THE EFFECT OF IMPROVISATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGY INSTRUCTION IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Science education must seek to permit the individual to develop to the fullest his capacities for adjustment and continuous change in order that he may meet the problems of his day and solve them successfully when they arise.  Biology, the study of living things is a science which has developed methods of its own.  The structural complexity of the organisms themselves, the multiplicity of functions occurring simultaneously in organism body and the inter-relationship between the organisms and their environment have led to methods of study unique to this particular science. Jean Bremner (2000) stated that the methods are characterized by the art of scientific investigation in relation to pupils study of new specimen, the experimental approach to biological science in relation to experiment carried out by the individual study.

These are necessary for the effective transfer and permanent communication of biological knowledge.Practical experience in any science for that matter is crucial for proper understanding of any principle and application of the knowledge in that subject for cognitive growth and technological orientation and advancement. In appreciation of this fact, Lee (1999) emphasized that if biology is to perform the above role of improving the society, then the biology teacher must do the following:

1. Choose the best materials to present to students.
2. Try new roles, materials and strategies.
3. Make use of individual instruction.

Therefore activities such as collecting of materials, observing, recording observations, classifying and carrying out field work should be well encouraged.The method for achieving this is through visual instruction. It was the original method in biological science when the naturalist devoted his study to organisms as he found them in nature. The result of his work, he wrote down to be passed on to others.  The knowledge was finally put in form of books. As the study of biology becomes more popular in schools, and number of students increased, it becomes more difficult to study original materials. Part of this difficulty comes by the use of laboratory, preserved materials and chart and models. But the pressure of larger number of students and increasing cost caused this situation to be abandoned most times.

Miller and Blaydes (2001) asserted that the result has been that an increasing proportion of biology teaching has been done from books and lecture notes. This situation to a large extent is responsible for the poor performance in the senior secondary school certificate examinations conducted by West African Examination Council. In Nigeria, the educational system has been facing a lot of critical problems among which are increasing enrollment, shortage of qualified teachers, absence of laboratories and in many cases presence of laboratories but acute shortage of necessary teaching and learning materials.

The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Ministry of Education with the assistance of UNESCO in 1998 established a science equipment center to provide course for science teachers and laboratory assistants. The provision of this center though laudable has been inadequate. Teachers of biology and other sciences therefore have to acquire and develop skills of producing teaching materials.  This is what improvisation is all about.  It is the process of providing quickly in time of need, using whatever happens to be available, the materials and equipment for facilitating the teaching of biology.

Otitoju (2000) opined that in biology teaching nature presents a rich laboratory because specimens of plants and animals are abundant around us, however equipment needed for capturing animals. Performing physiological experiment, timing experiment or processes as well as some specimens which are available have to be improvised using locally available materials and a little imagination.  The essential qualities of any improvised teaching aid are accuracy, realism, comprehensibility and interest.

AN ASSESSMENT OF METHODS OF TEACHING COMPUTER COURSES TO COMPUTER SCIENCE MAJOR IN SELECTED NIGERIAN POLYTECHNICS

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ABSTRACT

The study focuses on the methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major in selected Nigeria polytechnics.

It examines the background, methods of teaching, tools and equipments use in teaching computer courses to computer science major. The primary data for the study were generated from well structured question broadcasted to random samples of 70 out of 200 NDII students from federal polytechnic Nekede and Abia State Polytechnic and supported with interviews. Frequency labels, simple proportion percentage ratios, average, ranking, and chi-square (test for goodness of fit) for validation of the some of the some of the findings as distributed.

From the data presented and analyzed textbook is the mostly used tool for  teaching computer courses to computer science major.

Followed by the computer but 20% students said that textbooks, chalkboard and computer are the tools used.

It was also established from the study that lecture method, lecture with discussion practical  assignment, and class discussions are the  methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major.

Therefore the researcher summarized and recommend that the NBTE (National Biand for Technical Education) should improve on the  teaching tools by providing enough computers for teaching and learning and the  methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major should be maintained and if  possible across other departments.

TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE

1.0              Introduction

1.1       Background of the study

1.2              Aims and Objectives

1.3              Statement of problems

1.4              Purpose of the study

1.5              Research Question

1.6              Significance of the study

1.7              Scope of the study

1.8              Limitations of the study

1.9              Definitions of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0                Literature Review

2.1         Historical background

2.2                Literature Review of teaching methods

2.3              Methods of teaching computer

courses to computer science major

CHAPTER THREE

3.0              Methodology

3.1       Research design

3.2              Size of sample and ample selection

3.3              Data collection instrument and procedures

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0              Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1       Introduction

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0              Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1       Summary of Findings

5.2              Conclusion and Recommendation

References Appendix 1

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is an important sector which cannot be fun with any serious country, state, organization or individual and that is why an individual, organization or government uses every means to make sure a good education is provided for her citizens (Adibe, 2001).

One of the means of this provision is the introduction of computer science in polytechnics, as a course of study.

Computer science is the study of the design and use of computer systems. One goal of the computer science department is to provide  the student with the tools to identify those problem that are best solved by means of a computer and to design and implement effective, economical, and creative solutions.

Computer science as an academic discipline systematically includes three domains: Theory, and abstraction, and design.

The curriculum’s required courses give the  students a strong foundation in both the software and hardware aspects of computing, as well as the mathematics and science that underline the discipline. The electives in the later years allow the student to study more deeply some particular area of computer science. The department courses and programmes  continue to respond to changing g requirements for professional employment in computer science.

It is the responsibility of the student to understand and fulfill polytechnic, and  Department requirements. These requirements are described is the polytechnic has gone a ling way to keep those individuals (computer operators) in various way:

i.          To acquire formal education in computer                               science

ii          To register fully as members in Nigeria                                              computer society.

Iii         to reduce non-professionals in the field.

Computer is an electronic device, which is capable of receiving, sorting and retrieving information with tremendous speed, if computer is effectively used, it can help teachers teach computer science students visually in all the computer courses.

This study based  on the  assessment of the methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major in selected Nigerian Polytechnics is trying  to find out those teaching methods use in teaching computers courses.

According to McCathy (1989) common teaching methods are lecture method, lecture with Discussion, panel of experts, Brainstorming, video tapes, class Discussion, case studies, Role playing, Report-Back sessions, worksheets/surveys, index card exercise, Guest speaker, values clarification exercise.

IPSJ Journal (2001), state that the method of teaching computer science in a department of liberal Art is from technique (concretion) to theory (abstraction), of from practices to lecture.

In a physical classroom these is a standard, set of equipment and tools, this usually includes audio-visual equipment such as textbook, a chalkboard, video-visual  video player and tape recorder.

1.2              AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aims and objectives of the study are to assess the methods of teaching computer courses to computer science major in selected Nigeria polytechnics.

1.         It investigated whether textbooks and chalkboard the          only teaching and learning tools in teaching computer         courses.

2.         It investigated whether multimedia instructional aids            are used for both teaching and learning in computer         science courses.

3.         It investigated whether E-learning is used in teaching           introduction to computers.

4.         To investigate the most common teaching methods   for computer courses to computer science majors.

1.3       STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

The objective of teaching computer courses in Nigeria Polytechnics include to equip students with the necessary knowledge that will aid them to identify those problems that can be solved by means of computer system, and to design and implement effectively.

Another objective of the study is to provide the intellectual foundation for future professional development. A cornerstone in this study is ability fro student to reason logical. It is essential that student should be familiar with basic concepts in many computer courses.

Although, there are some other problems such as:

–                      Lack of lecturers to teach computer courses.

–                      Lack of teaching tools

–                      Lack of application of computer to real world situation in their programme of study.

–                      Extreme abnormal dislike or fear and dread of mathematics (one of the  credit required for one to study  computer science).

1.4       PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to the methods of  teaching computer courses to computer science major.

Also to educate student to succeed in his/her professional career, which takes place in the context of rapidly changing technology. In order to succeed in this area, the student must have certain knowledge, skills and attitudes.

1.5              RESEARCH QUESTION

The objective of the research is to determine those tools/ methods that are used in teaching computer science major in Federal Polytechnic Nekede and Abia State  Polytechnic.

In order to conduct an effective study on the central theme of this work, the following critical questions have been addressed namely:

(a)                What are the tools used in teaching computer courses?

