STUDENTS PERCEPTION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF SEX EDUCATION INTO SECONDARY SCHOOL IN OVIA NORTH EAST   LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE

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          ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to find out the perception of students of the introduction of sex education in some selected secondary schools in Ovia North East   Local Government Area of Edo State. The research study was also aimed at ascertaining whether the attitude of students towards the teaching of sex education make the teachers to shy away from sex education or the teachers are shy to teach sex education to both boys and girls in the same classroom. In carrying out the study a questionnaire was administered to students. The data collected from students were analyzed and interpreted. Their responses were that sex education should be added to the secondary school curriculum and the attitude of teachers that teaching sex education should be moderate. And there should special teachers teaching sex education.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE  

Introduction

Background to the study

Statement of problems

Purpose of study

Significance of study

Delimitation of study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO 

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE        

Research Methodology

Techniques of data collection

Techniques of data analysis

Sampled subject {population}

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis

Discussion of the findings

CHAPTER FIVE 

Summary

Conclusions

Recommendations

REFERENCE       

QUESTIONNAIRE   

   

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Numerous definitions and interpretations have been advanced by all faced of human society without excavating the eliminating problems associated with it.        In this chapter, the researcher intends to have an over view of the menologies associated with sex before dealing with the scope of this study.  The term sex gives beyond the realm of sex organs, instructions and act of sex organs as individuals are made to believe to make a breakthrough in the life of human relation among and between sex partners.

Sex education is the instruction about sex and human sexuality. Sex is an important effect on the human life of an individual and almost everyone in the society including children wants to know about it. Traditionally, children are not supposed to receive information about sex at all. They many a time, learn about sex through their friends, books, television, pornographic films either from the magazines or internets and sex movies.

Correct and factual information should be given to teenagers about the sudden development in their bodies. During this period, the girls develop breast, menstruation starts, pelvic borne broadens these starts at the age of eleven to twelve years and in the boys between fourteen to fifteen years. The sexual organs mature the widening of the chest and enlargement of the lynx which causes breaking of the voice.

The teen periods are very crucial in the life of the individual. Many distractions may occur during this stage such as school dropout, sexual immorality juvenile delinquency to mention but a few are all problems evolving from physical, social, cognitive and mental development. However, sex education has generally being masked in giggles and silent matters.

Children should be given adequate information’s about sex. Gone are the days when sexual matters were hidden from them.

Many school pupils in Nigeria suffer from insufficient sex education in their homes because parents are inadequate in this respect, school pupils have to rely on their friend’s initiative and whatever they can learn from their friends and their school masters. Thus hey undergo a great deal of emotional stress and strain caused by a variety of reasons chief which for the 12 plus groups, may be problems of ignorant about sex.

Questions posed by the teenagers should be answered by teachers as well as parents to open a wide range of the communication because silence or lie telling may cause injury as they assume that the information gathered from the peers, books or internet are true and also the answers should be contrary to those books and peers.

Sex desire can lead to sexual immorality which can result to pregnancy i.e. the process of procreation or reproduction most teenagers are physically able to have children but few are ready and responsibilities of marriage or parent hood most unmarried teenagers who do not have babies can be carried away by their sexual feelings and emotional desires. This can cause a serious sexual malady and the psychological problems for them. It can cause an abortion, sexual transmitted disease (STDS) like HIV/AIDS and so on. Sexual intercourse between two persons who are not married to each other is considered as a taboo to be generality of the society and morally wrong among religious groups.

Sex relationship outside marriage can result in quilts feelings and other psychological problems for persons involved. It can also cause birth of unwanted child.

Therefore sex education should be given at early development stage of the child because the foundation laid in the early life of the teenagers determines the stability and propensity of marriage life of an individual in the society.

The provision of sex education is important because the norms guiding sexual act has been broken down by the increasing urbanization and the modernization of social norms. Sex education through parents, teachers or counselors and educators will not certainly be universal remedy to the social ills, but it will provide information for improving behavior, establishing personality in our society. This should be made known to teenagers of both sexes.

According to adaro (2002) the word sex and education have spectrum of concepts sex is a fundamental driving force in relationship between the biological needs to reproduce, cultural influence love and affection of human life. Education on the other hand is the process of changing the behaviour of people sex education therefore is the awareness of the aspect of social. Physiology and techniques help to accentuate the unknown sex.

Sex is an aspect of our life for the commencement of adolescent sex play a major role that earn discuss long before we need on the knowledge for it’s practical application. Eduwen (2003) defined sex education as the parenthood education population education e.t.c.  As the name implies it is perceived as the provision of sex information or knowledge to people.  In it’s deeper sense, sex education is a comprehensive programme of individual development right from infancy to the declining years.

In the past, many people frown at the mentioning of the word sex education, which need not to be mentioned before children.  It is not just talking about sex, which was regarded as been sacred and involves a lot of immoral talks, which will pollute the children it was believed that children will grow up to discover these for themselves in adulthood.

