DEMOCRATIC CONTROL IN COOPERATIVE

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Democratic Control are democratic organization controlled by their members, who actively participate in setting their policies and making decision.

Members are the source of all authority in cooperative, the basic unit in democratic control are the members. Decision in democratic control are made jointly by members irrespective of their financial consideration or position without any respect to the amount of shares or others capital interest that he may have in the society, will not make him have more vote/control than other members. The controlled as mentioned as earlier is in the hands of members, who’s loyalty and activeness are necessary in setting their policies and making decision.

Onuoha (2002) men and women serving as elected representative have equal voting right (one member, one vote) and cooperative at other levels are organized in democratic member and participating in decision affecting their society.

The Democratic Principle emanates from the Rockdale equitable pioneers as it was seen that every member interest needs to be covered and to maintain the importance of each and everyone decision making in order to improve upon member loyalty when decision are made.

This democratic principle is held by many authors as the foremost principle of cooperation. The believe at this principle is that every member is equal as person and as human being who wish to be held. The peculiarity of cooperative which believe that cooperative belong to member and they have the right to manage it in such a way that the organization function like a democratic institution. The supreme authority is vested on the entire members irrespective of one’s financial position, this make the member’s loyalty improve, knowing fully we that the society appreciate and accommodate them.

Necessitate this research which is improving upon member loyalty through the application of the principle of democratic control. A study of two (2) society which are mainly Surulere Cooperative Society and National Archives Multipurpose Cooperative Society. The research will like to know how member co-exist, how do organs of the society co-exist, or who make the members loyalty improve, who makes laws and rules for the society and what is the criteria for knowing member loyalty.

1.2      STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Improving upon members’ loyalty through the application of the principle of democratic control cannot be over emphasized. In the real sense of cooperative it should be a guide to enable/improve member loyalty if properly executed. There is likelihood of the success to the society. However, it is clear that most of these procedures are not followed, hence creating a lot of problem in improving upon member loyalty and it is based on that, that this research is carried out.

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EFFECTS OF THRIFT AND CREDIT SOCIETY ON ENHANCING MEMBERS LIVING STANDARD

(A Study of Hamdala Hotel Workers Thrift and Credit Cooperative Society, Kaduna)

 

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ABSTRACT

The effect of thrift and credit society on enhancing members’ living standard cannot be overemphasized. This has prompt the researcher to carryout a research work on the subject matter.

The research started by introducing the subject matter in chapter one, background of the study, objectives of the study, research question, statement of the problem the significance of the study was also highlighted in this chapter.

The researcher reviewed the work of different authors in the chapter two, the concept of cooperative, meaning of thrift and credit, the effect of cooperative and credit society, sources of fund, the problems they faced and the summary review is also discussed.

The researcher discussed the method of gathering data, the data gathered were analyzed in chapter four. Lastly, the researcher draw a summary of findings, conclusion in chapter five and made some recommendations among which the researcher recommended that the problems of embezzlement, misappropriation of resource dishonesty and other negative factors associated with the management of cooperative especially in the area understudy should be checked through supervision by the cooperative department.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study –       –       –       –       –       –       1
• Statement of the problem –       –       –       –       –       –       3
• Objectives of the study – –       –       –       –       –       –       3
• Research question –       –       –       –       –       –       –       4
• Significance of the study –       –       –       –       –       –       4
• Scope of the study –       –       –       –       –       –       –       5
• Definition of Terms –       –       –       –       –       –       –       6

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

• Introduction –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       8
• Concept of Cooperative –       –       –       –       –       –       9
• Meaning of thrift and credit society – –       –       –       –       12
• Effect of cooperative thrift and credit society –       –       –       13
• Source of fund of cooperative thrift and credit society –       15
• Effect of cooperative thrift and credit society on Enhancing

members living standard       –       –       –       –       –       –       19

• Method and processes of business activities of thrift

and credit cooperatives –       –       –       –       –       –       –       20

• Problems of thrift and credit –       –       –       –       –       –       22
• Summary of review literature – –       –       –       –       –       24