(b)                Is your polytechnic connected via Internet?

(c)                How effective is the use of computer on the teaching and

(d)               What are the most common teaching methods of computer courses e.g. Introduction to computer, computer packages, Computer Programming, and, Computer Hardware maintenance.

1.6              SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Information technology (IT) is providing for the use of computer aided (CAL) systems to assist in the Education and training of students.

This study will assist computer science students to know teaching methods both old and new. It will help them to understand that developments in computer science will make new applications profitable and new method viable.

1.7              SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is targeted at Federal polytechnic Nekede Owerri, Imo State and Abia State Polytechnic it covers all phases used in teaching computer courses. The wing topics will be addressed:

–                      Introduction to computer

–                      Computer packages

–                      Computer Programming

–                      Computer Hardware Maintenance

1.8              DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 

COMPUTER                        An electronic device that can accept data, process it and give result/           information under automatically    stores program.

Computer science      The study of the design and use of    computer system. It is a          chameleonic discipline.

Teaching                                Is a sublime communion of ideas        whereby an inquisitive soul gets to     open up to the light of knowledge

Multimedia                             A way of presenting to the user a       combination of different forms of information such as text, data, images, video, audio, and graphics.

Algorithms                          a clearly – defined mathematics final used to solve a problem or run an operation

Animation                           A simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures or frames, cartoons on television is one example of animation

Program                              A set of instructions given to computer to carry out particular task

Virtual                                 Not real. Something that is mere simulation or illusion of a real environment.

Videoconferencing             A person-to- person discussion, involving either individuals or groups in which participants are at different sites, using computer networks to transmit audio and  video data.

Online  Turned on and connected. Users are considered online when they are connected to a computer service through modem.

THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN THE UP-BRINGING OF STUDENTS IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE

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ABSTRACT                                                                                                                                                                                         

The major aim of this project work is to the role of teachers in the upbringing of students in Egor local government area of Edo State. The design was a descriptive survey. The sample consisted of teachers and principals of selected secondary schools. The study attempted to answer the following questions.

1.            Do teachers contribute to the upbringing of children?

2.            Is there significant relationship between the teachers role and students confidence through the action of the teacher.

3.            Does the teacher play important role in the emotional development of the students?

Instrument used for data collection was questionnaires data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that teachers the up-bringing of children and students. It is recommended that government and other employers of teachers should put more effort in the training development of teachers, improve the remuneration of teachers. And make the teaching professions an attractive one.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One        

Introduction

Background of study

Statement of problem

Purpose of study

Significance of study

Research question/hypothesis

Scope of study

Limitations of study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two       

Literature review

Chapter Three     

Methodology

Introduction

Population of study

Sample and sampling techniques

Instrument of data collection

Validity of instrument

Reliability of instrument

Administration of instrument

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four       

Analysis of data

Presentation of data

Chapter Five        

Conclusion

Recommendations

Questionnaires    

References          

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Teaching and learning are the different sides of the same coin. Learning is intended to bring about change in behaviour while teaching is to instill in the learner characteristics such as attitude, value adhered to lay down procedure, ruled and principles which are expected to cause the change in behaviour. The understanding of the world teaching is imperative to the understanding of the role its practitioner plays in the upbringing of the students. There might be one and encompassing definition of the word teaching but attempt have been made to define and explain it, this is moreso as teaching has a meaning, purpose and a degree structure or level (Imogie, 1999). Teaching can be defined in terms of socialization to mean interpersonal influence aimed at changing the ways in which one person can ior will behave. This definition therefore makes teaching an everybody’s business int eh society especially as socialization of citizens in the society can be influenced not only by the school but by other agents- Religious centers, mass media and the family.

Teaching, them is the content of such interactive human relationship designed to promote behaviourable change since one of the major objectives of education is to produce good and useful citizens in the society. The important of teachers and teaching cannot be over emphasized. The importance of teaching lies in the fact that, it is a process where by the various educational programmes are translated into action at the classroom. This today through teaching, the teacher decides what kind of people or to be more specific, kind of person we shall be. Teaching as a processed will make a nation in as effort at social economic and political development; attain desire goals which depends on the efficiency and determination of teacher. It is important to known at this point who is a teacher.