Osunde (2007) defined sex education as the process of acquiring information and formatting relationships and intimacy.  It is also about developing young people’s skills so that they, will make informed choices about their behaviour and feel confident and competent about acting on those choices.  It is widely accepted that young people have right to sex education partly because it is the means by which they help to protect themselves against unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases  and H IV/AIDS.  Instruction amends at helping individuals or group towards a health and socially acceptable sexual adjustment it encompasses such subject matter like moral instrument, prevention of sex related disease, prevention of unwanted pregnancy, homosexuality and host of other consequence of sex indulgence.

Turner (2009) in his own view said sex education is an education for hygienic living with matters relating to sex.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Ignorance of sex and its associated problems is prevalent in and among secondary school students. The life of students are shattered with the passing of incorrect information among themselves, they get misled by others.

Today, the problems resulting from the lack of sex education to our youth are numerous. They are unwanted pregnancies, increase abortion, high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and high rates of sexual promiscuity.  All these have led to inability to concentrate, poor school performance, deterioration of mental health of students, high rate of school drop outs, increase in illiteracy and over population. Consequently, the educational opportunity of Nigeria youth is greatly affected and this posses a great loss to the society. Religious bodies view sex education as premature, dangerous and likely to lead to sexual promiscuity. To behavioural scientists, the introduction of sex education is proper. However, despite the increasing sexual problems, parents and schools are still not providing teenagers with proper knowledge of sex.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY  

The research study is designed to find out the attitude of students towards the teaching of sex education in some selected schools.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It will give correct and factual information and understanding of students towards the teaching of sex education.

It will enlighten our students and prevent them from developing a sense of guilt, horror, disgust or fear of sex especially when they perform sex act of the right time for right purpose and with the right person. It will enable students to develop self-respect and self-control with due consideration. Developmental tasks of becoming responsible men and women in future.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The researcher has come up with the following research questions;

1. What are the attitudes of students towards the teaching of sex education in some selected secondary schools in Ovia North East   Local Government Area of Edo State?
2. Are the students shy to learn sex education from their teachers?
3. Does sex education affect the performance of the students?
4. Does students practices sex in school after teaching them sex education?
5. What are the factors that makes students shy when learning sex education?
6. Should boys and girls be separated when teaching sex education to them?

SCOPE OF THE STUDY  

A study like this embraces all schools but the researcher however, cannot cover all the scope and had therefore, limited this study to some selected secondary schools in Ovia North East   Local Government Area of Edo State. the res4archer had also take a sample population of students in a selected schools.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sex Education: Education for effective or hygienic living with understanding of human sexuality as an integral inseparable.

Sex Organs: This is a structure (organs) which is responsible for reproduction such as penis in male and vagina in female.

Sex: This refers to individual, male or female.

Abortion: This is the termination of pregnancy.

Teenagers: A person between the age of 11-18 years.

Pelvic: Hip bone

Menstruation: To discharge blood monthly from the uterus through the vagina.

Pregnancy: The stage of having baby developing inside her, that is female

Larynx: This is the breaking of male voice.

Pornographic: These are books or video that makes people feel sexually excited by showing naked people.

THE CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AMONG SCHOOL LEAVERS

A CASE STUDY OF EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE

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 ABSTRACT

The purpose, which this research was carried out is to find out the problem causing rural-urban migration among school learners: a case study of Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. to achieve the laid down objective, the researcher carried out an investigation by designing questionnaires for the people in the area of study. The data collected from the project in the locality were analyzed accordingly. The study ended with finding out the problem causing the rural-urban migration in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State in participation. This project work also covers recommendation on how problems of rural-urban migration can be overcome.   

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       Background of the study

1.2       Statement of problem

1.3       Objectives of the study

1.4       Research questions

1.5       Significance of the study

1.6       Scope of the study

1.7       Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO         

Literature Review

2.1    The reasons or causes of rural-urban migration written by different writers in different views.

2.2    Factors responsible for rural-urban migration regard to Egor Local Government Area, Edo State

2.3    Effects on rural-urban migration

2.4    Measures to stem/curb rural-urban drift

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.1    Research design

3.2    Population of the study

3.3    Sample size of the study

3.4    Method of data collection

3.5    method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

4.1    Data presentation

4.2    Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE         

Summary of findings, Conclusion, and recommendations

5.1    Summary of findings

5.2    Conclusion

5.3    Recommendation

Bibliography    

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Migration simply means the physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distance or in large groups. Historically, this movement was noticed among the nomadic and this often cause significant conflict with indigenous population and their displacement or cultural assimilation. Only a few nomadic people have retained this farm of life styles in modern times, migration has continued under the form of both voluntary ,migration within one’s region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration, which includes the slave trade, trafficking of human beings and ethnic leashing. People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point, they are emigrants. Small populations migrating to develop a territory considered void of settlement depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective are referred to as settlers or colonist, while populations displaced by immigration and colonization are called refugees. The rest of this article will cover sense of a “change of residence”, rather than the temporary migrations of travel tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute.