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Introduction –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       25
• Research design –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       25
• Area of study –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       26
• Population of the study – –       –       –       –       –       –       27
• Sample and sampling procedure –       –       –       –       –       27
• Research instrument –       –       –       –       –       –       –       28
  • Validity –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       29
  • Reliability –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       29
• Procedure for the administration of the instrument –       –       30
• Method of data presentation and statistics analysis –       –       31
• Limitation of the study –       –       –       –       –       –       –       31

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

• Introduction –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       33
• Respondents Bio Data –       –       –       –       –       –       –       33
• Answering research question – –       –       –       –       –       35
• Summary of findings –       –       –       –       –       –       –       41
• Discussion of findings –       –       –       –       –       –       –       41

CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Introduction –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       43
• Summary –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       43
• Conclusion – –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       45
• Recommendations –       –       –       –       –       –       –       46
• Suggestion for Further Researches – –       –       –       –       47

References –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       49

Appendix 1 –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       50

Appendix 2 –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       51

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research work focuses on how cooperative thrift and credit societies influence or enhance member’s living standard. Unlike other cooperative society, thrift and credit societies are formed with the aims of improving the standard living of their members. Thrift and credit societies started from Germany by Fredrick Wilhelm Raifferson in the year 1818, Raifferson is therefore regarded as the father of modern cooperative thrift and credit society.

Thrift and credit society are mostly found in any form of society, community. The popularly known among the rural dweller, even before the mergence of modern cooperatives it serves as a rural bank before the coming of the modern thrift and credit society. The traditional mutual system has been called and addressed by different names, by various communities who practice it inform of traditional saving’s.

However, cooperative societies adopted in virtually all countries of the world for practical all aspect of human endeavour’s modern cooperative organization have penetrated into all the facets of human activities and used of human activities and also to achieve both social and economic goals.

In Nigeria, thrift and credit societies started in the year 1940, by the Roman Catholic teachers for salary earners and primarily to take care of their old age and retirement. Members make regular thrift saving during the period they are under employment and other saving for special purpose could also be made by an individuals if they wished, such saving could be for children’s schools fees, vacation leave etc.

The societies also grant loans to members and such loans are repaid on monthly installmental basis while regular savings continues. No members of such societies may withdraw while still under employment. Usually the society’s money deposited with the post office saving banks.

However, in modern thrift and credit society contributions are not necessarily the same, minimum monthly saving are fixed, and members who share contributions as a regular monthly savings, some are removed directly from-their salaries.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The primary aim of any cooperative society is to meet economic, social and cultural needs of members if well operated and managed.

Despite the prospect and significance of thrift and credit cooperative societies, some people are still reluctant in joining or participating in thrift and credit societies. It has unfortunately been discovered that most thrift and credit cooperatives societies are not very effective in the business activities consequently they end up not achieving their goals. As a result of this, the study will try to find out the factor that militates against the enhancement of living standard of its members. Furthermore, in most cases, the members saving are embezzled or misappropriated. It is in the light of this that it is doubtful whether thrift and credit cooperative societies actually perform their roles, that is why this topic is conducted to examine their effect so that the situation can be addressed…

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PREVAILING PRACTICES OF WOMEN PRIMARY COOPERATIVE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON WOMEN SOCIO-ECONOMIC STABILITY

(A STUDY OF MATAN MAKERA AND PEACE WOMEN MULTIPUPOSE COOPERATIVE SOCIETY, KADUNA)

 

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ABSTRACT

This study investigates the prevailing practices of women primary cooperative and their effects on women socio-economic stability. A survey method was used for the study. The research questions that guided the study were: what are the prevailing practices of women primary cooperative society? To what extents do cooperatives affect women on socio-economic stability? What are the possible problems affecting cooperatives on women socio-economic stability? Frequency and mean score were used to analyze data based on research question.

The population consisted of all the members of Matan Makera and peace women multipurpose cooperative, both located in Kaduna metropolis. Research result shows that cooperative play significant roles in prevailing practice of women primary cooperative and their effect on women socio-economic stability as it remove discrimination against them to participate in cooperative, provided them with credit facilities, skills employment etc.

