in the easy turning of the impeller to mix the product.

 

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

During mixing, it does not require external force. Blending is achieved by convective current a mechanism of spontaneous movement of fluid elements from a region of high temperature to a lesser one. This lends to the uniform distribution of fluid elements into the entire content of the mixer. In some of them, the rotation is by the device in others. It is the container vessel that carries out the rotation. Also in a few others both shaft and container vessels rotate. Baffles are incorporated in some of the machines for specific duties. Some of these machines include ribbon blender, bumbling mixer, screw mixer and impact mill.

Furthermore, in ribbon blender has various designs for specific application. It consists of horizontal shaft that is mounted with two counteracting ribbon agitators. Each of the two ribbon agitators direct the flow of solid particles in opposite way, the anticlockwise agitator rotating at a slower speed  in relation to the higher needed clockwise agitator. Mixing emanates from the turbulence included by the contracting through mechanical shuffling of the solid particles.

 

1.2   AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Mixers are classified into three types based on the material of handling. They are

1. Impeller mixers for liquids
2. Mixers for paste and plastic solids
3. Mixers for dry-solid powder.

There is no clear demarcation on the specific are of application of these classes of mixers. However, the selection of any mixer for a specific function depends on

• Power requirement
• Viscosity of the material
• Characteristics properties of the fluid
• Behaviour of material during mixing and
• Length of time required for the mixing operation.

 

1.2.1 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This problem can be limited by choosing an appropriate mixer and taking all the necessary precaution in the mixing of product to avoid overtaking.

The cortex which occurs in the mixing of liquid phases can be stopped by the use of baffles. This obstruction of the flow patterns of the mixing fluid has to be minimized or eliminated if high degree of mixing has to be achieved. The swirling and vortexing have to properly checkmate. Baffles are basically metallic rod of given size installed vertically near the walls of the agitator vessel. As pointed out earlier, vortexing creates entrainment of stagnant liquid comprising series of papers which hinder the directional flow of mixing.

 

 

 

1.3   PURPOSE OF MIXING

It was certified that substances or materials are mixed up for a different purposes depending on the objectives of the processing step.

The purpose of mixing may be considered deliberately as:

• Suspending solid particles
• Blending mixable liquids
• Promoting heat transfer between the liquid and a heat exchanger eg. Coil or jacket
• Dispensing a gas through the liquid in the form of small bubbles
• Reducing partial agglomerate
• Contracting or dispersing immiscible liquid.

The above mentioned purposes could be considered as the major reason of mixing.

 

 

 

 

1.4   PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER

In centrifugal mixer the problem encountered during mixing is the overtaking or mass switching of the liquid.

Overtaking occurs in the mixing process which   causes reduction in the fluid velocity and the impeller velocity and thereby decrease the effectiveness of the mixing process. Vortex occur when there is gas-liquid surfaces or phases.

If the mixing tank is small in size, the overtaking can be prevented by installing the impeller of centre or at an angle with the vertical or fixing the impeller to the side of the tank.

 

1.5   METHOD OF RESEARCH

This project titled fabrication of a centrifugal mixer. The process of research was done through google search, textbooks and a practical operation was also carryout for the success of the project.

During the process of research we encounter difficulties. However, the most pestering part of the work was the difficulty in getting the mild steel metals divide with the required characteristics. And we could not easily get a data book that could give us the information we needed. However, reference made to some text, helped us to overcome most of our problem.

 

1.6   SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

The future development in the aerospace industries will hinge mainly upon the case with which structures and engine can be cooled; the modern mechanical, electrical and manual plants require efficient dissipation of losses convert to thermal energy, the design of chemical engineering plant is usually governed by the impeller blade, unit operation in the agitator and the analogues of civil engineer must be taken in account of thermal effects in the fabrication and structures of the centrifugal mixers.

The processes of fluid from the impeller mixer are brought to a reasonable temperature by

MODIFICATION OF MODEL SEDIMENTATION TANK

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeriabanks

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

 

 

ABSTRACT

The project done was the modification of model sedimentation tank. The equipment was made of maslte metal of 16 gauges thickness. Two valves was connected, one for water inlet and the others for water out let at the bottom of the tank.

Pumping machine was connected fro pumping in of water into the system. Evolutional test which entails the testing of the constructional work in order to know whether the component needs any adjustment was also carried out.

The maintenance procedure is written in the book to avoid constant failure during experimentation. At the end of the test of the modification work, it was seen that the machine is very useful to student for their laboratory experiment based on sedimentation process.

The amount of experience gained and the understanding of students’ problems has therefore been methodology based on the production of this book.

The total cost of the modification project was put a the sum of eight thousand on hundred and twenty naira (N8,120.00) only. This includes both the fabrication and installation cost. It is cheap and easily affordable. This project will be of good use to student during their practical work, to lecturers as well as the general public.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                 1

Types of Sedimentation                                            2

Aim and advantages                                                  6

Application of Sedimentation                                  6

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                        9

Model sedimentation tank circuit diagram            10

Principle of operation                                                11

Historical aspect                                                        14

CHAPTER THREE

Constructional procedure                                         26

CHAPTER FOUR

Cost and Estimation                                                  29

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion/Conclusion                                             31

Recommendation                                                       34

Reference                                                                    38

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Sedimentation tanks, used on a continuously flowing basis, are widely used in water treatment plants. In general, the solid materials to be removed have very low settling velocities because of the small particle sizes and density differences together with the effects of hindered settling due to particle concentrations.

