C0-OPERATIVE FEDERATIONS: OPPORTUNITY AND THREATS IN A CAPITALIST ECONOMY

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                                             ABSTRACT

Capitalism is seen as an economic system or market economy was there is free allocation of market resources and free private participation in economic activities. The capitalist concept is manifested in the early 19^th century, the period of industrial revolution. Since this period to the present date, capitalism has controlled the economic of some developed countries and the undeveloped ones, such countries include Europe, South Africa, America, Israel, Japan, and Nigeria. Despite the effort of the government to help these countries to regulate the excess of capitalism.    In the wake of the excesses of capitalism, which resulted, the suffering of the poor masses, co-operative emerged. The co-operative concept tends to oppose the capitalists mod of business practices. Co-operative is a movement, which aims at bringing better living to the poor by returning to them the best economic power and dignity of laboure. This they lost through the shrewd influence of capitalism. This research work was carried out in three commercial towns in Abia state. This piece of work analyses the opportunities that exist for the co-operative alongside with the threats existence of capitalism.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE:

1.1 The background of the study

1.2 Statement of problems

1.3 Purpose  of study

1.4 Significance of study

1.5 Limitation of study

1.6 Definition of terms

1.7 Reference

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0 Review related to literature

2.1 The concept of capitalism

Capitalism in the Nigeria concept

The co-operative concept

Opportunities of the Abia co-operative federating in a capitalist economy

Threats capitalism has posed on Abai co-operative federation

Solution to the constraints of Abia co-operative federation

Reference

CHPATER THREE:

Research methodology

3.1 Area of study

Population of the study

Inurnment for the data collection

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation of data

Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of the findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

Biography

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There are different economic systems, which exist in the world economy. Among these systems, three types are prominent namely, Socialist, capitalist, Mixed Economic system. The socialist system is seen as a type of economy where all the activity and sector of the economy are controlled by the government.

 

This implies that there is government ownership on every investment in the system. Today, socialism is giving in to other type of economic system in that most countries of the world that practice socialism are losing their holds in the economy of their respective country. The union of soviet socialist republic (U.S.S.R) is a good example of such dwindling socialist country.

 

Capitalism on the other hand is a reserve of what is obtainable in a socialist economy. This is because capitalism is seen as an economic system whose individual controls the economic activities of the country. It is characterized by an interplay of the market force , E.I. force of demand and supply, cut the throat competition and indiscriminate like in the price of goods and services.

 

A mix economy is an economic which comprises the features of the socialist and the capitalist economy. In a mixed economic system, there is joint ownership of the factors of production by the government and private entrepreneurs. The private interprise takes count of the key service, which is special to the masses. It is too exhurbitant to procure or reserve for the social class. The government therefore takes charge of the administration. Statutory service in a mixed economy system. The individuals on the other hand exercises the legal right of embarking on any type of business enterprise as the demands

 

This price work emphasis on how capitalist system of economy affects the co-operatives society and the opportunity they have to excel. In there drive towards archiving their set objectives, they face a lot of challenges especially those that are posed by the capitalist businessmen. The project look into he very nature of capitalism and its general principles as it affects the growth of the co-operative society is analyzed.

 

Co-operative started as a proverbial necessity being the mother of invention. It arose in the 19^th century out of the atrocities of the shrewd capitalist businessmen. The adulteration of the commodities , the use of false weight, unemployment was rife, wages were extremely low and below the subsistence level among others. This is because capitalist businessman is aimed at maximizing profit. At the detriment of the consumers. As a result of this , the spirit of cooperation in the minds of the great father of the movement and a form of business enterprise which by its principle and practice a negative attitude towards capitalism emerge and still remains today as what it knows as and is referred to as the co-operative societies.

 

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Most often, business activities are faced with numerous problems, which hinders archiving of their objective. Some of this problem is posed by the vagaries in the economy such as inflation. Why some arises as a result of the type of the type of the economic system in which the business enterprise operates.