According to international organization for migration, the term migrant was usually understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate was taken freely by the individual concerned for reasons of “personal convenience” and without intervention of an external compelling factor, it therefore applied to persons, and family members, moving from one country to another country or region to better their materials or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family.

Migration appeared to modern men in stages which was due to mans mobility, hunting for animals, food and moving from place to place in search for favourable climate and safety from wide animals in the jungles. The above factors coupled with area with social amenities might have been the causes of the evolution of migration. Some theorist on migration are Sjaasted (1962), Todare (1969), Marries (1970), are leading exponents of economic theoretical model of migration decision making. Sjaasted’s model contents that people will move with the net present income than the net cost. Todare (1969) suggested that migration will continue as long as rural income level is low. Both Tadare (1969) and marries (1970) presented a two sector model of the dynamic model of employment in urban sector, which stresses three factors of migration namely:

1.   The most migrants move in search of better life and income earning opportunities.

2.   The migrants nationally take into consideration their chances of securing a job at destination.

3.   That migrant will continues to move as long as income and job opportunities appear better in places other than their place of origin.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The project work therefore concern itself with specially gathering information that will offer solution to the following problems:

1.   Does lack of infrastructural amenities affects the welfare of the rural dwellers?

2.   Does the provision of social amenities bring about any meaningful development in the rural sectors?

3.   Does the breakdown of some of the amenities disturb the economic and social life of the people?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 

The objective of the study is to:

1.   Find out the general causes of migration from Egor Local Government Area to another towns or cities.

2.   Investigate how rural-urban migration has affected the interaction of the people in  other towns and cities including Egor Local Government Area.

3.   Recommended strategies for checking rural urban migration.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS 

1.   Does migration caused by lack of employment?

2.   Does absence of social amenities in the area is a major factor that causes rural-urban migration in Egor Local Government Area?

3.   Does migration caused by lack of higher institution in the areas?

4.   Does lack of recreational facilities causes rural urban migration.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It has been stated that research must contribute to knowledge to make it work well. This is why it is necessary to state very clearly and concise form to envisage importance or contribution of the research. The significance of the study would help the youth and entire society to know the negative and positive effects on rural-urban migration and how to found a solution to the problems.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The effect of the migration of the people to other places and suggested strategies to be adopted to check rural-urban migration (Egor Local Government Area).

 

THE EFFECT OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS

IN SOME SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN EDO STATE

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ABSTRACT

Child abuse occupies a commanding position for both academic and sheer selection yet they have been best with nagging problems particularly that of neglect. This 2009 study sought to identify the causes of child abuse and neglect among children from different home with special reference to selected secondary schools in Egor local government area of Edo State.

Findings indicate that sheer desperation to be able to obtain and have a good home and reduction of child abuse and neglect. At all cost. The tendency to succumb to family pressure the inherent opportunity for child abuse anxiety over non complexity of the syllabus and basic intellectual weakness are all important factors that propel. The investigation has highlighted constant counselling and some modification of the end of the causes of child abuse and neglect system as steps towards reducing child abuse.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE   

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of Problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Limitation of the study

Scope of the study

Research questions

Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO   

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

Research Design

Area of the study

Population of the Study

Sample and Sample Techniques

Instrument for data collection

Validity of instrument

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and interpretation

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion of finding

Summary of the study

Implication of the study

Recommendation

Conclusion

REFERENCES

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is an instrument of social, mental and economic development through which right values and attitude for proper development are inculcated. Child abuse and its consequences which is the unjust treatment given to a child, disturb this development process.

It is a practice whereby children are battered, deprived of some basic needs in the home and at school. The saying that the child is the father of the man recognizes the fact that the quality of today’s child will determine the quality of tomorrow’s man.

This study was necessitated by the researchers encounter with dismay the multitude of school age children roaming in the street during school hours. They hawk goods, wash cars, beg for food etc. these activities are deprivation of the children, the right of education. Apart from that, they are sent to hawk on daily basis ad warned not to return with the unsold goods. Girls turned to promiscuity ad boys will turn to stealing in order to make up the money for their mistress or masters as the case may be. In this process, some are killed and others may run on cars when crossing road.

Truly, the present economic hardship in the country is a fascination or thus child abuse. In this condition, education of the child becomes the victim of economic down turn of the nation. For those that attend school, many are hawking and pushing wheel-barrow, car wash as part time job to raise the school fees. While others feeds ad cloth the family through the venture. As a result of this abusing condition, the cumulative influence of these activities may have poor academic performance as its consequences.