In all societies of the world, it is a known fact that education starts in the house or rather from the home, children learn to speak and to do things by imitating their parents, relations, peers etc during early days this process of socialization was done by several people who had no formal training. However, as a society become complex, interogenous and specialized, the need for formal education or training arose. Children writer introduced to formal education under the care and tutelage of a specialized personnel whose training and duties are to inculcate in the young child value norms rules and all standard of the society is into exist this personnel. Is the teacher.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS   

Understand the importance of teaching in the development of individuals it is pertinent to examine the place of the teacher. This study therefore is to examine the role of of teachers in the upbringing of students. In this study the factors responsible for the continuous participation of teachers in the task of teaching will all be looked into.

This study therefore looks at problems -what are the roles of teachers in the upbringing of students: consequently the following research questions are set for answering in this study.

What are the possible roles of government in the teacher education scheme?

To what extent have private school actually affected teaching and learning process in teacher education.

What are actually the contribution of both private and public school in the teaching and learning process?

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose is to identify the role of teachers in the upbringing of students the study investigate the role of both government and private school in teacher education scheme and the contribution of private school to teaching and learning process.

Parents, authorities and other complain of the unruling behavior of students of secondary school, institution of higher learning. The mass media- radio, television newspaper report confrontation, demonstration damages of privates and public properties lack of good manner and character presentation, all these are as a result bad upbringing by parents and other guidance.

This study will help to:

Inculcate disciplinary action carried at training in self control and confident on the part of the children of any kind approved by the school authority.

To be able to solve the emotional problem of his/her students.

To know the students with learning disabilities and difficulties.

To be able to present to the society good and quality students that will represent the school and society at large in the future.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This research hypotheses are stated in alternative and null hypothesis which are (H1and H2) respectively.

1

H1      Teachers contributes to the upbringing of students

H2      Teachers do not contribute to the upbringing of students

2

H1      There is significant relationship between the teachers’ role and the children confidence through the inculcation of disciplinary action from the teacher.

H2      There is no significant relationship between the teachers’ role and the children confidence through the inculcation of disciplinary action from the teacher.

3

H1      The teacher’s role is of significant importance in solving student’s emotional problems.

H2      The teacher’s role is of no significant importance in solving student’s emotional problems.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The outcome of the study into this research topic will show the inadequacies or otherwise of the role of teachers in the upbringing of students.

There would be advantageous implication for classroom practice, curriculum planning and students achievement. The study will also enable us to see how our students see teachers and how teachers want to be seen.

Further still, the study will enable us know what to add into the upbringing or training process that will help improve the internal adjustment of teacher-students relationship and ensure enduring learning achievement.

SCOPE OF STUDY

Due to short time sands financial constraint the research is restricted to junior secondary school students and teachers in selected secondary schools in Egor local government area. These schools are;

1.            Uselu Secondary School

2.            Iyoba College

3.            Evbareke Secondary School

4.            Eweka Grammar School

DEFINITION OF TERMS 

Teaching: Activities carried out by a teacher to improve a learner

Teacher: A person who has knowledge of a subject and inculcates it in a learner.

Confrontation: To come face to face with

Socialization: Act of being exposed to the world

Authority: Constituted command of obedience

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN SOME SECONDARY SCHOOL

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ABSTRACT

This research work is undertaken with a view of investigating the strategies for improving student’s academic performance in financial accounting in some secondary schools in Edo state. To enhance effectiveness of this work, literature on the cause of poor performance by various scholars, journals, articles and view of other writers were reviewed duly considered and used, questionnaires were also administered to students and staff in some selected secondary schools in Edo state and the results used to draw conclusion. The findings revealed the following as contributory factors to the poor performance of student’s financial accounting in Edo state.