 

This project take a direct look into the problem posed by capitalism to a unique form of business enterprise known as the co-operative society. Giving a case of study of Abia state, the activities of capitalist businessmen and the problem it poses against the growth and the development of the co-operative societies are disused. Co-operative society is faced with many problems in a capitalist economy, which hinders their growth and development. Such problem that the cooperative society has to contend with the capitalist economy includes;

1. Stiffen and cut threat competition
2. Lack of enough financial resources
3. Lack of adequate government support
4. Lack of proper legislation
5. Lack of people interest in co-operatives

This problem highlights above are among the numerous problem which faces cooperative society in a capitalist economy

PURPOSE OF STUDY

 

 

 

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THE  PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CO-OPERATIVE AUDITING

(A CASE STUDY OF NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN ENUGU STATE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT.)

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ABSTRACT

 

Co-operative Audit is one of the statutory duties of the Co-operative director, is the act of examining the account book of co-operative societies to insure accountability in the management of co-operative fund.  This aspect of the duties of co-operative director is very essential to the viability of co-operative societies towards the attainment of co-operative objectives.

 

Inspite of the importance of co-operative auditing to the development of co-operative it has been observed that there are many problems associated with co-operative auditing.  This have propelled the researcher to embark in the project works.

 

This project work covers the problems associated with Co-operative Auditing  (A case study of Nsukka L.G.A).  This work will be in five chapters:

Chapter one deals with introduction, background of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study.

 

Chapter two examines the past related literature to the topic of the project and relates them to the study on hand for sure that the process adopted in this study is right.

 

Chapter  three deals with the design of this study, methods and procedure used in collecting data and the method of  data analysis.

 

Chapter four deals with data presentation analysis and discussion of the findings of the research  work.

 

Chapter five covers the recommendation and conclusion of the research project based on the outcome of the research work.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1    Background of the study

1.2    Statement of the problems

1.3    Objective of the study

1.4    Significance of the study

1.5    Research Questions

1.6    Scope and Limitations of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   Review of Related Literature

2.1   Need for Auditing

2.2   Features of Co-operative Audit

2.3   Problems of Co-operative Audit in Enugu State

2.4   Importance of Audit to Co-operative Society

2.5   General Principle of Auditing

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   Research Design and Methodology

3.1   Population

3.2   Research Sample

3.3   Survey Method

CHAPTER FOUR

• Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of Findings, Recommendations and Conclusion

• Summary of Findings

 

 

• Recommendations
• Conclusion

Questionnaire

Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

An audit is independent examination and expression of opinion on the financial statement of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with any role statutory obligation.  an audit involves an examination or investigation of the statement in figure from relevant evidence with the objective of enabling the auditor to make a report on the state of statement.  Also is the examination of business transactions with a view of ensuring that the balance sheet and the Profit and Loss account give a true and fair view of the financial statement, that is, the examination of accounts to see that they are in order.

 

Auditing is of two steps:  The first being the process of gathering evidence relating to transactions, and the other being the function of reporting to the members of the enterprise as to whether the financial statements show a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the enterprise and the profit or loss for the year ended on that date.  In the case of a statutory audit, the matters to be reported upon are laid down in the companies act or in other relevant legislation.  Coming to non-statutory audit, the matters to be dealt with in the report should be agreed in writing between the auditor and his client.  The engagement letter should explain the scope of the audit and state that the auditor will review the accounting systems in order to assess their adequacy as a basis for this preparation of the financial statements.  Furthermore, the letter should state that the auditor will need to obtain relevant and reliable sufficient to enable him to reach reasonable conclusions there from.

 

 

The latter should state also that if the auditor plans to place reliance on any internal controls, he will ascertain and evaluate these controls and perform tests on their operations.  In this respect, reference should be made to the auditor reporting to the management on any significant weakness in organizaation’s  system which comes to the auditor’s notice and which he thinks should be brought to the notice of management.  The auditor will carry out his work and make his report in accordance with approved auditing standard, where appropriate, will have regard to international standard when reviewing the financial statement it should make it clear, that the client not the auditor is responsible for the preparation of financial statement giving a true and fair view and for maintaining proper accounting records and a system of internal control which is appropriate to the enterprise.  Auditing can also be defined as embracing:

 

1. An examination of the records of an under-testing in order to assess the reliability of the information contained therein.
2. An examination of the documentary evidence from which the records are written up in order to assess validity.
3. As consequences of (1)  and (2) above , the reduction and prevention of fraud and errors.
4. It is a general examination of financial statements (balance sheet and profit and loss account) prepared by an enterprise to ensure that a true and fair view is given of the financial position at a specified date and transaction at a specified period.