The offshoot of this child abuse and the consequences is examination malpractice to make for academic deficiencies resulting from failure to attend school regularly and devotion to class activities.

Thus, a child generally is a boy or a girl of any age between infancy and adolescence. But for the convince of law, a definite age bracket is ascribed to a child.

According to Eigbe (1996), a child in the southern states in Nigeria is a person between the age of 0 – 14years and in northern states between        0 – 12years.

Child abuse is a type of physical of mental injury or maltreatment of a person who is regarded as a child. The definition of child abuse has been expanded considerably to include more than just the beaten and sexually abuse child. It extends to any condition injurious to child’s physical or emotional health that has been inflicted by parents, guidance or other caretakers and schoolmates. The situation should be that of intentional infliction of injuries other than accidental means like suffering, harm by reasons of consequences, malnutrition, sexual abuse of growing up under condition which threaten his or her survival. Definite knowledge as to the nature and scope of child abuse appears to be lacking due to the difficulties associated with the definition of the concept as well as the cross cultural global issue regarding what is and what is not child abuse. In western orientation, child abuse extends to various misuses of children, especially with regards to functions relating to certain responsibilities such as “child labour” either in the form of “farm work “, or street hawking which many children in African cultural content embark upon as an acquired work rule in an extended family system.

Children belong to the defenseless and disadvantaged group. They should not be harmed or maltreated in any way as they are incapable of appreciating the dangers they face and the adverse effects which ill treatment have on their future development.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Egor Local Government Area has witnessed in human act of child abuse and its consequences and its devastating effect on the child development. This becomes obvious when on view it from treatment meted to the children from broken home and parental neglect.

The following are some abuse and consequences meted on a child;

a.            Inadequate care for the children by parents and guardians in terms of providing basic needs.

b.            Deprivation of certain children’s right both in the home and at school.

c.            Child prostitution through hawking

d.            Child kidnapping or death through hawking

e.            Exposure to danger of death or harm through kidnapping

f.             Misuse of children in various working areas.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The finding of this study will enable parents and guardians to have alternative way a child rearing with abuse of children. There will be improvement on children enrolment in the school as the findings of the study will be known to the society at large.

The study will also help educational personnel to understand what constitute child abuse and its consequences (like working on the teacher’s farm during school hours, sex abuse by senior students, lack of teaching materials etc its perpetuating force and effect so that they know where and how to start combating it. This study will also help the government to know the various forms of child abuse prevalent in Egor Local Government Area and the ways for fighting them.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions guided the study:

a.            What constitute child abuse?

b.            What are the causes of child abuse?

c.            How does child abuse affect the academic performance of the children involved?

d.            In what ways can child abuse be controlled?

In addition, the same act describes a maltreated child as a child under the age of 18 years who has been abandoned by his parents or other persons legally responsible for his care. Schools, government and culture community occurrence as acts of omission and or commission. He further said that neglect would include deprivation of schooling materials care and malnutrition.

Rather than envy Nigerian child because he is force to watch greed, corruption, painlessness, truancy, dishonesty, theft, brutal and hunger as a way of life. This is true because in Nigeria situation for example, you see people so busy chasing money so as its perpetuating force and effect. So that they know where and to start combating it. It will help government to know the forms of child abuse prevalent in Egor local government area and the ways of fighting them.

SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will enable parents and guardians to have the knowledge and skills to study their children very well to know their right from their left. There will be improvement on children enrolment in the schools as the findings of the study will be know to the society at large. The study will also help educational personnel’s to understand what constitute child abuse and neglects (like working on the teachers farm during schools) hours sex abuse by senior students, lack of teaching materials etc.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the effect of child abuse and its consequences on educational performance of students in some selected secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

This study is limited to findings out the effect of child abuse and on education development of student in some selected secondary schools.

The following terms were used during this study.

Definition of child abuse neglect: this is because a social concept like child abuse always reflects the value which boarders on human nature and value. Child abuse is the maltreatment of a child’s which interferes with the child development, him by parents, guardians which makes the child to suffer harm, neglect through without necessary basic physical care. Child abuse is the deprivation of child care to a young person which distorts his development sequence.

Truancy is a problem today in many place, truancy is caused in some of the cases that are listed below. Child who become truancy can easily dropout of school.

1.            Good and quantity conducive environment for learning.

2.            introduces fun related activities to school curriculum

3.            A good and quality interaction between peer and colleagues.,

4.            Introduction of scholarship in the school curriculum classes students be jam-packed.

5.            by legalizing activities in the school premises

6.            Whom there is disciplines at all levels of administration and down to the students.

 

Effect of ICT on the academic performance of students in social studies education in Junior secondary

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ABSTRACT

This study investigated the Effect of ICT on Academic Performance of Students in Junior Secondary School (A Study of Sabon Gari L.G.A in Kaduna State). It was a descriptive survey research. A sample of eight Social Studies teachers and twenty four students from Sabon Gari L.G.A Kaduna were selected using simple random sampling technique. The study was guided by three research questions and a null hypothesis tested at 0.05 level of significance. A research instrument ICTUTLSS, which was a 12-item questionnaire was used to collect data for the study.