Different problems affect cooperative in prevailing practices of women primary cooperative and their. Effects on women socio-economic stability, this includes men perception of women, lack of women participation in cooperative, inadequate capital resources, bad leaders. It was recommended among others that women should be given equal opportunity with their men counterparts and should be encouraged to participate in cooperatives to improve their economic status.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the study       –         –         –         –         –         –         1

1.2     Statement of the problems             –         –         –         –         –         3

1.3     Objectives of the study          –         –         –         –         –         –         4

1.4     Research questions     –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4

1.5     Significance of the study       –         –         –         –         –         –         5

1.6     Scope of the study        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6

1.7     Definition of terms      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.2     Concept of cooperatives        –         –         –         –         –         –         8

2.3     Concept of cooperative promotion –         –         –         –         –         14

2.4     Roles of cooperatives towards prevailing practices of women on

the socio-economic stability –         –         –         –         –         –         18

2.5     Problems affecting cooperative towards the prevailing practices

of women on socio-economic stability     –         –         –         –         22

2.6     Summary of the literature review –         –         –         –         25

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         26

3.2     Research design           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         26

3.3     Population of the study         –         –         –         –         –         –         27

3.4     Sample size and sampling technique      –         –         –         –         27

3.5     Research instrumentation   –         –         –         –         –         –         28

3.5.1  Validity      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         28

3.5.2  Reliability  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         29

3.6     Administration of the instrument –         –         –         –         29

3.7     Method of data presentation and statistical analysis       –         30

3.8     Decision Rule      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         30

3.8     Limitation of the study         –         –         –         –         –         –         30

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

4.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         32

4.2     Respondents bio-data –         –         –         –         –         –         –         32

4.3     Answering the research question –         –         –         –         –         35

4.4     Summary of findings   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         41

4.5     Discussion of findings –         –         –         –         –         –         –         42

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Introduction        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         46

5.2     Summary   –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         46

5.3     Conclusion –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         47

5.4     Recommendation         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         48

5.5     Suggestions for further researches         –         –         –         –         49

References –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         50

Appendix I           –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         51

Appendix II         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         52

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

Cooperative has been the bedrock of promoting women through its numerous income-yielding ventures that will stimulate the economic status of women. According to International Cooperative Alliance, Cooperative Enterprise is a business that is organized with the sole aim of satisfying the interest of members. The central focus is not the maximization of profit like other businesses but to ensure that members socio-economic needs are met through cooperative promotion.

According to Ijere (1991) cooperative plays a significant role in promoting their members economic status by:

1. Generating employment opportunities
2. Generation of appreciable income
3. Reduction of Exodus to urban areas
4. Making old techniques perfecting new
5. Training members to become entrepreneurs

He further submits that women economic status can only be promoted through cooperative because the economic situations in the country have made it impossible to men to provide all the needs in the family.

Asaolu (2004) admits that cooperative have potential in promoting the economic status of women through capacity building. It also add that women status can be promoted through enhancement of skills acquisition enlightenment programmes organize by cooperative. Onuoha (2002) confirms that cooperative make it impossible for the rural dwellers to become shareholder and managers of their own investing by so doing, cooperative serves as an avenue for promoting women because it increases their economic capacity through convenient saving device assessment of loan and increase their standard of living.

Thus, this study seeks to empirically determine prevailing practices of women primary cooperative and their effects on women socio-economic stability.

• Statement of the Problem

Most women in the society have low economic status compared with their male counterpart. Cooperative through various effort and sponsorship from government, NGOs and International Organizational was programmed to prevailing the effect on women socio-economic stability but most of the government officers in charge and management committees of various societies are corrupt and women are denied access to resources that will promote their economic status in the society. Women are also denied leadership in most groups and are marginalized. This influence is seen through women’s lack of ownership of…

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The Role Of Voluntary And Open Membership In Increasing The Efficiency Of Cooperative Societies

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Abstract

This study examines the role of Voluntary and Open Membership Principle in societies. A survey method was used for the study. They were members of NNPC-KRPC Staff Multipurpose Cooperative Society. A 5-item questionnaire was used for the study. The questionnaire was based on liker scale. Four (4) research questions were developed to guide the study. Frequencies and mean scores were used as statistical analysis. Research findings show that Voluntary and Open Membership Principle is well followed can improve societies which can adequately promote the socio economic standard of members. It was recommended that good orientation should be given to members so as to make them abide by the principle.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

Cooperative is a voluntary organization that is established within the people with common interest in cooperative there are some principles that guided the operation of cooperative business as stated by (ICA 1995). The first among the seven (7) principle is voluntary and open membership which is the area of consideration in this study. The principle require that membership of any cooperative society should be left open to new intending members without any artificial restriction it means that cooperative societies are non exclusive clubs of a few person or as private companies.