 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the major problems that  have placed or rubbed co-operative societies of the goals is the fact that the management of co-operative societies is coals accountability the principle of democratic member control as outline as the second principle of I C A principles of 1995 was to insure that the management of co-operative does not mislead the members and  therefore prevent it from attaining its goal.

To further ensure accountability in co-operative, the law permits the co-operative director to audit the account of co-operative.  This involves the systematic examination of the account and financial transactions of co-operative  societies to avoid misappropriation  of co-operative funds.

 

In spite of the struggles by various co-operative societies to organize a noble society, it is discovered that these societies die prematurely. This is as a result of poor co-operative auditing.  This as a matter of fact has discouraged many people from joining co-operative society since they do not see co-operative as business organization that can last like any other business organization.

 

Unlike in other forms of business auditing in co-operative faces many problems ranging from the attitude of co-operative members who see auditors as government agents who have come to reap their rewards.  The attitude of the auditors who at times give up the aim of their task to their personal interest and the problem of illiteracy among the members  of co-operative  and lack of facilities to facilitate co-operative auditing.  These have necessitated this problems and proffer a lasting solution to them.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Audit is one of the instrument used by the director of co-operative as well as the members of co-operative to know the financial sand of a co-operative society.  It has been established that finance is the wire of every business organization.  This every  co-operative society is audited to insure that the management of co-…

 

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The Survey of the Factors Affecting the growth of Co-operative Society in Enugu Metropolist.

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ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to examine the survey of the factors Affecting the Growth of Co-operative Society in Enugu Metropolis, 2003 – 2005.

In pursuance of this investigation, this research work covers five chapters: chapter one deals with introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, delimitation of the study, research questions, assumption and definition terms.

Chapter two examines the past related literature to the topic of the project and relates them to the study on hand to show that the process adopted in this study is right.

Chapter three deals with the design of the study and the methodology of the data analysis.

Chapter four deals with data presentation analysis and how the research was find.

Chapter five covers the summary of the findings, recommendation and conclusion of the research based on the out work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the Study
• Significance of the study
• Delimitation of the study
• Research questions
• Assumption of the study
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Modern Co-operatives blossomed out of the need to provide economic salvation to common men who were economically exploited during the heat days of the industrial revolution.  This view was strongly supported by Okonkwo (1989) who describes the co-operative movement as an invention of necessity, originated from the evils of the industrial revolution from the device adopted by the suffering working classes of the industrial revolution to alleviate their private condition.

In Nigeria the general term co-operatives existed before the accent of  modern  co-operatives which have high degree of potency for economic salvation.  The form of cooperative which is as traditional as it is reciprocal in operation has the precious intent of solving an existential economic problem of the members who have voluntarily agreed to work together for their welfare.

Onuoha (1998) noticed that in the wildest sense of the  world, cooperative means of people working together to achieve a common purpose.  As such if it is an old man and that cooperative is the outward expression of the instinctive spirit of human solidarity and brotherhood present in every human being.

Frankly, the agitation for modern and scientific co-operation in the most economic sense as we conceive it today was said to started in England within the first part of the nineteenth century.  Within the period that could be tagged the embryonic stage of modern cooperative, very serious struggle by pioneer cooperators lasted woefully.  However, Onuoha (1998) observed that Rochdale society of equitable pioneers was the first successful cooperative that was established in 1844.  he further observed that the society was registered under the friendly societies Act on October 28, 1844 but the shop did not open for business until December 21, 1844.

In Enugu metropolis, very variable co-operative bank – the co-operative bank of Eastern Nigeria was established to render financial services to it members and the general public.  The bank collapsed after it wide growth but one could not determine the cause of the collapse or whether the cause is synonymous to the failure of early co-operative movement.

Similarly, other promising co-operative societies in Enugu metropolis died surprisingly even at a time the widespread is massively expected.  The cause of the gradual extinction of cooperatives worried the researcher hence the very good rational for this study.  Traditionally, it is known that poor fendors  mal-administration and lack of observance of cooperative principles and ideals may have the proper functions of co-operatives.

It is also not known whether the cause of the failure is similar to the cause of failure of manufactors  industries as out hired by Donnel (1994).

1. Finance and lack of money to run the business.
2. Location, if not situated in a strategic area.
3. Effect of armed robbers to a growing industries.
4. Discontinuities in policies and practices.
5. Government interference in the management of the industries.