The mean and standard deviation statistics were used to answer the research question, while t-test was used to test the hypothesis. The finding of the study showed that the ICT availability in secondary schools is very low and students have low competence on the application of ICT in learning of Social Studies. However, their prior knowledge on the subject and the treatment i.e. teaching social studies with ICT has a positive effect on their academic performance.

Teaching social studies with ICT do not have any statistically significant effect on pupils’ attitudes toward social studies lesson. Thus, it is recommended that teachers and policy makers should find ways to formulate effective ICT integration applications for social studies. Equally, the findings showed that ICT raises the interest and performance of students in Social Studies. Based on these the researchers made recommendations that government and proprietors of public and private schools respectively should equip their school with the necessary ICT, ICT should be incorporated in Social Studies curriculum etc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitation of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Meaning of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
2.3 ICT and Students Performance
2.4 ICT and Attitudes
2.5 Social Studies as a Curriculum Area in Junior Secondary Schools
2.6 Using ICT to Increase Efficiency in the Classroom
2.7 The Importance of Computer Education in Secondary School
2.8 The Need for a Change in Teaching Strategy in Social Studies

2.9 The Problem of Adoption of ICT in Teaching Social Studies in Nigeria
2.10 Types of ICT Materials Available For the Teaching of Social Studies
2.11 Prospects in the Use of ICT in Teaching

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In this 21st century, many factors bringing to bear on the adoption of ICT in education and contemporary trend suggest large scale changes in the way education is planned and delivered as a consequence of the opportunities and effect of ICT. The emergence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the existence and activities of contemporary man especially in the milieu of globalization (Evey, Opera, Akiang, Udama Asinde, 2010). Attempts have been made to establish relationship between information communication technology and human behaviour.

ICT increase quality of education. One of the most vital contributions of ICT in the field of education is easy access to Learning (Sharma, S., Gandhar,K., Sharma, S., Seema, 2009). The role of ICT can be evaluated in many directions. According to Becta 2003, five factor of influence the like hood that good ICT learning opportunities will develop in the schools: ICT resourcing, ICT leadership, ICT teaching, school leadership and general teaching. Becta (2003) also indicates that the success of the integration of new technology and information into education varies from curriculum to curriculum, place to place , and class to class, depending on the way is which it is applied in depended (Bingimla, 2009). Ibe-Bassey (2000) and Inyang-Abia (2004) noted that media mediate in a continuum between stimulus response learning and cognitive learning to concretize ideas, concepts and facilitate learning.

This reveals that ICT is capable of facilitating the collection, preparation, presentation, storage, retrieval, conveyance and dissemination of information. Basset (2000) and Inyang-Abia (2004) also identified such ICT media to include radio, television, computer and internet facilities, computer game console, DVD player and recorder, digital camera, scanner and the rest of them. In recent times, there has been intense advocacy both nationally and internationally for the application of ICT in teaching and learning process. Udo (2010) observed that the application of ICT in the school subjects is to make learners learn better and teacher to teach well, it is not a hindrances to teacher–student (pupils) relationship. It rather ensures transactional instructional communication where the teacher manages the human materials, time and space to make sure that instructional events (game attention stimulation recall present stimulus thinking elicit performance provide feedback provide generalizing experiences, assess performance) occur leading to change in behaviour of pupils. It has been noted that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an effective medium in contributing towards education in general and Social Studies in particular. The inherent cross-curricular nature of Information Communication Technology makes it ideal medium that can be used not only during Information Technology lessons but also in other subjects.

ICT can be an excellent medium for training young people in learning about and appreciating the cultural heritage in its diversity. With its power of interactivity, multimedia and communication, the computer proves an excellent tool for Social Studies education. The idea is that students will be active ―participants‖ rather than ―spectators‖ in teaching and learning process. Psychologists agree that the best feedback is that which comes immediately after the event. The cross-curricular approach in Social Studies education can find a common base here by using computers during the subject lessons.

Information Communication Technology according to Unagha(2006) encompasses computer and telecommunication. It is concerned with the technology used in handling, acquiring, processing, storing and dissemination of information. Thus Information Communication Technology is any technology used in producing, organizing and passing information through. Similarly, Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary sees ICT as electronic media used in processing, analyzing, storing and sending out information.