These low settling velocities means that the continuous flow tanks must have long retention times to allow the particles to settle at the base before dean waters flows out of the system. Thus, the extent of particle removal by settling tanks is governed both by the settling properties of the solids and the flow characteristics in the settling zone. Determination of the hydraulic characteristic by traces injection of the inflow to the tank has proved a valuable technique both in model tanks as well as in industrial units.

The Armfield sedimentation tank has been designed to demostate the principles and operation of traces method to evaluate the overall hydraulic characteristic in particular the residence time distribution with various configurations of baffles is the tank. More over, experiments with the settlin efficiency of fine solids may be undertaken, and compared with model prediction based on the residence time models constructed with tracer results. The differences between ideal and non ideal flow are thus demonstrated. The equipment has relevance to courses in both public health and sanitary engineering, as well as to process engineering studies.

 

TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION

          Sedimentation machines are of different form since it is influenced by the kind of forces acting on the particles in the suspension. Generally, it could be divided into two broad types, centrifugal sedimentation and gravity sedimentation machine which could be operated either through batch sedimentation or continuous sedimentation.        

 

CENTRIFUGAL SEDIMENTATION

          In centrifugal sedimentation, separation is achieved by the application of centrifugal force which causes the solid particles in the suspension to migrate through the fluid radically away from the axis of rotation depending on the difference in densities between the particles may be intermittent as in the case of the glass as laboratory centrifuge.

In industrial centrifuges, the rotational speed and the centrifugal force is so much that the liquid surface becomes virtually, cylindrical coaxial with the axis of rotation. This ensures quickest settling of the particles on the walls of centrifuge bowl. The liquid phase discharge is usually continuous, while the sold phase deposited on the surface of the bowl can be removed intermittently either manually or by the action of a cutes knife. The time depends on the density of the particle. If the particles have a lesser density than the liquid, it can be removed from the surface of the liquid with a skimming tube.

GRAVITY SEDIMENTATION

          This is also a form of sedimentation is which the machine utilizes only or majorly gravitational force for its operation. This is the principle which the sedimentation study apparatus utilizes. It can operate by hindered settling at incipient sedimentation but with time the settling become laminar.

BATCH SEDIMENTATION

          These are the several stages in the settling of flocculated suspension and the different zones formed as sedimentation proceeds. In this operation, the concentration of the solid is high enough that the sedimentation of solid particle is hindered by others in a way that solids at a given level settle at a common velocity.

Initially, at incipient sedimentation, the particles are uniformly dispersed in liquid but as time progresses four zones exists in the system. They are the clear liquid zone, the concentrated zone, the transition region and the settled solid region. Initially the transition region and the settled region are not usually distinct but as time progresses, they appear. But after some minutes/hours the clear liquid zone is very distinct, the sedimentation study apparatus used in the laboratory utilizes thus batch sedimentation process. It enables the engineer to be able to observe the sedimentation process easily so that he could apply the necessary principles in the design of a thickener.

THICKENING

          The purpose of thickening a slurry is usually to increase the concentration of a relatively large quantity of suspended solid is a feed stream. The sediment can be of importance or the liquid may be required as the case may be.

CLARIFICATION

          This involves the process of getting a relatively clear liquid effluent by the removal of small quantity of suspended particles in a suspension usually flocculates are added to the suspension to assist is coagulation and ease the clarification process which is an aspect sedimentation, the flocs formed tend to hold some liquid is them, but as the weight of the solid balances the compressive force of the flocs the liquid is expelled and the settling stops. The factors which affect rate are liquid and particles densities, fluid viscosity, degree of flocculation and particle size, shape and concentration.

SETTLING TEST

The choice of test method used is settling test depends to some extent upon the temperature of the feed. Its flocculating characteristics, the required supernatant clarity and the e available.    

This aspect of sedimentation using the sedimentation tank involves the classical glass test which is used for all feed material that settle without a clearly defined and

APPLICATION OF SEDIMENTATION

Sedimentation has a broad applicability is industrial process. It is usually used to separate solid particles from the effluent suspension. In the sewage treatment process sedimentation is used to separate solid waste from solution.

It is also used in water treatment process in other to remove mineral substances and particulate solids from the water after flocculation and coagulation has been effected.       

AIMS OF THE SEDIMENTATION TANK

          With far application of sedimentation enumerated above, the importance of a technical know how of the process is deemed necessary. This apparatus helps the student to know the fundamentals of sedimentation applications and principles.

 

ADVANTAGES OF THE SEDIMENTATION

          The apparatus is designed to help student in the field of interest to know how the process is carried out and also to know the principles surrounding the process of sedimentation.

The apparatus also helps the student to know the variable factors affecting the process in practical sense such factors research

1. The effect of density on sedimentation rate
2. The effect of solute concentration on sedimentation rate

• The effect of particle size on sedimentation rate.

From the little knowledge which the student obtains from the elementary process as involved