The spirit behind this principle means that in cooperative societies, members have to view properly and business enterprises of the society not in the selfish, egocentric spirit of capitalism but in the cooperative spirit of solidarity and universal brotherhood. The society must be prepared to admit new members, it is like a work of social service to mankind, new members may come in and enjoy the fruits of the society built up by the old and past members.

Chukwu (1990) says advantage of cooperative openness is that open door policy of the cooperative not only makes good philosophy. It also makes cooperative movement to spread throughout the whole nation/world, thud making the benefits of membership good because of the process of integration.

Again, Amahalu (2006) says voluntary and open membership makes the business to increase volume by volume. The more people join the cooperative business, the greater the chance of the group achieving its objectives in terms of skills, capital volume of production and sales.

In cooperative practice voluntary and open membership is not absolute because there is need for selection, what we have in cooperative is “qualified openness” not everybody that apply has the automatic right to be admitted. Dishonest men, non Conformist, those whose purpose would detrimental to the aims of the society, or who will not obey the rules of the society, such people obviously would not be admitted.

Obodoechi (2002), explain that cooperative societies are not complete welfare organization with business entity there is need for selection because not everybody can meet the financial requirements like minimum share holding. Entrance fees monthly savings etc. Although cooperative law made the financial requirement to be small (minimum) but yet some may not afford it.

Further more, there is the need for selection in membership of cooperative organization because of the need for a limited degree of homogeneity e.g Farmers Marketing Cooperative Society cannot accept somebody who is not a farmer, a cooperative society that is for a particular church, mosque, school cannot accept one who is a member of the above mentioned groups.

Again cooperative voluntary and open membership is not absolute because cooperative law specified the minimum age for membership except infant cooperative organization. But the age specification differs from country to country and region to region.

Finally, the membership openness is not absolute in cooperative organization because the guidelines for membership are always clearly stated in the cooperative law and bye-law of individual societies. Any intending member must abide with the guideline before he/she is admitted and the society has the right to admit or not to admit but the right not to admit must be exercised rationally and not arbitrarily.

THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING PRINCIPLES AND ECONOMICS OF CO-OPERATIVE AS A QUALIFYING SUBJECT FOR THE AWARD OF OND IN BUSINESS STUDIES

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PREFACE

The problems faced by co-operatives and students studying co-operative Economics stems from their lack of understanding of the co-operative principles and the uniqueness of the co-operative Business Enterprise. In this project the principles of co-operative were reviewed to enable readers understand the basic concept underlying the co-operative principles.  It analyzed the basic steps to be taken in the organization of a viable co-operative society, since it possess  a major problem in the co-operative movement. I hope that co-operators who read this project will be able to at least be able to organize a successful co-operative society.

Chapter One

Meaning of Co-operative

Co-operative Value

Chapter Two

Principles of Co-operative Business

I.C.A Principles of 1937

Voluntary and Open Membership

Democratic Member Control

Member economic participation

Autonomy and Independence

Education, Training and Information

Co-operation among Co-operatives

Concern for Community

Chapter Three

The Rochdale Pioneers I.C.A

Aim of the I.C.A

I.C.A Membership

Types of membership

1. Collective membership
2. Individual membership
3. Ordinary membership

Rights of members.

Duties of members

Past I.C. A Congresses

Chapter Four

Introduction

Reasons for joining co-operatives

1. Economic motive
2. Sociological motive

• External pressure

Classification and Types of co-operatives

Producer co-operative society/movement.

Chapter Five

1. Findings
2. Recommendations

CHAPTER ONE

MEANING OF CO-OPERATIVE

The co-operative institution will tell us that the co-operative institution is about people. It’s about a business.  It is in line with these assertion that various definitions of this subject have been postulated by some school of thoughts.  Whereas some scholars see co-operative or define co-operative as an association of person usually of limited means who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a common Economic goals through the formation of a democratically  controlled business organization, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking in which the members actively participate. Other International Co-operative Alliance (I.C.A) compliments with the view that co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.