In the most interest of truth and good judgment, the above obstacles process the strongest  efficiency to pull down the growth mining of  any good business.

In this project effort were directed at investigating all those factors that could

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The international co-operative Alliance define cooperative as “an autonomo9us association of persons limited voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.

Co-operative societies have not been a volent introduction in the business sector in Nigeria economy, but to the help rendered by government.

What could be the reason of its failure in Nigeria.  Could it be lack of spirit of cooperative expertise or lack of autonomous.

Continue reading THE SURVEY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN ENUGU METROPOLIST. →

HOW TO ORGANIZE A VIABLE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY  OF MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY CO-OPERATIVE DEPARTMENT, ENUGU.

 

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ABSTRACT

 

This fact finding is embarked upon to shed more light on how to organize a viable co-operative society.

 

This project work contains chapters one to chapter four.  Chapter one carry’s the Introduction, Background of the study, Statement of the study, Purpose of the study, Research Questions, Significants of the study, Scope and limitation of the study, Definition of terms.

 

1. To find out more reports concerning ministry of commerce, industry and technology, co-operative department.
2. To indicate the organizations weak points and help it in planning or modifying future plans so as to overcome the past mistakes.
3. To find out a viable co-operative society in the maintenance of good report in ministry of commerce, industry and technology co-operative department. While chapter two Review of Related literature.  Chapter three carries Research Design/Sources of date, population of study, sample size, method of data Analysis.  While chapter four carries data presentation of this project work.  Chapter five contains the findings, Recommendations and Conclusion.

 

The finding were based on the data collected.  It was discovered after scrutiny that a viable co-operative  society contributes positively in projecting a favourable image for the society if they are effectively utilized.

 

It was also found out in this study that government does not only encourage the formation of those societies with needed facilities, etc.

 

Based on the findings of this project work, the researcher recommends that Education should be a continues practice in co-operative society.  The co-operative societies should have as one of their objectives, the concern for their host communities, the new co-operative societies should constantly be inspected among other recommendations.

 

Finally, the researcher concluded based on the findings that registered co-operative societies in Enugu state are more than the unregistered ones, thus members in registered co-operative societies are more than those in unregistered or pre-co-operative societies. The researcher also concluded that co-operative society are been governed by democratic system of leadership.

 

The researcher also concluded in this research work on formation of a viable co-operative society in Nigeria.  That feasibility study, pre-co-operative meetings, public awareness and manpower development which involves co-operative education and training, etc are the necessary factors in the formation of a viable co-operative.  It is therefore clear from the finding of this study that the co-operative societies in Enugu state are not employing these factors that insures the formation of a viable co-operative society.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0         INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• SIGNIFICANTS OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERM

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
• SOURCES OF DATA
• POPULATION OF STUDY
• SAMPLE SIZE
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY

A co-operative society as an organization of people of common interest whose aim is to cater for the general good and interest of its members.  People wonder why co-operatives are formed, its contribution to the economic problem of masses.

 

This now gives rise to the answer which recommends co-operative as a speedy vehicle for economic and social transformation of the economies.

 

Many developing countries have embraced the co-operative form of enterprise while others are embracing it at a past rate that is based on the achievement of past rate of economic growth to enhance the living standard of their people.  The distinctive gesture of the co-operative organization appears to make it suitable for the promotion of high standard of living in countries that possess the endowment of the present day developing economies.

 

Historically, co-operative have developed in response to some different situations and its solution should be the aims of the formation of any co-operative society.  The birth of co-operative is associated with the people who experienced some hardships and were under privileged as compared with other people.

 

The present developing countries are under privileged  as compared to advanced countries.  Their people are I poorer condition and they experience low standard of living.  Secondly, even within anyone of these countries, there are two major groups, urban format enjoy modern amenities like tarred road, pipe born water, electricity, etc.  The later lacks most of the materials, it would therefore be expected that co-operative spirit would be developed in these countries especially among the under privileged rural dwellers, it is because of the benefits which these area can derive from co-operative that lead many government in developing co-operative societies in the rural area of these countries.

 

These include agricultural co-operative and these are responsible for marketing as well as distribution of essential consumer goods, also commerce, industry and technology among others.

Despite all these government support and early origin owned by Nigeria, it has not contributed enough progress to the rural co-operative especially to so many problems faced by Nigeria co-operative societies.