1.    Lack of qualified teachers to teach the subject (Accounting).

2.    Teachers/students are not motivated to teach or learn the accounting.

3.    Lack of appropriate equipment and other industrial materials.

Other findings include the attitudes of parent and the good government towards the subject. Recommendations were made towards ensuring better students’ performance in financial accounting.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Statement of problem

Research question

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Limitation

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research design and methodology

Target population

Sample population

Instruments used for data collection

Administration of questionnaire

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and results

Research findings

Discussion of findings

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Recommendation

Suggestion for further research

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1 & APPENDIX 11

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The new National Policy on Education (1981) is designed to be functional, practical and qualitative. This is expected to reduce the mere paper work system associated with the former system of education and which led to the mass unemployment. This new policy on education emphasizes vocational and was formulated by any Nigerians to direct the nation towards technological and economic development and cultural renewal. The subject areas recommended for study and compulsory for every child in the post primary school system include science, vocational and social studies. Under the vocational area is accounting subject.

Accounting is an indispensable field of study in education. It is a subject that is very essential for business. It helps both profit and non-profit making organizations. This is because it helps these organizations to make policies which helps for expansion. It also access the efficiency of management to make decisions relating to further investment. It aids proprietors access the efficiency of management and provide information which assists parties outside organization to make objective judgment about the organization. In the secondary schools, the objective of teaching this important subject is to provide students with the basic method of processing data to develop manipulative skills and provide knowledge for career advancement in accounting to develop an economic understanding of business vocabulary to help students develop and understanding of basic accounting concept and principles, in summary to be self reliant. Unfortunately students nowadays perform poorly in this important subject, the poor performance of students in the subject has become a matter of concern to many people especially to business education that a question arises, “what are the causes of student’s poor performance in this subject? Is it due to the ineffectiveness of the accounting teachers who teach the subject, students’ lack of interest, or inadequate teaching aids? How then can the poor performance be improved? To find solutions to the above questions is the objective of this research.

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Accounting like every other business subject as an inestimable value which it had played and is still playing definite and important roles in the world of business. Due to the vital role, the knowledge and understanding of accounting is playing in the society, there is the need to improve on its standard. The students offering this subject tend to encounter some problems which leads to their poor performances and such problems among others are

1. Lack of qualified teachers.
2. Lack of motivation.
3. Lack of teaching aids and instructional materials.

1.3  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To effectively carryout this study, the following questions were formulated

1. Are there qualified teachers in the school?
2. Are the teachers or students being motivated?
3. Does the school have teaching aids or instructional materials?
4. Do teachers conduct continuous assessment regularly?

1.4  PURPOSE OF STUDY

Since accounting is a venture which helps in the socio-economic development of the masses, it becomes pertinent for all hands to be on deck, if improvement is to be made generally, financial accounting like every other field or discipline is associated with some problems. It is on this ground therefore, that this study is designed to map out strategies for improving students poor academic performances in financial accounting in some selected secondary schools in Edo state.

1.5  SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significance of the research will highlight the problems of students poor academic performance in financial accounting in secondary schools, particularly those in Edo state. It will also suggest ways for improvement and correction. In addition, it tries to find out ways of encouraging the present and future students of Edo state so that, they can have meaningful and personal relationship between their teachers and themselves. The findings of the study will be of immense assistance to financial accounting administration, especially the school principal, if the findings are thoroughly implemented. It will enhance students’ performance in financial accounting especially in Edo state.

1.6  DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the purpose of this study the following terms are defined.

1. Strategies: plans or measures that can be used to solve problems.
2. Teaching: it is the act of business or instruction or instructions or imparting knowledge, skills etc. to students.
3. Teaching aids: these are materials which may be in form of charts, a life specimen like money, cheque leaf and so on used in teaching to facilitate the learning and understanding of the lesson.
4. Learning: it is the process of adjustment through constant practice or it is the modification of behaviour through experience.
5. Competent teacher: these are qualified teachers who possess a minimum of Nigeria Certificate in Education in Accounting (N.C.E).
6. Appropriate: it means the sustainability of a thing used for another.
7. Self reliant: being self employed for survival.
8. Disseminating: it is the under spread of ideas, beliefs etc.