Evey et al (2010) observed that ICT is innovative device that can carry out such functions as receiving, storing, computing, analyzing, transmitting and retrieving information presented to them and allowing for one-to-one or group communication among humans. Obashoro (2007) identified ICT infrastructure to include multi-media CD-ROMs, MP3 players, websites, discussion boards, emails, computer-aided assessments, learning management software, blogs, etc. In the same vein, Folorunso, Longe and Ijere (2003) identified ICT infrastructure to include internet, World Wide Web (www), Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN), Protocols, Content Management and Meta Data Standard (MDS).

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching and learning of social studies Social studies was adopted a core subject in Nigerian primary and secondary schools during Mombasa Conference of 1968 in Kenya, where African countries gathered and examined the vitality of teaching Social Studies in our schools. It is a course designed to inculcate in the learners right attitudes, values, knowledge and skills for effective citizenry and enable them understand the ways to manage their environmental resources for maximum utilization. This is why Chikwelu, (2007) defined Social Studies as an interdisciplinary study of man and his interaction with his environment and inculcation of right attitudes, values, knowledge and skills for developing effective citizens who contribute positively to the development of his society. It has been observed that there is sharp fall in interest and performance of students and pupils in Social Studies owing to an unbridled use of conventional lecture and storytelling method in teaching and learning of Social Studies (Okafor, 2006). This has resulted in high rate of moral bankruptcy, corruption and poor management of environmental resources.

Social Studies lessons are commonly carried out in the classroom during school hours but a time entails going for an excursion or field trip to an environment different from the usual school environment. This enables students under the guidance of their teachers to discover the riches of a particular situation, site, surrounding, historic and artistic features and the roles they serve. Visit to nearby areas may be easier but a trip to far place or another country to witness the heritage richness it possesses will be difficult. Multimedia is the embodiment of text, graphics, animation, pictures, sound and video clips and it can be easily used in Social Studies education. We know that graphics play an extreme important role in the learning process. A look at existing teaching methods will show the widespread use of graphic devices and sound, movement and interactively on a multi-media CD-ROM.

To go one step further into the future, students can be provided with realism by using virtual reality system that transport them into an environment created by the computer that generates three-dimensional realistic scenes with which the students can interact. Oche (2001) noted that the introduction of compact disc (CD-ROM) has revolutionalized the way information is stored, retrieved and disseminated. Similar is flash drive. CD-ROMs with Social Studies contents can equally be used in teaching and learning of Social Studies topics.

A Teacher can obtain educational software with Social Studies contents from major publishers of books, educational software developers, public domain, shareware packages, computer club, users group and educational institutions that have established ICT software production units. It has been strongly stressed here that software, as has mentioned above or any other educational software for that matter, needs to be evaluated for suitability in using it for Social Studies. The quality of these ICT infrastructures varies widely. Sound technical design does not guarantee educational value for Social Studies software – it may be a mistake if teachers choose software packages without actually trying them out. Olaniyi (2006) observed that internet system gives students access to wide range of information and knowledge about environment, socio-cultural, economic and other aspects of life of the people in various parts of the world.

Making use of the internet during Social Studies could result in breaking down boundaries, getting young people to know each other and to appreciate each others‘ views and cultural backgrounds. This will foster an interest in the heritage of other ethnic groups and countries. Sometimes, it is the exposure to the heritage of other places and that makes people realize that they also have a heritage of their own worth discovering, enjoying and preserving. With the use of internet in Social Studies classes, the role of the teacher changes from that of ―gatekeeper‖ of knowledge to that of ―facilitator‖ and ―manager‖ of the learning environment. The students will become selfdirected learners rather than a passive learner. Through the guidance of the teacher, each student/pupil sets priorities and achievable goals and assumes responsibility for reaching the goals. As internet enables the students engage in self-directed learning experiences and activities, that encourages selfexpression, co-operative learning and interaction not only with immediate environment but with outside world as well, the students are grounded in Social Studies contents.
Similarly, Inyang-Abia (2004) observed that television instruction appeals to two senses of sight and hearing, which means that two types of signals impinge on the brain of the learner while Social Studies lesson is in progress. Seeing and hearing at the same time have the positive effects of making deeper impression in the minds of Social Studies learners (Udo, 2010). The importance of ICT cannot be over emphasized, just as Udoh (2006) acknowledged that Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) unites all the capabilities of ICT innovations by its multi media approach to presenting Social Studies instruction stimuli to learners in various forms with full-colour impact at the same time. However, McLain and DiStefano (1995) advised teachers on using internet to do some researches before students are given a task on internet to make sure that the topics chosen is available and is suitable for students. The teachers should have a variety of sites they want their students to explore and should have thoroughly explored the sites themselves. This makes the teachers to be aware of sites that are useful to Social Studies teaching and learning to avoid entangling the students with tasks that do not help in the achievement of the lessons objectives.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
The record from the Kaduna State Examination Development Centre, and the NECO annual reports of JSSCE in social studies between 2012 and 2016 revealed poor state in the Junior Secondary School students 24 results. The persistent poor academic performance of the students has been attributed by the approaches or methods of teaching in junior secondary school.
The approach, according to UNESCO (2002), requires adjustment of the educational institutions to embrace new technology and appreciate computer technology as a learning tool to transform the present isolated, teacher-centered and textbook bound classroom into student-centered interactive knowledge environment.
Teachers in junior secondary schools are facing serious instructional challenges as the diversity of students within each classroom continues to widen. Students with such academic range with different labels as gifted, fast, average, slow and below average learners all face their teachers daily with full hope that their needs will be met. Teachers with their efforts often need to carry several chats, equipment specimen and others in order to teach a single topic effectively.