 

THE IMPORTANCE ONCE ARE KNOWN TO BE:

1. Inadequate funding.
2. Problem of poor administration.
3. Lack of education among the rank file membership.
4. Apathy in the management of co-operative matter, etc.

 

Continue reading HOW TO ORGANISE A VIABLE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN NIGERIA →

HOW TO ORGANIZE A VIABLE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN NIGERIA

A STUDY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF I C A IN REGIONAL OFFICE OF WEST AFRICA, ASIA AND THE PACIFIC.

 

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CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
  • OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
  • STATEMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES
  • DEFINITION OF TERRMS

 

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
  • BACKGROUND OF THE INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE
  • THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND INTERNATIONAL OFFICES OF WEST AFRICA ASIA AND THE PACIFIC.
  • PRINCIPLES OF THE I C A.
  • APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES TO CO-OPERATIVE BUSINESS ENTERPRISES.

 

CHAPTER THREE

• THE IMPORTANCE OF I C A
  • THE DUTIES OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE.
  • THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE.
  • I C A’S DEVELOPMENT, ROLE.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• THE I C A AND ITS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.
  • I C A’S ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
  • I C A’S SPECIALISED BODIES AND OFFICES.
  • ADDRESSING THE CONSTRAINTS TO MARKETING DEVELOPMENT WORLD-WIDE.
  • PROMOTING CO-OPERATIVE TRADE IN WEST AFRICA AND SETTING UP AN INTER CO-OPERATIVE EXCHANGE.

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.
  • FINDINGS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE ALLIANCE REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC .

 

The major thrust of this chapter x-rayed the emergence of todays’ co-operative.

Principles. The international co-operative alliance (ICA) came into being in 1895 in London, England. The ICA roap is the regional office for Acia and the pacific of international co-operative Alliance (ICA) the world body of all co-operative with its head office in Geneva founded in London on 13 August 1895.  I C A is a member – based organization with national and international co-operative organizations in over 102 countries.  It serves more than 241 member organizations, including  five international organizations, representing well over 780 million individual members around the world.

 

Besides the head office in Geneva, Switzerland, there are five regional offices vis:

1. Regional office for Asia and the
2. Regional office for East Central and Southern Africa.
3. Regional office for West Africa.
4. Regional office for central America and the Canibbean.
5. And Regional office for Europe.

 

The I C A enjoys category – 1 consultative status with the united Nations Economic and social council (UNECOSOC) and has active working relations with UN and other international organizations.

The I C A  Regional for Asia and the pacific (ICA ROAP) is also located in New Delhire India, serves 54 national level organizations from 22  countries and one international organization Asian Confederation of Credit Unions (ACCU), representing over 48 million individual  members of co-operatives in Asia pacific region.   It is the apex body charged with co-operative development.  Over time, I C A came to realize the inadequacies of the Rochadale co-operative principles.

 

Many factors gave rise to I C A revisiting the Rochdale principles.  Over the years, all co-operatives the world ever adopted these principles just to be recognized as co-operatives.  With the passage of time practitioners recognized that these Rochdale principles were grossly inadequate to all types of co-operatives.

Many reasons accounted for this.  They include:

1. The Rochdale principles were essentially for consumer retailing and therefore could not apply to other types of co-operatives like credit, marketing, farming, etc.
2. The Rochdale principles were not only philosophies but contained some trade practices which were not typically principles. For instance, cash trading at market price and sale of pure and unadulterated  goods were trade practices, which can apply to other business organization.

• Some of the principles of Rochdales, like we pointed out before, were mixture of owenites, chartist and Christian socialist, which in the real sense were not co-operative in character, and finally

1. Some environmental factors found their way into the principles. For instance, the principle of cash sale at market price found its way into the principle because of the failure of the pre-Rochdale co-operatives.  Today, however in the world of business, credit salts is the in thing.  In advanced societies,  the use of credit card out weigh the use of physical cash.

 

Hence,  the introduction of the modern trends in the co-operative principles otherwise known as the International Co-operative Alliance principles.  In 1966, the International co-operative Alliance produced its own principles of co-operation and continued updating them from…

 

Continue reading HOW TO ORGANIZE A VIABLE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY IN NIGERIA (A STUDY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF I C A IN REGIONAL OFFICE OF WEST AFRICA, ASIA AND THE PACIFIC). →