Furthermore, a co-operative society can be defined as an enterprise formed and directed by association of users applying within itself the rules of democracy and directly intended to save both its own members and the community as a whole. Finally, according to (Bob-Igwe, 1993:15), he defined Co-operative as a voluntary, evolutionary democratic process resulting from initiative and enterprise at the “grassroots” by individuals motivated by the principle of self -help and mutual aid. From the above definition we can infer that the co-operative society is basically:-

1. An association of persons
2. A union of capital
3. A common need to solve a mutual problem (self help.)

Co-operative Value.

Values are basic conceptions of what is good or bad, a standard for behaviour and quicker for action when properly inculcated.  The I.C.A in 1995 amended the 1966 principles of co-operatives, the principles were derived from co-operative values which clearly states the co-operative attitude to social and economic life which distinguishes them from other forms of business. When we understand the co-operative values, then we can understand the nature of co-operatives.  Co-operative values are stated by the I.C.A in 1995.

1. Self-help
2. Democracy
3. Equality
4. Equity
5. Solidarity
6. Honesty
7. Openness
8. Social responsibility
9. Caring for others.

These values can be divided into two parts namely:

1. Organization related values.
2. Moral behaviour related values.

The first set of values deal with the happenings inside the co-operative complex, which relates to the effectivity and efficiency in the co-operative society.  While the second group of values are concerned with what is good and what is bad. Self-Help:-  Basically a co-operative is an association of persons who come together to solve a common problem which they cannot solve on their own.  The idea of self-help springs to mind immediately, the need for them to assist one another in solving an immediate problem and not rallying on the government or other external bodies to come to their aid.  These doesn’t take out the possibility of it getting external assistance.  They can of course enjoy that through their joint effort – a self-help.

Democracy:-  In the co-operative society each member has only one vote irrespective of his contribution to the organization in capital and effort.  This originated from the Rochdale Pioneers and was an attempt at safeguarding the organization from their multiple share holders who may tend to dictate the tune for running the co-operative business enterprise. 

Equality:-  Without any discrimination of sex, race, religion, politics, creed, social status and economic class, men are equal.  In the conduct of the affairs of a society, members are regarded as equals and treated as such.  In simple analysis, equality entails same right to participation, right to be informed, right to be heard, right to be involved in decision making and executive work.  The value of equality recognizes the importance of all members not minding their social status or economic contribution to the society.

Equity:-  While the society tends to recognize all their members as being equal, it would also be unfair not to acknowledge the fact that some members may have played very active role for the success of the co-operative business through high patronage, higher capital contribution.  According to Onuoha, equity means proportional equality.  This is usually represented in percentages for instance, 10 percent of shareholding of patronage, etc..  what is being emphasized here is that all will not benefit equally but one should benefit to the extent of his/her involvement in the society.

Furthermore, equity also relates to how their parties are treated.  By this I mean how employees, suppliers, creditors and other non-member customers are handled by the society.  The rule of equity means that each of these receives a fair share of their industry.  Co-operative wealth or earnings must be distributed on the basis of one’s contribution.

Solidarity:-  The most important co-operative value is self help while the second most important is solidarity.  Solidarity simply stated means unity, interdependency and mutual support.  They need to stand together to be able to carry out decisions which have been jointly taken by the members of co-operative.  Alone members would be unable to stand but united they stand strong.

Honesty:-  Honesty has always been applied in the running of the co-operative enterprise.  The Rochdale Pioneers made it one of the rules when they insisted on sales of pure and unadulterated goods.  The value states that members of the co-operative and their officers should be honest in their transactions with the co-operative business enterprise clearly stating all their transactions for members accordingly.

Openness:-  Co-operative society is a social group, not a secret society or a cult.  It is also a public organization.  Therefore openness states that the members of the co-operative should give clear statement of their transaction, which should be recorded and made it available to all members on demand to inspect, commend or criticize.

For many co-operatives in Nigeria, one major problem has always been mismanagement  characterized by abuse of office by officers, embezzlement of funds, fraudulent conversion of associations property to personal use, etc.  if the c…