Moreover, teachers do not have enough time between classes to procure and test these ICT materials; hence most lectures in junior secondary schools are limited to uninspiring and sometimes incomprehensive verbal lectures. The fact remains that the methods of teaching in junior secondary schools which have been investigated and found effective have not produced desired effect on students’ academic performance in Sabon Gari L.G.A in Kaduna State.
Henceforth, other problems facing the application of ICT in junior secondary schools include supply of substandard ICT facilities, high cost of standard ICT facilities, reluctance to adapt to use of ICT tools in teaching and learning, lack of constant power supply and lack of vision on the prospect of utilizing ICT facilities junior secondary schools is responsible for the academic performance in the study area.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of ICT on academic performance of Junior Secondary School Students in social studies.
• To identify the role of ICT in teaching and learning in junior secondary school students in Sabon Gari L.G.A in Kaduna State
• To identify the advantages and disadvantages of the use of ICT in teaching and learning in junior secondary school.
• To find out the main barriers of ICT application in curriculum development of learning in junior secondary schools.
• To recommend the ways by which the use of ICT facilities can improve the performance of students in junior secondary schools in the study area.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions are put forward:
1. Is there any positive effect created by the use of ICT in teaching and learning in junior secondary school in Sabon Gari L.G.A in Kaduna state?
2. What are the advantage and disadvantages of the use of ICT in teaching and learning junior secondary schools?
3. What are the barriers to the use of ICT application in Curriculum development of learning in junior secondary school students?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1
Ho: There is no positive effect created by the use of ICT in teaching and learning in junior secondary school in Sabon Gari L.G.A in Kaduna state.
H1: There are positive effects created by the use of ICT in teaching and learning in junior secondary school in Sabon Gari L.G.A in Kaduna state.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: There is no advantage and disadvantage of the use of ICT in teaching and learning junior secondary schools.
H1: There is advantages and disadvantages of the use of ICT in teaching and learning junior secondary schools.
Hypothesis 3
Ho: There is no barrier to the use of ICT application in Curriculum development of learning in junior secondary school students.
H1: There are barriers to the use of ICT application in Curriculum development of learning in junior secondary school students.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study will benefit junior secondary students, teachers, curriculum developers as well as the ministry of Education and future researchers. Junior secondary students will benefit from the findings of the study as the use of computers to study the subject will boost their performance and retention.

It will also help them to develop more interest and skill in the use of computers which will facilitate the acquisition learning skills such as sound societal values, norms and good attitude. The knowledge of their skill in computers will also help them to make proper career choice based on their capabilities on the use of CAI.
The findings will help teachers in choosing an appropriate instructional material capable of releasing students’ tension towards the subject. It will motivate teachers to develop interest towards utilizing modern instructional materials as CAI, and selecting suitable teaching methods that will be a possible means towards reducing failure in the teaching and learning in junior secondary school.

It will equally help teachers to develop suitable methods for assessing students’ academic performance in junior secondary examination. The findings will also sensitize the teachers on the benefits of the use of computer as a strategy for teaching and it will have greater effect on the academic performance and retention of the students. The research findings will as well form another dimension of innovations in the teaching and learning of in junior secondary schools.

Finally, curriculum planners will also benefit from the study, since, the results of the study will assist in curriculum planning such as giving information relating to the teaching and learning in junior secondary school, ICT can be utilized in appropriate strategies of curriculum planning, modification and revision.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study is based on the effect of ICT on the academic performance of junior secondary school Students of Sabon Gari L.G.A of Kaduna State.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In any type of research work, are many hindrances that the researcher must come across in the course of the assignment. The problem encounter in the course of this could be attributed to delays in gathering the relevant data needed for the research work and uncompromising attitude of the people to give the required information. Time is another major limitation as far as the research work in concern. The time needed to implement the work may not be sufficient for logistic reasons.
Financial resources may be lacking in carrying out the required work of the project.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Effect: A change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.
2. ICT: Information and Communication Technology.
3. Academic Performance: Evaluation of students’ expected achievement on academic activities in the class.
4. Information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve) process store and distribute information to support decision making coordination and control.
5. Information technology- Is the study or use of electronic equipment especially computers for storing analyzing and distributing information of all kinds which could be used in banking and so many other relevant field.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION

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FACTORS AFFECTING ATTITUDE TO WORK OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS.