THE ROLE OF REWARD AND PUNISHMENT ON STUDENT’S ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS

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ABSTRACT

This project work is the role of reward and punishment on student’s academic performance in some selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo state. In order to carryout the study, the researcher formulates research questions. A questionnaire made up of 20 items was used to elicit responses from the respondents. The population of the study consisted of students from selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area. The data was analyzed using a simple percentage. Discussion of results that emerged from the study revealed that there is high level of student’s population who takes to punishment as a habit. That majority learnt the act of punishment from their peer group etc. Based on the discussion of result, useful recommendations were made. It is my ardent believe that these recommendations when implemented by the authorities concerned will go a long way in stopping punishment among students in the locality.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One        

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of problem

Purpose of study

The significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of the study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

Chapter Two       

Literature review

Chapter Three     

Methodology of the study

Introduction

Administration of questionnaire

Research instrument

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four       

Data analysis and presentation

Chapter Five        

Summary, conclusion and recommendation

References

Questionnaires    

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Reward and punishment are regarded as a complete important means through which a teacher can maintain his or her class discipline in the secondary schools. Many educationists and psychologists have expressed different views about the effective use of reward and punishment in the secondary schools.

As the study progresses, the research hopes to bring together the different views and feelings of others, so that the reader can be given sufficient ground on which to base his or her conclusion after reading this work. The issues of reward and punishment are mostly debated on the secondary school administered today most especially when they are related to learning process. It is equally an area of interest, which closely involves many teachers and parents who the need for education authority to define its limits, some scholars in their books suggested allowing nearly total freedom to children in learning process in the school. a prompt and an acceptable solution must be provided on this issue because the outcome will give a practical advice and guidance to those who are just entering the teaching career or to parents who show much interest over their children ‘s progress in life. This research work does not however, claim to solve the entire problems concerned with punishment and rewards in learning process in the schools, but rather it highlight some solutions which will be of great educational values to the parents as well as the public in general.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The work is on the study of the effects of reward and punishment on academic performance of students in some selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo state. Many educationists psychologists have written many books covering this topic, the writer attempts in the study. Therefore to examine the views of some of these renowned writers in addition to the research findings and personal experience so as to be able to know the following problems.

1.    To find out whether effective learning can take place in form of punishment.

2.    Whether there is other method of learning effectively with reward and punishment.

3.    If punishment has effect on the learning process of the students in secondary schools.

4.    If reward and punishment can be combined so that much can be achieved in terms of educational objectives.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects and roles of rewards and punishment in some selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo state.

`Here the researcher will focus her attention on whether or not reward and punishment should be applied in the teaching and learning process in secondary schools.

The following schools were used for the purpose of this study.

1.    Ogbe secondary school

2.    Idia college secondary school

3.    Emotan college secondary school

4.    Oba Ewuare secondary school.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is expected to be of much importance and beneficial to pupils and parents in Oredo local government area of Edo state. Through this study, they may come to appreciate the implication of reward and punishment in the secondary schools. It is hoped that this study will help the secondary schools’ administration in Oredo local government area to benefit and improve on the academic performance of their various schools.

`        This study will also help to discover the effects of rewards and punishment on learning in some selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo state.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions are formulated to guide this study.

1.    Does punishment has any effect on the learning process of the children in secondary schools?

2.    Does effective learning always take place in the absence of any form of punishment?

3.    Do parents and teachers support the use of punishment?

4.    Does reward and punishment promote orb encourage learning?

5.    Does punishment has negative effect on learning?

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the roles of rewards and punishment on pupils’ performance in some selected secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo state.

The following schools have been marked ads samples for the purpose of this study.

1.    Ogbe secondary school

2.    Oba Ewuare secondary school

3.    Idia college secondary school

4.    Emotan college secondary school

On completion of the research work the writer shall make the findings available to the headmasters of the schools where she conducted the research, such research work would be a solution to the research question stated on the paragraph dealing with the problem of the study.

The writer shall endeavour to brief the communities where she conducted her research work, the out come of the objectives of her interview with them, it will be a sort of enlightenment on the part of the investigators since the children are comparable to other children in the whole of Edo state because they run the same curriculum under the same brand of teachers, the finding of the research would be the same for other place in Edo state and infact elsewhere in the final outcome of this little research work will be of use to teacher, communities and education offices and also to policy makers.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Reward: is an act of appreciating a job well done.

Punishment: an act of correcting a wrong act or character exhibited.

Discipline: is the act of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not control the situation that results from this training.

Investigation: is the act of official examination of the facts about a situation, crime etc. criminal murder police investigation.

Sufficient: enough for a particular purpose as much as you need or allow sufficient time to get there.