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ABSTRACT

This research work was carried out in urban and rural areas of Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State to find out factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers.

The questionnaire was the instrument used in obtaining data for answering the research questions. Some of the factors associated with the problem have been fully identified and analyzed in this work among which is inadequate teaching materials in our secondary school. Some recommendations have also been put forward to save our secondary education from total collapse.It is therefore hoped that readers will find this work very useful and interesting

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study

1.2       Statement of the Problem

1.3       Purpose of the Study

1.4       Significance of the Study

1.5       Scope of the Study

1.6       Research Question

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1       Attitude of teachers to work

2.2       Factors Influencing Good Attitude to Work

2.3       Problems affecting teaching attitude to work

2.4       Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1       Design of the Study

3.2       Area of the Study

3.3       Population of the Study

3.4       Sample and Sampling Technique

3.5       Method of the Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

FINDINGS RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1       Discussions of results

5.2       Educational Implication of the Findings

5.3       Conclusion

5.3       Recommendations

5.4       Limitations of the Study

Reference

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Teachers occupy a every important position in the educational system of any country because it is upon their number, quality, devotion to study that system depends.

Teachers have many roles to play for effective teaching and learning   in our school. They are supposed to be representatives of the community and as well as academic specialist. Therefore, how a teacher goes about his/her duties and obligation in achieving the aims of the school sis regarded as the teachers’ roles.

A teacher is seen as an embodiment of knowledge.

He / she has complete authority in the classroom and his/ her role demands that he/she exercise maturity and sense of responsibility in using his/ her freedom he is expected to pay attention to individual problems of the children under his/ her care and maintain measurable discipline in the class.

Teachers prepare reports, distribute and care for teaching materials and other equipment. The importance and benefit of giving parents a complete and detailed progress repent on their children can hardly be over stressed

In social functions, the teachers are regarded as having wisdom. They are regarded as leaders, advisers or consultants. The community therefore expects teachers to help in fulfilling its aspiration.

However, the search for material wealth and get rich quick attitude, appears to have set aside the age long traditional attitude of hard work and devotion to duty which teachers are formerly known. Selfishness and inordinate ambition have now become the order of the day.

Many teachers do not accept best attitude to work to enable them.

Teachers have little or no interest in their jobs and are not dedicated to their work any more. This deteriorating trend in all work of human life is observed more in urban areas where the degree of sophistication seems to dedicate the evil pace.

Shagari (1982) observed that the attitude of Nigeria to work is the worst in the world and that if only every Nigerian is prepared to do an honest days work for an honest day’s pay, Nigeria would achieve wonders in every sphere of human endeavor.

Teaching which every body recognizes as a noble profession since ages, has been the talk of the town, the average man in the street presently laments over apparent fall in standard of education in the our society which they usually attribute to the teachers attitude to work. because to poor attitude to work by teachers the standard of education is falling daily. Some honest Nigerians are restive about this development. For this reason, one is tempted to believe that teachers attitude to work needs re-appraisal.

The researcher therefore will investigate factors affecting attitude to work by secondary school teachers in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State and to find out solution if any to the identified problems.

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Students are being prepared to be leaders of tomorrow and if this great nation intends to have good leaders in future, teachers in our secondary school should be consistent in discharging their duties. They should be zealous and dedicated in their teaching endeavor.

Secondary school is the second pivot upon which other levels of education rest. This is why the teachers’ good attitude to work is necessary students discipline, punctuality and orderliness are poor where teachers do not do their work as expected.

The study therefore, is an attempt to find out factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State.

1.3       PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1.                  To identify factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers in urban area.

2.                  Specifically to find out factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers in rural area.

3.                  To find out common factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers in rural and urban areas of Ogbaru Local Government Area.

1.4             SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will bring to light the reasons for total lack of interest, commitment and dedication to work by teachers.

By so doing, the erosion of confidence and disturbing all of standard of education will be checked.

On the government side, irregular payment of salaries and total lack of commitment to solve the problems of teachers and the student will be checked. Motivation of teachers and introduction of in service training programme by government for incompetent teachers will help them to grow and enhance the standard quality of their performance in the school and classroom if this is achieved by government, it would not be too long for the falling standard of education and serious erosion of confidence by the society about present day education be reversed.

1.5       SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will cover factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State.

It will be based mostly on identifying actually the various attitudes of teachers of secondary schools in Ogbaru towards carrying out their duties.

1.6       RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions where formulated for this study

1.                  What are the factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teachers in urban areas?

2.                  What are the factors affecting attitude to work of secondary school teacher in rural area of Ogbaru?

3.                  What are the common factors that affect attitude to work of secondary school teachers in urban and rural areas of Ogbaru such as economic social, religions and political factors?